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Fractions and functions

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Guide for displaying mathematical fractions and functions.

Fractions

Fractions sometimes occur in regular text, and need proper presentation. Only a limited number are covered in the UTF-8 repertoire: they are ¼ ½ ¾ ⅓ ⅔ ⅕ ⅖ ⅗ ⅘ ⅙ ⅚ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞

A number of these fractions have been added to the characters bar at the bottom of the edit page. The remainder have been left off since they do not render in the font used for Wikisource. They will appear here if your computer has Lucida Sans Unicode. They are overlarge compared with the regular font size.

Other fractions can be done with keyboard figures (like 11/16, 27/32, et cetera), but they are intrusive, being overlarge. More elegant fractions can be made by HTML coding, such as using the superscript/subscript markup.

Thus, 11/16 will be displayed by 11/16

Template:frac will produce ¹¹⁄₁₆;

{{fs70|{{frac|11|16}}}} fits inline: ¹¹⁄₁₆

Template:sfrac will produce vertical fractions fitting in with the Mediawiki typeface. Ex. 4 3/4, 67/83726;

{{fs70|{{sfrac|4|3}}}} fits inline: 4/3

Fractions can also be made with the TeX, but they do not match the Mediawiki typeface.

Functions

Functions are rendered in Mediawiki by a version of TeX. The following text is from Meta-Wiki.

TeX

w:MediaWiki uses a subset of TeX markup for mathematical formulae. See meta:MediaWiki math markup

It generates either PNG images or simple HTML markup, depending on user preferences and the complexity of the expression. In the future, as more browsers are smarter, it will be able to generate enhanced HTML or even MathML in many cases.

(More precisely, w:MediaWiki filters the markup through Texvc, which in turn passes the commands to TeX for the actual rendering. Thus, only a limited part of the full w:TeX language is supported; see below for details.)

Math markup goes inside <math> ... </math>. The edit toolbar has a button for this.

MediaWiki templates, variables and parameters cannot be used within math tags, see Demo of attempt to use parameters within TeX.

The PNG images are black on white (not transparent). These colors, as well as font sizes and types, are independent of browser settings or css. Font sizes and types will often deviate from what HTML renders. The css selector of the images is img.tex.

In the case of a non-white page background, the white background of the formula effectively highlights it, which can be an advantage or a disadvantage.

One may want to avoid using TeX markup as part of a line of regular text, as the formulae don't align properly and the font size, as said, usually does not match.

The alt attribute of the TeX images (the text that is displayed if your browser can't display images; Internet Explorer even shows it up in the hover box) is the wikitext that produced them, excluding the <math> and </math>.

Discussion, bug reports and feature requests should go to the Wikitech-l mailing list. These can also be filed on Mediazilla under MediaWiki extensions.

General

Spaces and newlines are mostly ignored. Apart from function and operator names, as is customary in mathematics for variables, letters are in italics; digits are not. For other text, (like variable labels) to avoid being rendered in italics like variables, use \mbox or \mathrm: <math>\mbox{abc}</math> gives ${\mbox{abc}}$

Line breaks help keep the wikitext clear, for instance, a line break after each term or matrix row.

Size

There are some possibilities, to change the size of the formulas. For example, fractions can be made smaller using \tfrac instead of \frac.

${\frac {10}{100}}$ becomes ${\tfrac {10}{100}}$ .

In general, formulas can be made even smaller if \scriptstyle is employed:

${\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}$ becomes $\scriptstyle {\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}$ .

Functions, symbols, special characters

For producing special characters without math tags, see m:Help:Special characters.

Comparison:

α gives "α"
- <math>\alpha</math> gives $\alpha$ ,
- ("&" and ";" vs. "\<", in this case the same code word "alpha");
√2 gives "√2"
- <math>\sqrt{2}</math> gives ${\sqrt {2}}$
- (the same difference as above, but also another code word, "radic" vs. "sqrt"; in TeX braces);
√(1-''e''²) gives √(1-e²),
- <math>\sqrt{1-e^2}</math> gives ${\sqrt {1-e^{2}}}$ ,
- (parentheses vs. braces, "''e''" vs. "e", "²" vs. "^2").

