1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Spurzheim, Johann Christoph

SPURZHEIM, JOHANN CHRISTOPH [Kaspar] (1776–1832), German phrenologist, was born near Treves on the 31st of December 1776. He made the acquaintance of F. J. Gall while studying medicine in Vienna, and for some years assisted him in spreading his phrenological doctrines, but in 1813 the two separated. Spurzheim lectured with considerable success in England and France, and was extending his propaganda to the United States when he died at Boston, Massachusetts, on the 10th of November 1832. His works include: Anatomie et physiologie du système nerveux (1810–1820); Observations sur la phrénologie (1810); The Physiognomical Systems of Drs Gall and Spurzheim (1815), and Essai philosophique sur la nature de l'homme (1820). (See Phrenology.)