learner's memory, the mnemonical phrase, "Turnips Make Oxen Cheerful," was invented. A W J U V were similarly associated with "A Wet Jacket's Uncomfortable, Very!" The other sentences were "Earwigs Infest Summer Houses," "No Difficulty Baffles Great Zeal," "Remember! Law Preserves Freedom," and "Kindness Conciliates Youth Xtremely Quickly."
Several other mnemonical arrangements are also used in telegraphy, such as abbreviated words, to save time in transmission; a two or three letter symbol to denote every telegraph office in the kingdom (as GW for Glasgow, LV for Liverpool, TS for London, &c.); and the substitution of letters for numerals. To facilitate the transmission of the exact time a message is handed in, the letters A to Mare used to represent 1 to 12 (J being discarded), the same letters being also used for each of the twelve periods of five minutes which make up the hour. The intervening minutes are represented by the letters R S W X, expressing respectively 1, 2, 3, and 4 minutes. A B R would thus express 1.11; B A S, 2.7; K G W, 10.38; and G G X, 7.39. The value of this system will be seen when it is mentioned that upon the time of reception depends the priority of transmission. Numbers are each expressed by five dots or dashes, or a combination of both. To save time these are abbreviated to a, 1; u, 2; v, 3; e, 5; b 7; d, 8; n, 9; and t, 0. It will thus be seen that in the busiest and most extensive Government organization mnemonics find a prominent and constant place.