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Accents/Diacritics	\acute{a} \quad \grave{a} \quad \breve{a} \quad \check{a} \quad \tilde{a}	${\acute {a}}\quad {\grave {a}}\quad {\breve {a}}\quad {\check {a}}\quad {\tilde {a}}$
Std. functions (good)	\sin x + \ln y +\operatorname{sgn} z \sin a \ \cos b \ \tan c \ \cot d \ \sec e \ \csc f \sinh g \ \cosh h \ \tanh i \ \coth j \arcsin k \ \arccos l \ \arctan m \lim n \ \limsup o \ \liminf p \min q \ \max r \ \inf s \ \sup t \exp u \ \lg v \ \log w \ker x \ \deg x \gcd x \Pr x \ \det x \hom x \ \arg x \dim x	$\sin x+\ln y+\operatorname {sgn} z$ $\sin a\ \cos b\ \tan c\ \cot d\ \sec e\ \csc f$ $\sinh g\ \cosh h\ \tanh i\ \coth j$ $\arcsin k\ \arccos l\ \arctan m$ $\lim n\ \limsup o\ \liminf p$ $\min q\ \max r\ \inf s\ \sup t$ $\exp u\ \lg v\ \log w$ $\ker x\ \deg x\gcd x\Pr x\ \det x\hom x\ \arg x\dim x$
Std. functions (wrong)	sin x + ln y + sgn z	$sinx+lny+sgnz\,\!$
Modular arithmetic	s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m} a \bmod b	$s_{k}\equiv 0{\pmod {m}}$ $a{\bmod {b}}\,\!$
Derivatives	\nabla \; \partial x \; dx \; \dot x \; \ddot y	$\nabla \;\partial x\;dx\;{\dot {x}}\;{\ddot {y}}$
Sets (Square symbols may not work for some wikis)	\forall \; \exists \; \empty \; \emptyset \; \varnothing \in \ni \not\in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq \cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus	$\forall \;\exists \;\emptyset \;\emptyset \;\varnothing \in \ni \not \in \notin$ $\subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq \cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus$
Sets (Square symbols may not work for some wikis)	\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup	$\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup$
Logic	p \land \wedge \; \bigwedge \; \bar{q} \to p \; \lor \vee \; \bigvee \; \lnot \; \neg q \; \setminus \; \smallsetminus	$p\land \wedge \;\bigwedge \;{\bar {q}}\to p\lor \vee \;\bigvee \;\lnot \;\neg q\;\setminus \;\smallsetminus$
Root	\sqrt{2}\approx 1.4	${\sqrt {2}}\approx 1.4$
Root	\sqrt[n]{x}	${\sqrt[{n}]{x}}$
Relations	\sim \; \approx \; \simeq \; \cong \; \le \; < \; \ll \; \gg \; \ge \; > \; \equiv \; \not\equiv \; \ne \; \propto \; \pm \; \mp	$\sim \;\approx \;\simeq \;\cong \;\leq \;<\;\ll \;\gg \;\geq \;>\;\equiv \;\not \equiv \;\neq \;\propto \;\pm \;\mp$
Geometric	\Diamond \; \Box \; \triangle \; \angle \; \perp \; \mid \; \nmid \; \\| \; 45^\circ	$\Diamond \;\Box \;\triangle \;\angle \;\perp \;\mid \;\nmid \;\\|\;45^{\circ }$
Arrows (Harpoons may not work for some wikis)	\leftarrow \; \gets \; \rightarrow \; \to \; \leftrightarrow \longleftarrow \; \longrightarrow \mapsto \; \longmapsto \; \hookrightarrow \; \hookleftarrow \nearrow \; \searrow \; \swarrow \; \nwarrow \uparrow \; \downarrow \; \updownarrow	$\leftarrow \;\gets \;\rightarrow \;\to \;\leftrightarrow$ $\longleftarrow \;\longrightarrow$ $\mapsto \;\longmapsto \;\hookrightarrow \;\hookleftarrow$ $\nearrow \;\searrow \;\swarrow \;\nwarrow$ $\uparrow \;\downarrow \;\updownarrow$
	\rightharpoonup \; \rightharpoondown \; \leftharpoonup \; \leftharpoondown \; \upharpoonleft \; \upharpoonright \; \downharpoonleft \; \downharpoonright	$\rightharpoonup \;\rightharpoondown \;\leftharpoonup \;\leftharpoondown \;\upharpoonleft \;\upharpoonright \;\downharpoonleft \;\downharpoonright$
	\Leftarrow \; \Rightarrow \; \Leftrightarrow \Longleftarrow \; \Longrightarrow \; \Longleftrightarrow (or \iff) \Uparrow \; \Downarrow \; \Updownarrow	$\Leftarrow \;\Rightarrow \;\Leftrightarrow$ $\Longleftarrow \;\Longrightarrow \;\Longleftrightarrow (or\iff )$ $\Uparrow \;\Downarrow \;\Updownarrow$
Special	\And; \eth \; \S \; \P \; \% \; \dagger \; \ddagger \; \star \; * \; \ldots \smile \frown \wr \oplus \bigoplus \otimes \bigotimes \times \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top \vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \; \hbar \; \ell \; \mho \; \Finv \; \Re \; \Im \; \wp \; \complement \quad \diamondsuit \; \heartsuit \; \clubsuit \; \spadesuit \; \Game \quad \flat \; \natural \; \sharp	$\And \;\eth \;\S \;\P \;\%\;\dagger \;\ddagger \;\star \;*\;\ldots$ $\smile \frown \wr \oplus \bigoplus \otimes \bigotimes$ $\times \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top \vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert$ $\imath \;\hbar \;\ell \;\mho \;\Finv \;\Re \;\Im \;\wp \;\complement \quad \diamondsuit \;\heartsuit \;\clubsuit \;\spadesuit \;\Game \quad \flat \;\natural \;\sharp$
Lowercase \mathcal has some extras	\mathcal {45abcdenpqstuvwx}	${\mathcal {45abcdenpqstuvwx}}$

