PORTUGAI,. 283 PORTUGAL. the remainder being divided nearly equally be- tween liqueurs and port wine, with a considerable quantity of iladeira, ilost of the wine is sent to Brazil, England, and the Portuguese colonies. Considerable quantities of eggs, onions, potatoes, and other vegetables are exported to England. Tkaxspobtatiox axd CoMiirxicATioN. The domestic trade is much facilitated by the rivers. The wagon roads have been improved and ex- tended in late years, and in 1901 14Gi miles of railroads were in operation, of which 507 miles belonged to the State. The railroad lines are practically adequate to the needs. The coast- ing trade is very active. In 1901 4164 vessels, of 1,322,095 tons, engaged in this trade entered the ports, and 4072 vessels, of 1,249,011 tons, cleared. The foreign trade is chiefly maritime. The chief emporia for this trade are Lisbon and Oporto. The number of vessels in the foreign trade entering the ports in 1001 was 6493, with a tonnage of 10.414,793; cleared, 6516 vessels, ton- nage 10,395,615. The larger proportion of the shipping is under the British flag. At the be- ginning of 1902 the commercial na'y of Portugal including the colonies, contained onlv 44 steamers, of 29,443 tons, and 238 sailing vessels, of 56..5SS tons. Regular shipping communication is main- tained with many ports, as the steamers of most lines plying to South America, Western Africa, the ilediterranean. and Eastern Asia touch at Lisbon, and in many cases at Oporto also. Thus the Portuguese ports are way stations on many important routes. Banking. The banks, including savings banks, numbered 35 in 1895. At that time the cash in hand was 18.252,007 milreis (the milreis ^ $1.08); bills, 26.028.403 milreis; loans on se- curity, 24,818.841 milreis: deposits. 32.045.044 milreis; note circulation. 59.075.973 milreis. The principal bank is the Bank of Portugal, whose metallic stock at the close of 1902 was 10.719.031 milreis; note circulation, 09,475.741 milreis; and deposits, 2,922,267 milreis, Edccatiox. Primary education is nominally compulsory, but the law is not enforced. Very few of the children of the lower classes attend school, and in 1890 nearly four-fifths of the popu- lation could not read. In that year there were 5339 primary schools, with 237.791 pupils, or only 471 in 'lO.OOO of the population. In 1899 the number of primary schools had decreased to 4483. Secondary schools are maintained in the chief to^vn of each district and in a few other towiis. They had 4248 pupils in 1900. Many private secondaiy schools are maintained, and also schools for industrial, commercial, and tech- nical training. The University of Coimbra, founded in 1290, had 1690 pupils'in 1900. Religiox. The State religion is the Roman Catholic faith. All other forms of worship are tolerated; the Protestants are chiefly foreigners. The kingdom is divided into three ecclesiastical provinces, with their scats at Lisbon, Braga. and Evora. A Patriarch presides at Lisbon, and if he is not a cardinal when he enters office, he re- ceives that dignity as soon as a place is vacant in the Holy College. Braga and Evora are under the jurisdiction of archbishops. In 1834 the 632 monasteries and 118 nunneries, with over 80,000 nuns and monks and an annual income of nearly $5,000,000, were suppressed and their property confiscated for the benefit of the State. Finance, The annual revenue for a number of Vol. xvi.— 19, years has averaged about $53,000,000 and the ex- penditures a little more than that sum, Xearly half of the revenue is derived from the high cus- toms duties, the chief other sources being direct taxes, registration and stamps, and income from national inoperty. In 1902 the total foreign debt amounted to §325,038.740 and the internal debt to $520,153,- 730; total, $846,092,470. Owing to the derange- ment of the finances, steps were taken in 1891 to reduce the interest on the debt. In 1892 the in- terest on the internal debt was reduced by 30 per cent, payable in currency, and in 1893 the inter- est on the external delit was reduced by 66% per cent, payable in gold. Weight,s, Measures, and Money. The gold standard is employed and the unit of coinage, the milreis, is worth $1.08, Silver, nickel, and bronze coins are also in ase. The metric system of weights and measures is the legal standard, but the old measures are still in use. Dependencies. The dependencies of Portugal are given in the following table, with areas and population (for details, see the respective arti- cles) : Area, English sq. miles Population Possessions in A/riea : 1.480 12,000 360 484,800 310,000 147,424 820.000 Prince's and Saint Thomas' 42.103 4,119,000 3,120.000 Total, Africa 808,640 8,248,527 Possessions in Asia : 1,080 168 7,458 4 561,400 77,454 Indian Archipelago (Timor, etc.) 300,000 78,6-27 Total, Asia 8,710 1,017,481 Total, colonies 817,350 9 266,008 Population. The number of inhabitants in 1900, including the Azores and Madeira, was 5,428,659, the density of population being 150,6 to the square mile. The urban population was 31 per cent, in 1890, In 1890 the foreign population numbered 39,000. of whom 27,000 were Spanish and 5000 Brazilian. In the ten years 1890 to 1900 the increase in population was 378,930, or at the yearly rate of 0,75 per cent, of tlie population in 1890. There are very few large towns, the most important, with their popu- lation in 1900, being: Lisbon, the capital. 357.000; Oporto, 172,421; Braga, 24,309; Setubal, 21,819; and Coimbra. 18.424. Portuguese emigration, which of l;te years has usually numbered over 20.000 annually, is chiefly to Brazil and the United States. " In 1900 18.908 emigrants went to America and 1938 to Africa. The list of the provinces and districts, with areas and populations for 1890 and 1900, is shown in the table on the following page. Ethnology. The Portuguese are the longest headed people in Europe (cranial index. 75-77). In stature they are below the average (1,61-1.67 m. or 5 feet 3 inches to 5 feet 5% inches in the south and an inch taller in the north). Blond hair is practically absent. Black hair is pos- sessed by one-fifth of the population; in the re-
