Africa by Élisée Reclus/Volume 2

by Élisée Reclus

 

 

CONTENTS.

 

 

chap.			page
I.	Tripolitana		1
		Barka, p. 1. Historical Retrospect, p. 3. Physical Features, p. 4. Climate of Barka, p. 6. Flora and Fauna, p. 7. Inhabitants, p. 9. Topography, p. 13.
II.	The Aujila Oases		23
		Topography, p. 25.
III.	The Kufra Oases		28
		Flora and Fauna, p. 31. Inhabitants, p. 31. Topography, p. 32.
IV.	The Great Syrtis and Tripolitana Seaboard		34
		General Survey, p. 34. Physical Features, p. 36. Hydrographic System, p-42. Coastlands, p. 43. Climate, p. 44. Flora, p. 46. Fauna, p. 48. Inhabitants, p. 49. The Arabs of Tripolitana, p. 51. The Negroes and Turks, p. 53. The Jews, Maltese, and Europeans, p. 55. Topography, p. 55. Tripoli, p. 63.
V.	Fezzan		68
		Physical Features, p. 69. Lakes and Wadies, p. 71. Oases, p. 73. Climate, p. 74. Flora, p. 75. Fauna, p. 76. Inhabitants, p. 77. Topography, p. 79.
VI.	Ghadames		82
		Physical Features, p. 83. Topography, p. 87.
VII.	Rhât		90
		Topography, p. 92. Government and Administration, p-93.
VIII.	Tunisia		95
		The Atlas Orographic System, p. 96. Ethnical Elements, p. 98. Historic Retrospect, p. 101. Physical Features, p. 102. Hydrographic System, p. 106. The Tunisian Sebkhas, p. 112. The Coast and Islands, p. 118. The Syrtes, p. 121. Climate, p. 122. Flora, p. 125. Fauna, p. 127. Inhabitants, p. 130. The Berbers and Arabs, p. 130. The Turks, p. 136. The Jews, p. 137. The Europeans, p. 138. Topography, p. 139. Sfakes, p. 149. Kairwan, p. 156. Tunis, p. 168. Carthage, p. 176. Bizerta, p. 182. Social and Political Condition of Tunis, p. 189. Government, p. 193.
IX.	Algeria		197
		Historic Retrospect p. 197. Physical Features, p. 201. The Coast Ranges, p. 204. The Southern Ranges, p. 206. Rivers, p. 212. The Shotts; Artesian Wells, p. 217. Climate, p. 221. Flora, p. 223. Fauna, p. 226. Inhabitants, p. 227. The Algerian Arabs, p. 234. The Negroes and Jews, p. 236. Topography, p. 237. Bona, p. 242. Constantine, p. 245. Philippeville, p. 249. Bougie, p. 252. Kabylia, p. 254. Algiers, p. 268. Mostaganem, p. 283. Oran, p. 286. Tlemoen, p. 290. Batna, p. 296. Biskra, p. 303. Wed-Righ, p. 306. Laghwat, p. 308. Ghardaya, p. 309. The Mzabites, p. 310. Wargla, p. 314. The Wed Maya, p. 315. El Golea, p. 316. Social Condition of Algeria, p. 319. Forests; Agriculture, p. 321. The European Settlers, p. 325. Industries; Trade, p. 327. Roads and Railways, p. 329. Administration, p. 332. The Marabuts, p. 337. The Mohammedan Brotherhoods, p. 339. Education, p. 341.
X.	Marocco		345
		The Atlas Highlands, p. 348. The Little Atlas and Bani Ranges, p. 352. The Jebel Aiun and Beni Hassan Uplands, p. Rivers, p. 355. Climate, p. 360. Flora, p. 361. Fauna, p. 362. Inhabitants: the Berbers, p. 363. The Arabs, Jews, and Negroes, p. 369. Topography, p. 370. Jaferin Islands, p. 372. Tetuan, p. 373. Tangier, p. 375. Fez, p. 379. Wezzan, p. 383. Mazagan, p. 388. Marocco, p. 390. Tarudant, p. 395. Tufilelt Oasis, p. 402. The Guir Basin, p. 404. p. 406. Social Condition of Marocco, p. 407. Army; Finance; Administrative Divisions, p. 412.
XI.	The Sahara		414
		Extent; Population, p. 414 Progress of Discovery, p. 413. Physical Aspect, p. 416. The Dunes, p. 418. The Ergs, p. 419. Climate, p. Ennedi; Wajanga, p. 423. Tibesti; Borku, p. 424. Climate; Flora; Fauna, p. 427. Inhabitants; the Tibbus, p. 428. Topography, p. 433. The Kawar Oasis, p. 434. Bilma, p. 436. Dibbela; Agadem; Jebel Ahaggar, p. 437. North Tassili, p. 439. The Igharghar Basin, p. 442. Flora and Fauna, p. 444. The Tuareg Berbers, p. 446. The Twat Oases, p. 454. Flora, Fauna, and Inhabitants of Twat, p. 456. Gurura and Timimun Oases, p. 457. Ulad-Raffa; Tsabit; Tamentit, p. 460. Air and Awellimiden Berbers, p. 463. Topography, p. 466. Adghagh, p. 469.
XII.	Western Sahara		471
		The Iguidi Dunes, p. 471. Rivers, p. 474. The Atlantic Seaboard, p. 474. Flora, Fauna, and Inhabitants, p. Topography, p. 477. The Adrar Nomads, p. 480. The Marabuts, p. 481.
	Statistical, Tables		483
	Index		497