Subscripts, superscripts, integrals

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
		HTML	PNG
Superscript	a^2	$a^{2}$	$a^{2}\,\!$
Subscript	a_2	$a_{2}$	$a_{2}\,\!$
Grouping	a^{2+2}	$a^{2+2}$	$a^{2+2}\,\!$
Grouping	a_{i,j}	$a_{i,j}$	$a_{i,j}\,\!$
Combining sub & super	x_2^3	$x_{2}^{3}$
Preceding sub & super	{}_1^2\!X_3^4	${}_{1}^{2}\!X_{3}^{4}$
Derivative (good)	x', y''	$x',y''$	$x',y''\,\!$
Derivative (wrong in HTML)	x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}	$x^{\prime },y^{\prime \prime }$	$x^{\prime },y^{\prime \prime }\,\!$
Derivative (wrong in PNG)	x\prime, y\prime\prime	$x\prime ,y\prime \prime$	$x\prime ,y\prime \prime \,\!$
Derivative dots	\dot{x}, \ddot{x}	${\dot {x}},{\ddot {x}}$
Underlines, overlines, vectors	\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c \ \overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f} \ \overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}	${\hat {a}}\ {\bar {b}}\ {\vec {c}}\ {\overrightarrow {ab}}\ {\overleftarrow {cd}}\ {\widehat {def}}\ {\overline {ghi}}\ {\underline {jkl}}$
Overbraces	\begin{matrix} 5050 \\ \overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 } \end{matrix}	${\begin{matrix}5050\\\overbrace {1+2+\cdots +100} \end{matrix}}$
Underbraces	\begin{matrix} \underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z } \\ 26 \end{matrix}	${\begin{matrix}\underbrace {a+b+\cdots +z} \\26\end{matrix}}$
Sum	\sum_{k=1}^N k^2	$\sum _{k=1}^{N}k^{2}$
Product	\prod_{i=1}^N x_i	$\prod _{i=1}^{N}x_{i}$
Coproduct	\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i	$\coprod _{i=1}^{N}x_{i}$
Limit	\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n	$\lim _{n\to \infty }x_{n}$
Integral	\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx	$\int _{-N}^{N}e^{x}\,dx$
Double integral	\iint_{D}^{W} \, dx\,dy	$\iint _{D}^{W}\,dx\,dy$
Triple integral	\iiint_{E}^{V} \, dx\,dy\,dz	$\iiint _{E}^{V}\,dx\,dy\,dz$
Quadruple integral	\iiiint_{F}^{U} \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt	$\iiiint _{F}^{U}\,dx\,dy\,dz\,dt$
Path integral	\oint_{C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy	$\oint _{C}x^{3}\,dx+4y^{2}\,dy$
Intersections	\bigcap_1^{n} p	$\bigcap _{1}^{n}p$
Unions	\bigcup_1^{k} p	$\bigcup _{1}^{k}p$

