History of the United States (Beard)

by Charles A. Beard

PART I. THE COLONIAL PERIOD

• Chapter I
• Chapter II
• Chapter III
• Chapter IV

PART II. CONFLICT AND INDEPENDENCE

• Chapter V
• Chapter VI

PART III. THE UNION AND NATIONAL POLITICS

• Chapter VII
• Chapter VIII
• Chapter IX

PART IV. THE WEST AND JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

• Chapter X
• Chapter XI
• Chapter XII

PART V. SECTIONAL CONFLICT AND RECONSTRUCTION

• Chapter XIII
• Chapter XIV
• Chapter XV

PART VI. NATIONAL GROWTH AND WORLD POLITICS

• Chapter XVI
• Chapter XVII
• Chapter XVIII
• Chapter XIX
• Chapter XX

PART VII. PROGRESSIVE DEMOCRACY AND THE WORLD WAR

• Chapter XXI
• Chapter XXII
• Chapter XXIII
• Chapter XXIV
• Chapter XXV

APPENDIX

• Constitution of the United States

POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES: 1920, 1910, 1900

States		Population
	1920	1910	1900
United States	105,708,771	91,972,266	75,994,575
Alabama	2,348,174	2,138,093	1,828,697
Arizona	333,903	204,354	122,931
Arkansas	1,752,204	1,574,449	1,311,564
California	3,426,861	2,377,549	1,485,053
Colorado	939,629	799,024	539,700
Connecticut	1,380,631	1,114,756	908,420
Delaware	223,003	202,322	184,735
District of Columbia	437,571	331,069	278,718
Florida	968,470	752,619	528,542
Georgia	2,895,832	2,609,121	2,216,331
Idaho	431,866	325,594	161,772
Illinois	6,485,280	5,638,591	4,821,550
Indiana	2,930,390	2,700,876	2,516,462
Iowa	2,404,021	2,224,771	2,231,853
Kansas	1,769,257	1,690,949	1,470,495
Kentucky	2,416,630	2,289,905	2,147,174
Louisiana	1,798,509	1,656,388	1,381,625
Maine	768,014	742,371	694,466
Maryland	1,449,661	1,295,346	1,188,044
Massachusetts	3,852,356	3,366,416	2,805,346
Michigan	3,668,412	2,810,173	2,420,982
Minnesota	2,387,125	2,075,708	1,751,394
Mississippi	1,790,618	1,797,114	1,551,270
Missouri	3,404,055	3,293,335	3,106,665
Montana	548,889	376,053	243,329
Nebraska	1,296,372	1,192,214	1,066,300
Nevada	77,407	81,875	42,335
New Hampshire	443,407	430,572	411,588
New Jersey	3,155,900	2,537,167	1,883,669
New Mexico	360,350	327,301	195,310
New York	10,384,829	9,113,614	7,268,894
North Carolina	2,559,123	2,206,287	1,893,810
North Dakota	645,680	577,056	319,146
Ohio	5,759,394	4,767,121	4,157,545
Oklahoma	2,028,283	1,657,155	790,391
Oregon	783,389	672,765	413,536
Pennsylvania	8,720,017	7,665,111	6,302,115
Rhode Island	604,397	542,610	428,556
South Carolina	1,683,724	1,515,400	1,340,316
South Dakota	636,547	583,888	401,570
Tennessee	2,337,885	2,184,789	2,020,616
Texas	4,663,228	3,896,542	3,048,710
Utah	449,396	373,351	276,749
Vermont	352,428	355,956	343,641
Virginia	2,309,187	2,061,612	1,854,184
Washington	1,356,621	1,141,990	518,103
West Virginia	1,463,701	1,221,119	958,800
Wisconsin	2,632,067	2,333,860	2,069,042
Wyoming	194,402	145,965	92,531