 

 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

 

 

MAPS PRINTED IN COLOURS.

page		page
1. Tunis and Constantine	104	4. Eastern Sahara	424
2. Algiers and Oran	360	5. Western Sahara	472
3. Marocco	200

PLATES.

Arabs, Sudanese Negro, and Female Shilluk	Frontispiece
The Kasr-el-Jebel Cirque to face page	40
Tripoli, from the Roadstead	64
General View of Murzuk	80
Tunisian Landscape: View taken from the Tellat Pass	96
Khumir Man, Women, and Child	132
Cabes : View taken from the Jara Gardens	144
Nafta and the Shott-el-Jerid	148
Sfakes: View taken in the Leonec Street	152
General View of Kairwan	160
Tunis: Street in the Sûk District	172
Old Ports of Carthage	176
General View of El-Kef	180
View of Stora Bay	202
Arab Mendicant, Biskra Negress, and El-Kantara Woman	228
Kabyle Family Group	232
Saharian Landscape: Nomad Encampment	236
General View of Constantine, taken from the Mansura Route	248
Kabyle Family travelling to face page	256
Kabyle Village	264
General View of Algiers, taken from the Kheir el-Din Pier	268
General View of Blida	276
Boghari Village and Market	282
Oran : View taken from the Marina	288
The El-Kantara Gorge	300
Street View in Biskra	304
General View of Laghwat	308
Beni-Ramasses Quarter, Constantine	320
General View of Tetuan	372
Tangier : View taken from the East	376
Wed-el-Halluf, near Figuig	404
General View of Fez	408
The Sahara: View taken from the Sfa Pass, North-west of Biskra	420
Group of Tibbus	428
Jebel Khanfusa	440
The Egueri Gorge	460
General View of Bona	242
Mouth of the Wed Draa: View taken from the Sea	476