Fractions, matrices, multilines

Feature

Syntax

How it looks rendered

Fractions

\frac{2}{4} or {2 \over 4}

{\frac {2}{4}}

Binomial coefficients

{n \choose k}

{n \choose k}

Small Fractions

\begin{matrix} \frac{2}{4} \end{matrix}

{\begin{matrix}{\frac {2}{4}}\end{matrix}}

Matrices

\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{matrix}

{\begin{matrix}x&y\\z&v\end{matrix}}

\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix}

{\begin{vmatrix}x&y\\z&v\end{vmatrix}}

\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix}

{\begin{Vmatrix}x&y\\z&v\end{Vmatrix}}

\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots &

\ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots &

0\end{bmatrix}

{\begin{bmatrix}0&\cdots &0\\\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\0&\cdots &0\end{bmatrix}}

\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Bmatrix}

{\begin{Bmatrix}x&y\\z&v\end{Bmatrix}}

\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix}

{\begin{pmatrix}x&y\\z&v\end{pmatrix}}

Case distinctions

f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\ 3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} \end{cases}

f(n)={\begin{cases}n/2,&{\mbox{if }}n{\mbox{ is even}}\\3n+1,&{\mbox{if }}n{\mbox{ is odd}}\end{cases}}

Multiline equations

\begin{matrix}f(n+1) & = & (n+1)^2 \\ \ & = & n^2 + 2n + 1 \end{matrix}

{\begin{matrix}f(n+1)&=&(n+1)^{2}\\\ &=&n^{2}+2n+1\end{matrix}}

Alternative multiline equations (using tables)


{|
|-
|<math>f(n+1)</math>
|<math>=(n+1)^2</math>
|-
|
|<math>=n^2 + 2n + 1</math>
|}

