some parts of Bombay, where 759 Hindus crowd on a single acre, in New York City, in one part, 1,000 men, women and children are herded on one acre. In the worst part of the slums of London the proportion is but 365 to an acre. The time to prevent overcrowding is when the city is building, and suburban lots can be secured with comparative cheapness. The results of such overcrowding are disease, immorality and loss of efficiency, as well as mere misery. During 1894-1903 there were about 500 cases of tuberculosis from one block occupied by 4,000 people. The history of one room shows that, shut out from the healthy action of light, it had given the dreaded disease to family after family. Four times as many children die in these houses as in the average. In Berlin it was found that the death-rate (1885) for families that live in one room was 163 per thousand, but for those that have four rooms or more only 5.4 per thousand. Families living together in one room lose decency, and the children are driven to the streets on hot nights to escape the room. Children grow up with impaired vitality and impoverished minds.
The remedies for such conditions are, first, wise land-laws to keep people from crowding to the towns, advances of money to intending farmers and educating boys and girls to live in the country; second, to improve town-buildings and improve the means of getting from the suburbs to the places of work. England has done much to cheapen suburban travel. London has spent over $10,000,000 to build cottages for workmen and buy and rebuild badly built districts. Glasgow has rebuilt over 83 acres, and thereby reduced the death-rate to a fourth of what it was. The city has repaid itself out of the rents, and improving the public health enriched the public purse. In Berlin the laws are compelling landlords to build decent houses, and make the burden of taxation lightest on houses fit for workingmen. In Belgium the fare on suburban railroads has been reduced to 360 a week for a workman going 20 miles each way, daily. In Italy workmen are encouraged to build their own houses by a remission of taxes for five years on such houses. In New York some bad blocks of tenements have been purchased and turned into parks and playgrounds and schools. Several laws as to tenements have been passed by the state, and New York City has a special department to deal with tenements. Following an English example, Alfred T. White in 1877 put up model dwellings for workingmen, and has received 7½% on his investment. Other attempts of this kind have been made with success. But the immediate relief that would come from holding landlords responsible, from proper inspection and from swift correction of the evils, such as is secured in Berlin, no American city has yet secured. Consult Charities and Commons, 1907, especially for May 4 and Sept. 7.
Ten′erife′. See Canaries.
Teniers (tĕn′yērz), David, The Younger, was born at Antwerp in 1610. His father, also a well-known painter, gave him his first lessons in art. He soon showed a genius, greater than his father's but in the same line, as a colorist and painter of the scenes and incidents of ordinary country-life. He became the most popular of Flemish painters, and was kept busy to meet the demand for his pictures. The governor of the Spanish Netherlands made him gentleman of his bedchamber, and the king of Spain set apart a special gallery for his works. In spite of the number of his paintings — over 1,000 — they bring very high prices. Among them are The Village Wedding, The Bagpipe-Player and The Misers. Teniers died near Brussels, April 25, 1690.
Ten′nessee′, the third state admitted into the Union after the adoption of the Federal constitution. Its greatest length is 432 miles, its greatest breadth 109, and it covers 42,050 square miles. It is bounded on the north by Kentucky and Virginia, on the east by North Carolina, on the south by Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi and on the west by the Mississippi. Varying physical conditions divide Tennessee into sections. West Tennessee reaches from the Mississippi to Tennessee River; middle Tennessee stretches eastward to the middle of the Cumberland plateau; and eastern Tennessee covers the rest of the state.
Surface and Resources. The Mississippi bottoms, covering 1,000 square miles, are bordered on the east by a table-land covering 9,000 square miles and reaching to the Tennessee valley. In middle Tennessee, beyond the river-valley, lies the garden of Tennessee, a rich plain of 5,450 square miles, like the bed of a drained lake, surrounded by a rim 300 feet high, filled with grain, cotton and tobacco fields and the largest red-cedar forests in America. There are, all told, 27,300 square miles of woodland. Eastward of the garden is the great Cumberland plateau, 1,000 feet above the Tennessee, rich in coal and limestone. The coal-field covers 4,400 square miles of the Cumberland plateau. There also are lead and zinc mines, marble, kaolin, limestone and granite quarries, phosphate-rock, slate, copper, sandstone, petroleum and iron-ores. The eastern Tennessee valley separates the plateau from the Alleghanies, a belt seven to 28 miles wide including the Chilhowe, Great Smoky, Bald and Unaka ranges. The highest peak is Clingman's Dome (6,660 feet). Among the Cumberland Mountains are caverns many miles long, in which are powerful underground streams and bones of extinct animals. Elsewhere in Tennessee are