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APPENDIX

TABLE OF PRESIDENTS

Num.	Name	State	Party	Year in Office	Vice-President
1	George Washington	Va.	Fed.	1789-1797	John Adams
2	John Adams	Mass.	Fed.	1797-1801	Thomas Jefferson
3	Thomas Jefferson	Va.	Rep.	1801-1809	Aaron Burr George Clinton
4	James Madison	Va.	Rep.	1809-1817	George Clinton Elbridge Gerry
5	James Monroe	Va.	Rep.	1817-1825	Daniel D. Tompkins
6	John Q. Adams	Mass.	Rep.	1825-1829	John C. Calhoun
7	Andrew Jackson	Tenn.	Dem.	1829-1837	John C. Calhoun Martin Van Buren
8	Martin Van Buren	N.Y.	Dem.	1837-1841	Richard M. Johnson
9	Wm. H. Harrison	Ohio	Whig	1841-1841	John Tyler
10	John Tyler[20]	Va.	Whig	1841-1845
11	James K. Polk	Tenn.	Dem.	1845-1849	George M. Dallas
12	Zachary Taylor	La.	Whig	1849-1850	Millard Fillmore
13	Millard Fillmore[20]	N.Y.	Whig	1850-1853
14	Franklin Pierce	N.H.	Dem.	1853-1857	William R. King
15	James Buchanan	Pa.	Dem.	1857-1861	J.C. Breckinridge
16	Abraham Lincoln	Ill.	Rep.	1861-1865	Hannibal Hamlin Andrew Johnson
17	Andrew Johnson[20]	Tenn.	Rep.	1865-1869
18	Ulysses S. Grant	Ill.	Rep.	1869-1877	Schuyler Colfax Henry Wilson
19	Rutherford B. Hayes	Ohio	Rep.	1877-1881	Wm. A. Wheeler
20	James A. Garfield	Ohio	Rep.	1881-1881	Chester A. Arthur
21	Chester A. Arthur[20]	N.Y.	Rep.	1881-1885
22	Grover Cleveland	N.Y.	Dem.	1885-1889	Thomas A. Hendricks
23	Benjamin Harrison	Ind.	Rep.	1889-1893	Levi P. Morton
24	Grover Cleveland	N.Y.	Dem.	1893-1897	Adlai E. Stevenson
25	William McKinley	Ohio	Rep.	1897-1901	Garrett A. Hobart Theodore Roosevelt
26	Theodore Roosevelt[20]	N.Y.	Rep.	1901-1909	Chas. W. Fairbanks
27	William H. Taft	Ohio	Rep.	1909-1913	James S. Sherman
28	Woodrow Wilson	N.J.	Dem.	1913-1921	Thomas R. Marshall
29	Warren G. Harding	Ohio	Rep.	1921-	Calvin Coolidge

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POPULATION OF THE OUTLYING POSSESSIONS: 1920 AND 1910

AREA	1920	1910
United States with outlying possessions	117,857,509	101,146,530
Continental United States	105,708,771	91,972,266
Outlying Possessions	12,148,738	9,174 264
Alaska American Samoa Guam Hawaii Panama Canal Zone Porto Rico Military and naval, etc., service abroad Philippine Islands Virgin Islands of the United States	54,899 8,056 13,275 255,912 22,858 1,299,809 117,238 10,350,640[22] 26,051[24]	64,356 7,251[21] 11,806 191,909 62,810[21] 1,118,012 55,608 7,635,426[23] 27,086[25]

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A TOPICAL SYLLABUS

As a result of a wholesome reaction against the purely chronological treatment of history, there is now a marked tendency in the direction of a purely topical handling of the subject. The topical method, however, may also be pushed too far. Each successive stage of any topic can be understood only in relation to the forces of the time. For that reason, the best results are reached when there is a combination of the chronological and the topical methods. It is therefore suggested that the teacher first follow the text closely and then review the subject with the aid of this topical syllabus. The references are to pages.