$f(n+1)\,\!$	$=(n+1)^{2}\,\!$
	$=n^{2}+2n+1\,\!$

Fonts

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
(Note the lack of omicron; note also that several upper case Greek letters are rendered identically to the corresponding Roman ones)	\Alpha\ \Beta\ \Gamma\ \Delta\ \Epsilon\ \Zeta\ \Eta\ \Theta\ \Iota\ \Kappa\ \Lambda\ \Mu\ \Nu\ \Xi\ \Pi\ \Rho\ \Sigma\ \Tau\ \Upsilon\ \Phi\ \Chi\ \Psi\ \Omega \alpha\ \beta\ \gamma\ \delta\ \epsilon\ \zeta\ \eta\ \theta\ \iota\ \kappa\ \lambda\ \mu\ \nu\ \xi\ \pi\ \rho\ \sigma\ \tau\ \upsilon\ \phi\ \chi\ \psi\ \omega \varepsilon\ \digamma\ \vartheta\ \varkappa\ \varpi\ \varrho\ \varsigma\ \varphi	$\mathrm {A} \ \mathrm {B} \ \Gamma \ \Delta \ \mathrm {E} \ \mathrm {Z} \ \mathrm {H} \ \Theta \ \mathrm {I} \ \mathrm {K} \ \Lambda \ \mathrm {M} \ \mathrm {N} \ \Xi \ \Pi \ \mathrm {P} \ \Sigma \ \mathrm {T} \ \Upsilon \ \Phi \ \mathrm {X} \ \Psi \ \Omega$ $\alpha \ \beta \ \gamma \ \delta \ \epsilon \ \zeta \ \eta \ \theta \ \iota \ \kappa \ \lambda \ \mu \ \nu \ \xi \ \pi \ \rho \ \sigma \ \tau \ \upsilon \ \phi \ \chi \ \psi \ \omega$ $\varepsilon \ \digamma \ \vartheta \ \varkappa \ \varpi \ \varrho \ \varsigma \ \varphi$
	\mathbb{N}\ \mathbb{Z}\ \mathbb{Q}\ \mathbb{R}\ \mathbb{C}	$\mathbb {N} \ \mathbb {Z} \ \mathbb {Q} \ \mathbb {R} \ \mathbb {C}$
(vectors)	\mathbf{x}\cdot\mathbf{y} = 0	$\mathbf {x} \cdot \mathbf {y} =0$
boldface (greek)	\boldsymbol{\alpha} + \boldsymbol{\beta} + \boldsymbol{\gamma}	${\boldsymbol {\alpha }}+{\boldsymbol {\beta }}+{\boldsymbol {\gamma }}$
italics	\mathit{ABCDE abcde 1234}	${\mathit {ABCDEabcde1234}}\,\!$
	\mathrm{ABCDE abcde 1234}	$\mathrm {ABCDEabcde1234} \,\!$
Fraktur font style	\mathfrak{ABCDE abcde 1234}	${\mathfrak {ABCDEabcde1234}}$
Calligraphy/Script	\mathcal{ABCDE abcde 1234}	${\mathcal {ABCDEabcde1234}}$
Hebrew	\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth	$\aleph \ \beth \ \gimel \ \daleth$
non-italicised characters	\mbox{abc}	${\mbox{abc}}$	${\mbox{abc}}\,\!$
mixed italics (bad)	\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even}	${\mbox{if}}n{\mbox{is even}}$	${\mbox{if}}n{\mbox{is even}}\,\!$
mixed italics (good)	\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even}	${\mbox{if }}n{\mbox{ is even}}$	${\mbox{if }}n{\mbox{ is even}}\,\!$

Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Not good	( \frac{1}{2} )	$({\frac {1}{2}})$
Better	\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )	$\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)$

You can use various delimiters with \left and \right:

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Parentheses	\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )	$\left({\frac {a}{b}}\right)$
Brackets	\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack	$\left[{\frac {a}{b}}\right]\quad \left\lbrack {\frac {a}{b}}\right\rbrack$
Braces	\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace	$\left\{{\frac {a}{b}}\right\}\quad \left\lbrace {\frac {a}{b}}\right\rbrace$
Angle brackets	\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle	$\left\langle {\frac {a}{b}}\right\rangle$
Bars and double bars	\left \| \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \\|	$\left\|{\frac {a}{b}}\right\vert \left\Vert {\frac {c}{d}}\right\\|$
Floor and ceiling functions:	\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil	$\left\lfloor {\frac {a}{b}}\right\rfloor \left\lceil {\frac {c}{d}}\right\rceil$
Slashes and backslashes	\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash	$\left/{\frac {a}{b}}\right\backslash$
Up, down and up-down arrows	\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow	$\left\uparrow {\frac {a}{b}}\right\downarrow \quad \left\Uparrow {\frac {a}{b}}\right\Downarrow \quad \left\updownarrow {\frac {a}{b}}\right\Updownarrow$
Delimiters can be mixed, as long as \left and \right match	\left [ 0,1 \right ) \left \langle \psi \right \|	$\left[0,1\right)$ $\left\langle \psi \right\|$
Use \left. and \right. if you don't want a delimiter to appear:	\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X	$\left.{\frac {A}{B}}\right\}\to X$
Size of the delimiters	\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( ... \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]	${\big (}{\Big (}{\bigg (}{\Bigg (}...{\Bigg ]}{\bigg ]}{\Big ]}{\big ]}$
	\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ ... \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle	${\big \{}{\Big \{}{\bigg \{}{\Bigg \{}...{\Bigg \rangle }{\bigg \rangle }{\Big \rangle }{\big \rangle }$
	\big\\| \Big\\| \bigg\\| \Bigg\\| ... \Bigg\| \bigg\| \Big\| \big\|	${\big \\|}{\Big \\|}{\bigg \\|}{\Bigg \\|}...{\Bigg \|}{\bigg \|}{\Big \|}{\big \|}$
	\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor ... \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil	${\big \lfloor }{\Big \lfloor }{\bigg \lfloor }{\Bigg \lfloor }...{\Bigg \rceil }{\bigg \rceil }{\Big \rceil }{\big \rceil }$
	\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow ... \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow	${\big \uparrow }{\Big \uparrow }{\bigg \uparrow }{\Bigg \uparrow }...{\Bigg \Downarrow }{\bigg \Downarrow }{\Big \Downarrow }{\big \Downarrow }$

Spacing

Note that TeX automatically handles most spacing, but you may sometimes want manual control.

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
double quad space	a \qquad b	$a\qquad b$
quad space	a \quad b	$a\quad b$
text space	a\ b	$a\ b$
text space without PNG conversion	a \mbox{ } b	$a{\mbox{ }}b$
large space	a\;b	$a\;b$
medium space	a\>b	[not supported]
small space	a\,b	$a\,b$
no space	ab	$ab\,$
negative space	a\!b	$a\!b$

Align with normal text flow

Due to the default css

img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }

an inline expression like $\int _{-N}^{N}e^{x}\,dx$ should look good.

If you need to align it otherwise, use <math>...</math> and play with the vertical-align argument until you get it right; however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.

Forced PNG rendering

To force the formula to render as PNG, add \, (small space) at the end of the formula (where it is not rendered). This will force PNG if the user is in "HTML if simple" mode, but not for "HTML if possible" mode (math rendering settings in preferences).

You can also use \,\! (small space and negative space, which cancel out) anywhere inside the math tags. This does force PNG even in "HTML if possible" mode, unlike \,.

This could be useful to keep the rendering of formulae in a proof consistent, for example, or to fix formulae that render incorrectly in HTML (at one time, a^{2+2} rendered with an extra underscore), or to demonstrate how something is rendered when it would normally show up as HTML (as in the examples above).

For instance:

Syntax	How it looks rendered
a^{c+2}	$a^{c+2}$
a^{c+2} \,	$a^{c+2}\,$
a^{\,\!c+2}	$a^{\,\!c+2}$
a^{b^{c+2}}	$a^{b^{c+2}}$ (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
a^{b^{c+2}} \,	$a^{b^{c+2}}\,$ (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5	$a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5$ (due to " $\approx$ " correctly displayed, no code "\,\!" needed)
a^{b^{\,\!c+2}}	$a^{b^{\,\!c+2}}$
\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx	$\int _{-N}^{N}e^{x}\,dx$
\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx \,	$\int _{-N}^{N}e^{x}\,dx\,$
\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx \,\!	$\int _{-N}^{N}e^{x}\,dx\,\!$

This has been tested with most of the formulae on this page, and seems to work perfectly.

