A Brief History of Modern Philosophy

by Harald Høffding

Table of contents

Preface [scans missing]
Introduction . . . . . . . . .
First Book: The Philosophy of the Renaissance . . . . . . . . .
A. The Discovery of the Natural Man Pomponazzi, Machiavelli, Montaigne Vives, Melanchthon, Althusius, Grotius Bodin, Cherbury, Bohme Ramus, Sanchez, Bacon
B. The New Conception of the World. . . . . . . . .
1. Nicholas of Cusa 2. Telesius 3. Copernicus 4. Bruno
C. The New Science. . . . . . . . .
1. Leonardo 2. Kepler 3. Galileo
Second Book: The Great Systems. . . . . . . . . .
1. Descartes 2. Hobbes 3. Spinoza 4. Leibnitz
Third Book: English Empirical Philosophy. . . . . . . . . .
1. Locke 2. Newton 3. Berkeley 4. Shaftesbury 5. Hume 6. Smith
Fourth Book:Philosophy of the Enlightenment in France and Germany. . . . . . . . . .
A. The Philosophy of the Enlightenment in France and Rousseau 1. Voltaire and the Encyclopedists 118 2. Rousseau 123 B. The Philosophy of the Enlightenment in Germany and Lessing 1. The German Enlightenment 132 2. Lessing 135
Fifth Book: Immanuel Kant and the Critical Philosophy. . . . . . . . . .
A. Theoretical Problems 1. The Development of the Kantian Theory of Knowledge 140 a. First Period. 1755-1769 140 b. Second Period. 1769-1761 140 2. Critique of Pure Reason 144 a. Subjective Deduction 144 b. Objective Deduction 146 3. Phenomena and Thing-in-itself 148 4. Criticism of Speculative Philosophy . . . . , .150 B. The Ethico-Religious Problem 1. The Historical Development of the Kantian Ethics . 154 2. The Specifically Kantian Ethics 155 3. The Religious Problem 156 4. Speculative Ideas on the Basis of Biology and Esthetics 159 C. Opponents and First Disciples 1. Hamann, Herder, Jacobi 163 2. Reinhold, Maimon, Schiller 165
Sixth Book: The Philosophy of Romanticism. . . . . . . . . .
A. The Speculative Systems 1. Fichte 171 2. Schelling 177 3. Hegel 182 B. The Critical Romanticists 1. Schleiermacher 189 2. Schopenhauer 194 3. Kierkegaard 201 C. The Under-current of Criticism in the Romantic Period 1. Fries 205 2. Herbart 207 3. Beneke 211 D. The Transition from Romanticism to Positivism 1. The Dissolution of the Hegelian School 213 2. Feuerbach 214
Seventh Book: Positivism. . . . . . . . . .
A. French Philosophy in the 19th Century before Comte (The Authority, the Psychological and the Social Schools.) 219 B. Auguste Comte 224 C. English Philosophy in the 19th Century before John Stuart Mill 231 D. John Stuart Mill 237 E. The Philosophy of Evolution 246 1. Charles Darwin 247 2. Herbert Spencer 250 F. Positivism in Germany and Italy 260 1. Dühring 261 2. Ardigo 264
Eighth Book: New Theories of the Problem of Being upon a Realistic Basis. . . . . . . . . .
A. Modern Idealism in Germany Introduction. (Modern Materialism) 268 A. Modern Idealism in Germany 271 1. Lotze 271 2. Hartmann . 275 3. Fechner 278 4. Wundt 280 B. Modern Idealism in England and France 284 1. Bradley 284 2. Fouillee 287
Ninth Book: New Theories of the Problem of Knowledge and of Value. . . . . . . . . .
A. The Problem of Knowledge 289 1. German Neokantianism 290 2. French Criticism and the Philosophy of Discontinuity 292 3. The Economico-biological Theory of Knowledge . . 296 1. Maxwell, Mach 298 2. Avenarius 299 3. William James 301 B. The Problem of Value 303 1. Guyau 304 2. Nietzsche 306 3. Eucken 310 4. William James 312

• Chronology of the Most Important Works 315

• Index 321