Immigration

I. Causes: religious (1-2, 4-11, 302), economic (12-17, 302-303), and political (302-303).

II. Colonial immigration.

1. Diversified character: English, Scotch-Irish, Irish, Jews, Germans and other peoples (6-12).

2. Assimilation to an American type; influence of the land system (23-25, 411).

3. Enforced immigration: indentured servitude, slavery, etc. (13-17).

III. Immigration between 1789-1890

1. Nationalities: English, Irish, Germans, and Scandinavians (278, 302-303).

2. Relations to American life (432-433, 445).

IV. Immigration and immigration questions after 1890.

1. Change in nationalities (410-411).

2. Changes in economic opportunities (411).

3. Problems of congestion and assimilation (410).

4. Relations to labor and illiteracy (582-586).

5. Oriental immigration (583).

6. The restriction of immigration (583-585).

Expansion of the United States

I. Territorial growth.

1. Territory of the United States in 1783 (134 and color map).

2. Louisiana purchase, 1803 (188-193 and color map).

3. Florida purchase, 1819 (204).

4. Annexation of Texas, 1845 (278-281).

5. Acquisition of Arizona, New Mexico, California, and other territory at close of Mexican War, 1848 (282-283).

6. The Gadsden purchase, 1853 (283).

7. Settlement of the Oregon boundary question, 1846 (284-286).

8. Purchase of Alaska from Russia, 1867 (479).

9. Acquisition of Tutuila in Samoan group, 1899 (481-482).

10. Annexation of Hawaii, 1898 (484).

11. Acquisition of Porto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam at close of Spanish War, 1898 (493-494).

12. Acquisition of Panama Canal strip, 1904 (508-510).

13. Purchase of Danish West Indies, 1917 (593).

14. Extension of protectorate over Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Nicaragua (593-594).

II. Development of colonial self-government.

1. Hawaii (485).

2. Philippines (516-518).

3. Porto Rico (515-516).

III. Sea power.

1. In American Revolution (118).

2. In the War of 1812 (193-201).

3. In the Civil War (353-354).

4. In the Spanish-American War (492).

5. In the Caribbean region (512-519).

6. In the Pacific (447-448, 481).

7. The rôle of the American navy (515).

The Westward Advance of the People

I. Beyond the Appalachians.

1. Government and land system (217-231).

2. The routes (222-224).

3. The settlers (221-223, 228-230).

4. Relations with the East (230-236).

II. Beyond the Mississippi.

1. The lower valley (271-273).

2. The upper valley (275-276).

III. Prairies, plains, and desert.

1. Cattle ranges and cowboys (276-278, 431-432).

2. The free homesteads (432-433).

3. Irrigation (434-436, 523-525).

IV. The Far West.

1. Peculiarities of the West (433-440).

2. The railways (425-431).

3. Relations to the East and Europe (443-447).

4. American power in the Pacific (447-449).

The Wars of American History

I. Indian wars (57-59).

II. Early colonial wars: King William's, Queen Anne's, and King George's (59).

III. French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), 1754-1763 (59-61).

IV. Revolutionary War, 1775-1783 (99-135).

V. The War of 1812, 1812-1815 (193-201).

VI. The Mexican War, 1845-1848 (276-284).

VII. The Civil War, 1861-1865 (344-375).

VIII. The Spanish War, 1898 (485-497).

IX. The World War, 1914-1918 [American participation, 1917-1918] (596-625).

Government

I. Development of the American system of government.

1. Origin and growth of state government.

a. The trading corporation (2-4), religious congregation (4-5), and proprietary system (5-6).

b. Government of the colonies (48-53).

c. Formation of the first state constitutions (108-110).

d. The admission of new states (see Index under each state).

e. Influence of Jacksonian Democracy (238-247).

f. Growth of manhood suffrage (238-244).

g. Nullification and state sovereignty (180-182, 251-257).

h. The doctrine of secession (345-346).

i. Effects of the Civil War on position of states (366, 369-375).

j. Political reform—direct government—initiative, referendum, and recall (540-544).

2. Origin and growth of national government.

a. British imperial control over the colonies (64-72).

b. Attempts at intercolonial union—New England Confederation, Albany plan (61-62).

c. The Stamp Act Congress (85-86).

d. The Continental Congresses (99-101).

e. The Articles of Confederation (110-111, 139-143).

f. The formation of the federal Constitution (143-160).

g. Development of the federal Constitution.

(1) Amendments 1-11—rights of persons and states (163).

(2) Twelfth amendment—election of President (184, note).

(3) Amendments 13-15—Civil War settlement (358, 366, 369, 370, 374, 375).

(4) Sixteenth amendment—income tax (528-529).

(5) Seventeenth amendment—election of Senators (541-542).

(6) Eighteenth amendment—prohibition (591-592).

(7) Nineteenth amendment—woman suffrage (563-568).

3. Development of the suffrage.

a. Colonial restrictions (51-52).

b. Provisions of the first state constitutions (110, 238-240).

c. Position under federal Constitution of 1787(149).

d. Extension of manhood suffrage (241-244).

e. Extension and limitation of negro suffrage (373-375, 382-387).

f. Woman suffrage (560-568).

