1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rosmini-Serbati, Antonio

ROSMINI-SERBATI, ANTONIO (1797–1855), Italian philosopher, was born at Rovereto in Italian Tirol on the 25th of March 1797. He belonged to a noble and wealthy family, but at an early age decided to enter the priesthood. After studying at Pavia and Padua, he took orders in 1821. In 1828 he founded a new religious order, the Institute of the Brethren of Charity, known in Italy generally as the Rosminians. The members might be priests or laymen, who devoted themselves to preaching, the education of youth, and works of charity-material, moral and intellectual. They have branches in Italy, England, Ireland, France and America. In London they are attached to the church of St Etheldreda, Ely Place, Holborn, where the English translation of Rosmini's works is edited. His works, The Five Wounds of the Holy Churoh and The Constitution of Social Justice, aroused great opposition, especially among the Jesuits, and in 1849 they were placed upon the Index. Rosmini at once declared his submission and retired to Stresa on Lago Maggiore, where he died on the 1st of July 1855. Before his death he had the satisfaction of learning that the works in question were dismissed, that is, proclaimed free from censure by the Congregation of the Index. Twenty years later, the word “ dismissed ” (dimittantur) became the subject of controversy, some maintaining that it amounted to a direct approval, others that it was purely negative and did not imply that the books were free from error. The controversy continued till 1887, when Leo XIII. finally condemned forty of his propositions and forbade their being taught.

In 1848 Rosmini took part in the struggle which had for its object emancipation from Austria, but he was not an initiator of the movement which ended in the freedom and unity of Italy. In fact, while eager for the deliverance of Italy from Austria, his aim was to bring about a confederation of the states of the country, which was to be under the control of the pope.

The most comprehensive view of Rosmini’s philosophical standpoint is to be found in his Sistema filosofico, in which he set forth the conception of a complete encyclopedia of the human knowable, synthetically conjoined, according to the order of ideas, in a Perfectly harmonious whole. Contemplating the position of recent philosophy from Locke to Hegel, and having his eye directed to the ancient and fundamental problem of the origin, truth and certainty of our ideas, he wrote: “If philosophy is to be restored to love and respect, I think it will be necessary, in part, to return to the teachings of the ancients, and in part to give those teachings the benefit of modern methods” (Theodicy, n. 18). He examined and analysed the fact of human knowledge, and obtained the following results: (1) that the notion or idea of being or existence in general enters into, and is presupposed by, all our acquired cognition’s, so that, without it, they would be impossible; (2) that this idea is essentially objective, inasmuch as what is seen in it is as distinct from and opposed to the mind that sees it as the light is from the eye that looks at it; (3) that it is essentially true, because “being” and “truth” are convertible temis, and because in the vision of it the mind cannot err, since error could only be committed by a judgment, and here there is no judgment, but a pure intuition affirming nothing and denying nothing; (4) that by the application of this essentially objective and true idea. the human being intellectually perceives, first, the animal body individually conjoined with him, and then, on occasion of the sensations produced in him not by himself, the causes of those sensations, that is, from the action felt he perceives and affirms an agent, a being, and therefore a true thing, that acts on him, and he thus gets at the external world,—these are the true primitive judgments, containing (a) the subsistence of the particular being (subject), and (b) its essence or species as determined by the quality of the action felt from it (predicate); (5) that reflection, by separating the essence or species from the subsistence, obtains the full specific idea (universalization), and then from this, by leaving aside some of its elements, the abstract specific idea (abstraction); (6) that the mind, having reached this stage of development, can proceed to further and further abstracts, including the first principles of reasoning, the principles of the several sciences, complex ideas, groups of ideas, and) so on without end; (7) finally, that the same most universal idea of being, this generator and formal element of all acquired cognition’s, cannot itself be acquired, but must be innate in us, implanted by God in our nature. Being, as naturally shining to our mind, must therefore be what men call the light of reason. Hence the name Rosmini gives it of ideal being; and this he laid down as the fundamental principle of all philosophy and the supreme criterion of truth and certainty. This he believed to be the teaching of St Augustine, as well as of St Thomas, of whom he was an ardent admirer and defender.

Of his numerous works, of which a collected edition in 17 volumes was issued at Milan (1842–44), supplemented by Opere posturne in 5 vols. (Turin, 1859–74), the most important are the New Essay on the Origin of Ideas (Eng. trans., 1883) The Principles of Moral Science (1831); The Restoration of Philosophy in Italy (1836); The Philosophy of Right (1841–45). The following have also been translated into English: A Catholic Catechism, by W. S. Agar (1849); The Five Wounds of the Holy Church (abridged trans. with introd. by H. P. Liddon, 1883); Maxims of Christian Perfection, by W. A. Johnson (1889); Psychology (Anonymous) (1884–88); Sketch of Modern Philosophy, by Lockhart (1882); The Ruling Principle of Method Applied to Education, by Mrs W. Grey (Boston, Mass., 1887); Select. Letters, by D. Gazzola. Rosmini’s Sistema filosofico has been translated into English by Thos. Davidson (Rosmini’s Philosophical System, 1882, with a biographical sketch and complete bibliography); see also Lives by G. S. Macwalter (1883) and G. B. Pagani (1907); C. Werner, Die Italienische Philosophie des 19. Jahrhunderts (1884); F. X. Kraus, “Antonio Rosmini: sein Leben, seine Schriften,” in Deutsche Rundschau, liv. lv. (1888); “Church Reformation in Italy” in the Edinburgh Review, cxiv. (July 1861); and numerous recent Italian works, for which Baldwin’s Dictionary of Philosophy or Pagliani’s Catalogo Generale (Milan, 1905) should be consulted.