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Fig.	Page
1.	Route of the Chief Explorers in Cyrenaica	4
2.	Zawya of Mazuna, in the Algerian Dahra	11
3.	Tobruk	14
4.	Cyrene	16
5.	View From the in Necropolis of Cyrene	17
6.	Benghazi	20
7.	Regions South of Barka LyingBelow the Level of the in Mediterranean	24
8.	Group of the in Aujila Oases	26
9.	The Kufra Oasis	30
10.	Kufra Oasis	33
11.	Routes of the in Chief Explorers in Tripolitana	35
12.	Projected Railways Across West Africa	37
13.	Jebel Ghurian	40
14.	Oases and Arable Lands of Tripolitana	47
15.	Inhabitants of Tripolitana	52
16.	Jofra Oasis	58
17.	The in Khoms Coast District, Tripolitana	61
18.	Tripoli	64
19.	Routes of the in Chief Explorers in Fezzan	70
20.	Oases of Fezzan	73
21.	Murzuk	80
22.	Ghadames District	83
23.	The Ghadames Oasis	85
24.	General View of Ghadames	86
25.	Rhât	91
26.	Ancient Form of Mauritania, according to Bourguignat'S Hypothesis	96
27.	Tabarka Island — View Taken From the Coast	103
28.	Hamada-El-Kessera	104
29.	The Jebel Zaghwan	105
30.	Lakes of Eskel and Bizerta	107
31.	Gorges of the Middle Mejerda	108
32.	Old Beds of the in Lower Mejerda	109
33.	The in Mejerda At Slugia, Above Mejez-El-Bab	111
34.	Sill of Cabes	114
35.	Zone of the in Shotts South of East Algeria Tunis	115
36.	Tracks of Travellers in the Shott-El-Jerid	116
37.	Island of Jerba	120
38.	Cape Bon and Zembra Island	124
39.	Native Inhabitants of Tunis	134
40.	Tunisian Jewess	137
41.	Houses At Kasr El-Mudenin	140
42.	Jerba Island Castle Near Humt Suk	142
43.	Peninsula of Nefzawa	146
44.	Jerid	147
45.	The in Amphitheatre of El-Jem, Viewed From the in Ruined Side	153
46.	Mahdiya	155
47.	Monastir and Sûsa	156
48.	Kairwan	157
49.	Kasbah of Susa, Viewed From the in French Consulate	158
50.	Kairwan: The Mosque of the Swords	160
51.	Ruins of Sbeitla, the in Ancient Suffe-Tula	163
52.	Sûsa and Enfida	164
53.	Aqueducts of Carthage	167
54.	Tunis	173
55.	La Goletta	175
56.	Carthage	177
57.	Ancient Ports of Carthage	179
58.	Plain of Ghardimau	181
59.	Ruins of Utica	184
60.	Bizerta, Viewed From the in Kasbah	186
61.	Tabarka	187
62.	Cork-Tree of Fernana	188
63.	Railways and Highways of Tunis	192
64.	Gradual Conquest of Algeria	199
65.	Erosions of the in Mountains Near Tiaret	203
66.	Junction of the in Geodetic Lines Between Algeria and Spain	205
67.	Ancient Glaciers of the in Haizer Mountains	207
68.	Gorges of the in Wed Agriun	208
69.	View Taken In The Shabet-El-Akra Route	209
70.	Cape De Fer	211
71.	Lakes of La Calle	214
72.	Cliffs of the Igharghar: View taken from the North of Temassinin	216
73.	Valley of the in Wed Miya, between the Garaa El-Onkser and the in Garaa T-El-Beida	217
74.	Shott Melghigh and Projected Inland Sea	218
75.	Artesian Wells of Ziban and the in Wed Righ	219
76.	Barrage of the in Hamiz	220
77.	Rainfall of the in Sahara in 1884	222
78.	Forests of Algeria	224
79.	The Alfa Region	225
80.	Chief Ancient Cities of Algeria	230
81.	Chief Tribes of Algeria	232
82.	Arabs and Berbers of Algeria	233
83.	Arab Type: Agha of Tugurt	235
84.	-Ahras and its Environs	238
85.	La Calle	239
86.	Petrified Cascade of Hammam-El-Mesk-huthin	241
87.	Bona	243
88.	Edugh and Lake Fetzara	244
89.	Constantine in 1836	246
90.	The Natural Arch of Constantine	247
91.	Constantine in 1884	248
92.	Philippeville	250
93.	Jijili	251
94.	Bougie	253
95.	Zwawa and Ait-Iraten Territory	257
96.	Chief Tribes of Kabylia	258
97.	Kuku and Shellata Pass	261
98.	Fort National	264