II. Relation of government to economic and social welfare.

1. Debt and currency.

a. Colonial paper money (80).

b. Revolutionary currency and debt (125-127).

c. Disorders under Articles of Confederation (140-141).

d. Powers of Congress under the Constitution to coin money (see Constitution in the Appendix).

e. First United States bank notes (167).

f. Second United States bank notes (257).

g. State bank notes (258).

h. Civil War greenbacks and specie payment (352-353, 454).

i. The Civil War debt (252).

j. Notes of National Banks under act of 1864 (369).

k. Demonetization of silver and silver legislation (452-458).

l. The gold standard (472).

m. The federal reserve notes (589).

n. Liberty bonds (606).

2. Banking systems.

a. The first United States bank (167).

b. The second United States bank—origin and destruction (203, 257-259).

c. United States treasury system (263).

d. State banks (258).

e. The national banking system of 1864 (369).

f. Services of banks (407-409).

g. Federal reserve system (589).

3. The tariff.

a. British colonial system (69-72).

b. Disorders under Articles of Confederation (140).

c. The first tariff under the Constitution (150, 167-168).

d. Development of the tariff, 1816-1832 (252-254).

f. Tariff and nullification (254-256).

g. Development to the Civil War—attitude of South and West (264, 309-314, 357).

h. Republicans and Civil War tariffs (352, 367).

i. Revival of the tariff controversy under Cleveland (422).

j. Tariff legislation after 1890—McKinley bill (422), Wilson bill (459), Dingley bill (472), Payne-Aldrich bill (528), Underwood bill (588).

4. Foreign and domestic commerce and transportation (see Tariff, Immigration, and Foreign Relations).

a. British imperial regulations (69-72).

b. Confusion under Articles of Confederation (140).

c. Provisions of federal Constitution (150).

d. Internal improvements—aid to roads, canals, etc. (230-236).

e. Aid to railways (403).

f. Service of railways (402).

g. Regulation of railways (460-461, 547-548).

h. Control of trusts and corporations (461-462, 589-590).

5. Land and natural resources.

a. British control over lands (80).

b. Early federal land measures (219-221).

c. The Homestead act (368, 432-445).

d. Irrigation and reclamation (434-436, 523-525).

e. Conservation of natural resources (523-526).

6. Legislation advancing human rights and general welfare (see Suffrage).

a. Abolition of slavery: civil and political rights of negroes (357-358, 373-375).

b. Extension of civil and political rights to women (554-568).

c. Legislation relative to labor conditions (549-551, 579-581, 590-591).

d. Control of public utilities (547-549).

e. Social reform and the war on poverty (549-551).

f. Taxation and equality of opportunity (551-552).

Political Parties and Political Issues

I. The Federalists versus the Anti-Federalists [Jeffersonian Republicans] from about 1790 to about 1816 (168-208, 201-203).

1. Federalist leaders: Hamilton, John Adams, John Marshall, Robert Morris.

2. Anti-Federalist leaders: Jefferson, Madison, Monroe.

3. Issues: funding the debt, assumption of state debts, first United States bank, taxation, tariff, strong central government versus states' rights, and the Alien and Sedition acts.

II. Era of "Good Feeling" from about 1816 to about 1824, a period of no organized party opposition (248).

III. The Democrats [former Jeffersonian Republicans] versus the Whigs [or National Republicans] from about 1832 to 1856 (238-265, 276-290, 324-334).

1. Democratic leaders: Jackson, Van Buren, Calhoun, Benton.

2. Whig leaders: Webster and Clay.

3. Issues: second United States bank, tariff, nullification, Texas, internal improvements, and disposition of Western lands.

IV. The Democrats versus the Republicans from about 1856 to the present time (334-377, 388-389, 412-422, 451-475, 489-534, 588-620).

1. Democratic leaders: Jefferson Davis, Tilden, Cleveland, Bryan, and Wilson.

2. Republican leaders: Lincoln, Blaine, McKinley, Roosevelt.

3. Issues: Civil War and reconstruction, currency, tariff, taxation, trusts, railways, foreign policies, imperialism, labor questions, and policies with regard to land and conservation.

V. Minor political parties.

1. Before the Civil War: Free Soil (319) and Labor Parties (306-307).

2. Since the Civil War: Greenback (463-464), Populist (464), Liberal Republican (420), Socialistic (577-579), Progressive (531-534, 602-603).