You might want to include a comment in the HTML so people don't "correct" the formula by removing it:

Additional help sources

Examples

Quadratic Polynomial

 $x_{1}=a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}$ 

<math>x_1 = a^2 + b^2 + c^2 </math>

Quadratic Formula

 $x_{1,2}={\frac {-b\pm {\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}}{2a}}$ 

<math>x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>

Parentheses and fractions

 $\left(3-x\right)\times \left({\frac {2}{3-x}}\right)=\left(3-x\right)\times \left({\frac {3}{2-x}}\right)$ 

<math>\left(3-x\right) \times \left( \frac{2}{3-x} \right) =
\left(3-x\right) \times \left( \frac{3}{2-x} \right)</math>

Tall Parentheses and fractions

 $2=\left({\frac {\left(3-x\right)\times 3}{2-x}}\right)$ 

<math>2 = \left( \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 3}{2-x} \right)</math>

Force Rendering

 $4-2x=9-3x\!$ 

<math>4-2x = 9-3x \!</math>

Force Rendering

 $-2x+3x=9-4\!$ 

<math>-2x+3x = 9-4 \!</math>

Integrals

 $\int _{a}^{x}\int _{a}^{s}f(y)\,dy\,ds=\int _{a}^{x}(y)(x-y)\,dy\,$ 

<math>\int_a^x \int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy\,</math>

Summation

 $\sum _{m=1}^{\infty }\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {m^{2}\,n}{3^{m}\left(m\,3^{n}+n\,3^{m}\right)}}$ 

<math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}
{3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math>

Differential Equation

 $u''+p(x)u'+q(x)u=f(x),\,\,\,x>a$ 

<math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\,\,\,x>a</math>

Example

 $|{\bar {z}}|=|z|,|({\bar {z}})^{n}|=|z|^{n},\arg(z^{n})=n\arg(z)\,$ 

<math>|\bar{z}| = |z|, |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n, \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)\,</math>

Limits

 $\lim _{z\rightarrow z_{0}}f(z)=f(z_{0})\,$ 

<math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)\,</math>

Integral Equation

 $\phi _{n}(\kappa )={\frac {1}{4\pi ^{2}\kappa ^{2}}}\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial R}}\left[R^{2}{\frac {\partial D_{n}(R)}{\partial R}}\right]\,dR\,$ 

<math>\phi_n(\kappa) = \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty
\frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R} \frac{\partial}{\partial R}\left[R^2\frac{\partial
D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR\,</math>

Example

 $\int _{0}^{\infty }x^{\alpha }\sin(x)\,dx=2^{\alpha }{\sqrt {\pi }}\,{\frac {\Gamma ({\frac {\alpha }{2}}+1)}{\Gamma ({\frac {1}{2}}-{\frac {\alpha }{2}})}}\,$ 
 
<math>\int_0^\infty x^\alpha \sin(x)\,dx = 2^\alpha \sqrt{\pi}\,
\frac{\Gamma(\frac{\alpha}{2}+1)}{\Gamma(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{\alpha}{2})}\,</math>

Example

 $\phi _{n}(\kappa )=0.033C_{n}^{2}\kappa ^{-11/3},\,\,\,{\frac {1}{L_{0}}}<\!\!<\kappa <\!\!<{\frac {1}{l_{0}}}\,$ 

<math>\phi_n(\kappa) = 
0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\,\,\,\frac{1}{L_0}<\!\!<\kappa<\!\!<\frac{1}{l_0}\,</math>

Example

 $f(x)={a_{0} \over 2}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}\cos \left({2n\pi x \over T}\right)+b_{n}\sin \left({2n\pi x \over T}\right)\,$ 

<math>f(x) = {a_0\over 2} + \sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n\cos\left({2n\pi x \over T}\right) +
b_n\sin\left({2n\pi x\over T}\right)\,</math>