99.	Dellys	265
100.	Palestro and Gorges of the Isser	266
101.	Lower Sebau and laser Valleys	267
102.	Algiers in 1830	269
103.	Algiers in 1885	270
104.	Street View in the Old Town, Algiers	271
105.	Military Lines of Algiers	272
106.	Sidi-Ferrush	273
107.	Algerian Sahel	274
108.	Bufarik	275
109.	Blida	277
110.	Tomb of the Christian Lady	278
111.	Isthmus of Tipaza	279
112.	Shershell	280
113.	Tenes	281
114.	Gorges of the Shelif	282
115.	Medea	283
116.	Miliana, Sill of Affreville	284
117.	Mostaganem	285
118.	Arzeu	287
119.	Oran	288
120.	Plain of the Andalusians	289
121.	Tlemcen	291
122.	Street View in Tlemcen	292
123.	Mouth of the Tafna	293
124.	Nemours	294
125.	Nemours	295
126.	The Sheliya and Plain of Medina	297
127.	Lambæsis: Ruins of the Prætorium	298
128.	Fum Ksantina	299
129.	Ancient Roman Towns in North Aures	300
130.	A Nail Arab Woman	301
131.	The Bu-Khail Mountains	302
132.	Emancipated Negress, Biskra	304
133.	Oases of the Northern and Southern Zibans	305
134.	The Wed Righ Oasis	306
135.	Tugurt	307
136.	Laghwat	308
137.	Mzab	311
138.	General View of Ghaedaya	312
139.	Mzab and Metlili	313
140.	Wargla	316
141.	El-Golea	317
142.	The Ain-Sefra Highlands	318
143.	Growth of the European Population in Algeria since 1830	320
144.	Teniet-el-Haad and ita Forests	322
145.	A Great Algerian Domain	326
146.	Thermal Springs	328
147.	Growth of the Foreign Trade of Algeria since 1830	329
148.	Line of Steam Navigation between Mauritania and the Opposite Coast	330
149.	Roads and Railways of Algeria	331
150.	An Arab Family of Tlemcen	334
151.	Fully Privileged, Mixed, and Native Communes in Algeria	336
152.	Relative Population of the Algerian Communea	337s
153.	Holy Cities and Chief Religious Associations in Algeria	338
154.	Algiers in 1832	342
155.	Tiaret and Tagdemt	343
156.	Routes of the Chief Explorers in Marocco	346
157.	Bled-el-Makhzen and Bled-es-Siba	347
158.	Crests and Passes of the Atlas South of Marrakesh	349
159.	Jebel Tiza: View taken from the Tagherut Pass	350
160.	The Tetuan Highlands	354
161.	The Sherat River	356
162.	Lower Course of the Sebu	357
163.	Arabs and Berbers of Maghreb-el-Aksa	358
164.	A Tangier Arab	364
165.	Arab Woman of Tangier	365
166.	Arab Camel-Driver	368
167.	Ujda, Isly, and the Angad Plain	371
168.	Tetuan	373
169.	Ceuta	374
170.	Tangier	376
171.	El-Araish and Chemmish	378
172.	Fez and Neighbourhood	379
173.	A Gateway in Fez	380
174.	Mecnes and Volubilis	382
175.	Mulai Tayeb, Sherif of Wezzan	384
176.	Rbat and Mouth of the Bu-Reorag — View taken from Sla	386
177.	Rbat and Sla	387
178.	Mazagan and Azemmur	389
179.	Marocco — The Christian's Gate	391
180.	Marrakesh	392
181.	Mogador and Neighbourhood	394
182.	Tarudant	396
183.	Ifni and Neighbouring Coast	399
184.	Wed Zis and Tafilelt Oases	400
185.	El-Bahariat of the Wed Ouir	405
186.	Figuig Oasis	406
187.	A School in Fez	409
188.	Frontiers of Algeria and Marocco	410
189.	Fez: Gateway to the Kasbah	411
190.	The Great East Erg	420
191.	Routes of the Chief Explorers in the Eastern Sahara	425
192.	Northern Tibesti	426
193.	Borku	431
194.	Kawar Oasis	435
195.	Routes of the Chief Explorers between Algeria and the Tuareg Territory	439
196.	Geology of the Sahara south of Algeria	443
197.	Targui Type	448
198.	Tuaregs on a Journey	449
199.	Issawan Valley	454
200.	Gurara and Wed Saura	458
201.	Twat and Tidikelt	462
202.	Air	457
203.	Routes of the Chief Explorers in the Western Sahara	472
204.	Rio de Oro	475
205.	Arawan and Mabruk	479