The Economic Development of the United States

I. The land and natural resources.

1. The colonial land system: freehold, plantation, and manor (20-25).

2. Development of the freehold in the West (220-221, 228-230).

3. The Homestead act and its results (368, 432-433).

4. The cattle range and cowboy (431-432).

5. Disappearance of free land (443-445).

6. Irrigation and reclamation (434-436).

7. Movement for the conservation of resources (523-526).

II. Industry.

1. The rise of local and domestic industries (28-32).

2. British restrictions on American enterprise (67-69, 70-72).

3. Protective tariffs (see above, 648-649).

4. Development of industry previous to the Civil War (295-307).

5. Great progress of industry after the war (401-406).

6. Rise and growth of trusts and combinations (406-412, 472-474).

III. Commerce and transportation.

1. Extent of colonial trade and commerce (32-35).

2. British regulation (69-70).

3. Effects of the Revolution and the Constitution (139-140, 154).

4. Growth of American shipping (195-196).

5. Waterways and canals (230-236).

6. Rise and extension of the railway system (298-300).

7. Growth of American foreign trade (445-449).

IV. Rise of organized labor.

1. Early phases before the Civil War: local unions, city federations, and national unions in specific trades (304-307).

2. The National Trade Union, 1866-1872 (574-575).

3. The Knights of Labor (575-576).

4. The American Federation of Labor (573-574).

a. Policies of the Federation (576-577).

b. Relations to politics (579-581).

c. Contests with socialists and radicals (577-579).

d. Problems of immigration (582-585).

5. The relations of capital and labor.

a. The corporation and labor (410, 570-571).

b. Company unions and profit-sharing (571-572).

c. Welfare work (573).

d. Strikes (465, 526, 580-581).

e. Arbitration (581-582).

American Foreign Relations

I. Colonial period.

1. Indian relations (57-59).

2. French relations (59-61).

II. Period of conflict and independence.

1. Relations with Great Britain (77-108, 116-125, 132-135).

2. Establishment of connections with European powers (128).

3. The French alliance of 1778 (128-130).

4. Assistance of Holland and Spain (130).

III. Relations with Great Britain since 1783.

1. Commercial settlement in Jay treaty of 1794 (177-178).

2. Questions arising out of European wars [1793-1801] (176-177, 180).

3. Blockade and embargo problems (193-199).

4. War of 1812 (199-201).

5. Monroe Doctrine and Holy Alliance (205-207).

6. Maine boundary—Webster-Ashburton treaty (265).

7. Oregon boundary (284-286).

8. Attitude of Great Britain during Civil War (354-355).

9. Arbitration of Alabama claims (480-481).

10. The Samoan question (481-482)

11. The Venezuelan question (482-484).

12. British policy during Spanish-American War (496-497).

13. Controversy over blockade, 1914-1917 (598-600).

14. The World War (603-620).

IV. Relations with France.

1. The colonial wars (59-61).

2. The French alliance of 1778 (128-130).

3. Controversies over the French Revolution (128-130).

4. Commercial questions arising out of the European wars (176-177, 180, 193-199).

5. Attitude of Napoleon III toward the Civil War (354-355).

6. The Mexican entanglement (478-479).

7. The World War (596-620).

V. Relations with Germany.

1. Negotiations with Frederick, king of Prussia (128).

2. The Samoan controversy (481-482).

3. Spanish-American War (491).

4. The Venezuelan controversy (512).

5. The World War (596-620).

VI. Relations with the Orient.

1. Early trading connections (486-487).

2. The opening of China (447).

3. The opening of Japan (448).

4. The Boxer rebellion and the "open door" policy (499-502).

5. Roosevelt and the close of the Russo-Japanese War (511).

6. The Oriental immigration question (583-584).

VII. The United States and Latin America.

1. Mexican relations.

a. Mexican independence and the Monroe Doctrine (205-207).

b. Mexico and French intervention—policy of the United States (478-479).

c. The overthrow of Diaz (1911) and recent questions (594-596).

2. Cuban relations.

a. Slavery and the "Ostend Manifesto" (485-486).

b. The revolutionary period, 1867-1877 (487).

c. The revival of revolution (487-491).

d. American intervention and the Spanish War (491-496).

e. The Platt amendment and American protection (518-519).

3. Caribbean and other relations.

a. Acquisition of Porto Rico (493).

b. The acquisition of the Panama Canal strip (508-510).

c. Purchase of Danish West Indies (593).

d. Venezuelan controversies (482-484, 512).

e. Extension of protectorate over Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Nicaragua (513-514, 592-594).