POONA. 243 POOR LAWS. Poona suffered severely from the plague, and from 101,390 in 18'J1, its population decreased to 111,385 in 1901. Poona is tir.st mentioned in the sixteenth century. It became the ilahrattan capital in 17.50; it was captured and destroyed by Xizam Ali in 17G3, and later in the same year the combined forces of the peshwa and Sindhia were completely defeated here. POONA-WOOD (Kanarese ponHc). The tim- ber of the poon trees (Catuphyllum Inoi>hijUum and ValophiiUum ungustifolitim) of India, com- monly used for planks and spars in ship-building. See Oalophyllum. POOP (OF. poupc, pouppe, Fr. poiipc, from Lat. puppis. stern of a ship i . A light deck, raised above the main or upper deck, and extending a short distance forward from the stern. It is all that remains of the old stern castle which towered above the upper deck in ships of the seventeenth and several preceding centuries. POOR, Enoch (1730-80). An American sol- dier, born at Andover, Mass. He became a ship- builder at Exeter, X. H., but in 1775, after the battle of Lexington, raised a regiment, of which he was commissioned colonel. In 1777 he was promoted to be brigadier-general in the Conti- nental Army, and had a conspicuous part in the battles of Saratoga, his brigade bearing the brunt of the action on September 19th. He also dis- tinguished himself at Monmouth (.June 28, 1778), and the next year, during Gen. .John Sullivan's Indian campaign, led his troops in a difficult Hank movement which resulted in the decisive victory at Xewtown, the present Elmira (Au- gust 29, 1779 ) . In 1780 he was transferred to one of Lafayette's two brigades of light infantry at that general's request, but soon afterwards died while stationed at Hackensack, N, J. POOR, The (OF. poure, pouvere, povre, Fr. patiire, from Lat. pauper, poor). The term used to designate those for whom it is a struggle to procure the necessaries of life. In law it has ref- erence to those who are wholly or in part de- pendent on public support. See Pauperism ; Men- uiCA.NXY: Vagrant. POORE, Be.x.tamix Perley (1820-87). An American journalist, born near Xewburyport, Mass. His father sent him to a military school to prepare for admission to West Point, but he ran away and apprenticed himself to a printer. At the expiration of his service his father bought for him the SouHirin M'hiri, an Athens, Ga., news- paper. After only two years as editor, however, he accepted an appointment as attach^ to the United States legation in Brussels, During the following seven years he visited the principal countries of Europe, Egypt, and Palestine, and acted as foreign correspondent of the Boston At- las. During the last four years he acted also as an historical agent for Massachusetts in France, copying from the French archives many papers of historical value and illustrating them with maps and sketches. After his return to America in 1848 he edited the Boston liec and Siindaif Sentinel, and in 1854 became the Washington correspondent of several newspapers. For a short time (luring the Civil War he served as major of the Eighth Massachusetts Volunteers, but soon returned to his journalistic work, at which he continued until 1884. During these years he was for a long period clerk of the Senate Committee on Printing Records, and in this capacity com- piled and edited several publications dealing with the Government, including The Political Keyister and Vungressional Directory (1887); The Con- spiracy Trial for the Murder of the President (1805) ; and a Descriptive Catalogue of the Gov- ernment Publications of the United States, mJf- 1S81 (1885). In addition he published, among^ other works: Perley's Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the Xational Metropolis (2 vols., 188G) ; Rise and Fall of Louis Philippe (1848) ; Life of General Taylor (1848) ; and The Life and Public Services of Ambrose E. Burnside (1882). POORE, George Vivian (1843—). An Eng- lish physician. He was born at Andover, was educated at the X'ew Cross Royal X'aval School, and at University College, London, and served as surgeon on the Great Eastern when the At- lantic cable was laid (1860). His ability early attracted attention. In 1870 he was named at- tendant to Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, and in 1872 he received the Dannebrog for his services to the Duchess of Cumberland. Physician of University College Hospital (1876), he was ap- pointed professor of medicine and clinical medi- cine in University College. Poore translated selections from Ducheime (1883), and wrote on sanitation and medical law, London, Ancient and Modem, from the Sanitary Point of View (1889), Essays on Rural Hygiene (1893), and .1 Treatise on Medical Jurisprudence (2d ed. 1902). POORE, Henry Rankin ( 1859— ) . An Ameri- can figure and animal painter, born in Xewark, X. J. He was a pupil of the Xational Academy of Design in Xew York City, and of the Pennsyl- vania Academy of Fine Arts, under Peter iloran, and afterwards studied in Paris with Luminals, and Bouguereau. He became one of the few American painters to devote himself to animal subjects, especially dogs. His composition is vigorous, his color pleasing, and his treatment svmpathetic. Among his works are "Close of a City Day" (1888), "The Ploughing of the Eph- rata Brethren" (1894), "Hounds in Winter" (1898), and "Clearing Land" (1903). His pub- lications include Pictorial Composition and the Critical Judgment of Pictures (1903), a valuable book for students and professionals, the fruit of several years' teaching. He received the second Hallgarten Prize in 1888, in which year he was elected an associate of the Xational Academy of Design ; the .$2000 annual prize of the American Art Association in 1880; and a bronze medal at the Pan-American exhibition, POOR LAWS. The laws regulating the public relief of the poor. Charities may be provided in two ways: by private initiative, as in the case of the Friendly Societies in England, or directly by the State. This latter relief is of many kinds, including the almshouse for those permanently indigent or disabled, the workhouse in case of confirmed mendicancy, and temporary outdoor aid for the casual poor. There seems to be a growing inclination on the part of the nations to make poor relief a public obligation, either bj' directly assuming the responsibility or by more closely regulating private efforts. There has also been a steady movement, during the last seventy-five years, toward limiting the amoimt and scope of relief to the poor. The English legislation of 1834 and subsequent years, which practically abolished outdoor relief and threw the support