Continuation and cases

 $f(x)={\begin{cases}1&-1\leq x<0\\{\frac {1}{2}}&x=0\\x&0<x\leq 1\end{cases}}$ 

f(x) = \begin{cases}1 & -1 \le x < 0\\
\frac{1}{2} & x = 0\\x&0<x\le 1\end{cases}

Example

 $\Gamma (z)=\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-t}t^{z-1}\,dt\,$ 

<math>\Gamma(z) = \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{z-1} \,dt\,</math>

Example

 $J_{p}(z)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}\left({\frac {z}{2}}\right)^{2k+p}}{k!\Gamma (k+p+1)}}\,$ 

<math>J_p(z) = \sum_{k=0}^\infty
\frac{(-1)^k\left(\frac{z}{2}\right)^{2k+p}}{k!\Gamma(k+p+1)}\,</math>

Example

 ${}_{p}F_{q}(a_{1},...,a_{p};c_{1},...,c_{q};z)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(a_{1})_{n}\cdot \cdot \cdot (a_{p})_{n}}{(c_{1})_{n}\cdot \cdot \cdot (c_{q})_{n}}}{\frac {z^{n}}{n!}}\,$ 

 <math>{}_pF_q(a_1,...,a_p;c_1,...,c_q;z) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty
\frac{(a_1)_n\cdot\cdot\cdot(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdot\cdot\cdot(c_q)_n}\frac{z^n}{n!}\,</math>

Gamma Function

 $\Gamma (n+1)=n\Gamma (n),\;n>0$ 

<math>\Gamma(n+1) = n \Gamma(n),  \; n>0</math>

Example

<math>\int_0^1 \frac{1}{\sqrt{-\ln x}} dx\,</math>

 $\int _{0}^{1}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {-\ln x}}}dx\,$

Example

 $\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-st}t^{x-1}\,dt,\ s>0\,$ 

<math>\int_0^\infty e^{-st}t^{x-1}\,dt,\ s>0\,</math>

Example

 $B(u)=\sum _{k=0}^{N}{P_{k}}{N! \over k!(N-k)!}{u^{k}}(1-u)^{N-k}\,$ 

<math>B(u) = \sum_{k=0}^N {P_k}{N! \over k!(N - k)!}{u^k}(1 - 
u)^{N-k}\,</math>

Example

 $u(x,y)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}\int _{0}^{\infty }f(\xi )\left[g(|x+\xi |,y)+g(|x-\xi |,y)\right]\,d\xi \,$ 

<math>u(x,y) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\int_0^\infty 
f(\xi)\left[g(|x+\xi|,y)+g(|x-\xi|,y)\right]\,d\xi\,</math>

External links

A LaTeX tutorial. http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwilkins/LaTeXPrimer/
A document introducing TeX -- see page 39 onwards for a good introduction to the maths side of things: http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/gentle/gentle.pdf
A PDF document introducing LaTeX -- skip to page 59 for the math section. See page 72 for a complete reference list of symbols included in LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX. http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/lshort.pdf
TeX reference card: https://www.math.brown.edu/~jhs/ReferenceCards/TeXRefCard.v1.5.pdf
http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html
A set of public domain fixed-size math symbol bitmaps: http://us.metamath.org/symbols/symbols.html

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Fractions

Functions

TeX

General

Size

Functions, symbols, special characters

Subscripts, superscripts, integrals

Fractions, matrices, multilines

Fonts

Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars

Spacing

Align with normal text flow

Forced PNG rendering

Additional help sources

Examples

Quadratic Polynomial

Quadratic Formula

Parentheses and fractions

Tall Parentheses and fractions

Force Rendering

Force Rendering

Integrals

Summation

Differential Equation

Example

Limits

Integral Equation

Example

Example

Example

Continuation and cases

Example

Example

Example

Gamma Function

Example

Example

Example

Example

See also

External links