1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thargelia

THARGELIA, one of the chief Athenian festivals in honour of the Delian Apollo and Artemis, held on their birthdays, the 6th and 7th of the month Thargelion (about the 24th and 25th of May). The name, which was derived by the ancients from θέρειν τὴν γῆν (“to reap the land”), is more probably connected with τερς-ῆναι (cf. Lat. torreo, tustus), signifying the produce of the earth “baked” by the sun. Essentially an agricultural festival, the Thargelia included a purifying and expiatory ceremony. While the people offered the first-fruits of the earth to the god in token of thankfulness, it was at the same time necessary to propitiate him, lest he might ruin the harvest by excessive heat, possibly accompanied by pestilence. The purificatory preceded the thanksgiving service. On the 6th a sheep was sacrificed to Demeter Chloë on the Acropolis, and perhaps a swine to the Fates, but the most important ritual was the following. Two men, who were called φαρμακοί or ςύβακχοι, the ugliest that could be found, were chosen to die, one for the men, the other (according to some, a woman) for the women. On the day of the sacrifice they were led round with strings of figs on their necks, and whipped on the genitals with rods of figwood and squills. When they reached the place of sacrifice on the shore, they were stoned to death, their bodies burnt, and the ashes thrown into the sea (or over the land, to act as a fertilizing influence). The whipping with squills and figwood was intended to stimulate the reproductive energies of the φαρμακός, who represented the god of vegetation, annually slain to be born again. It is agreed that an actual human sacrifice took place on this occasion, replaced in later times by a milder form of expiation. Thus at Leucas a criminal was annually thrown from a rock into the sea as a scapegoat: but his fall was checked by live birds and feathers attached to his person, and men watched below in small boats, who caught him and escorted him beyond the boundary of the city. Similarly, at Massilia, on the occasion of some heavy calamity (plague or famine), one of the poorest inhabitants volunteered as a scapegoat. For a year he was fed up at the public expense, then clothed in sacred garments, led through the city amidst execrations, and cast out beyond the boundaries. The ceremony on the 7th was of a cheerful character. All kinds of first-fruits were carried in procession and offered to the god, and, as at the Pyanepsia (or Pyanopsia), εἰρεσιῶναι (branches of olive bound with wool), borne by children, were affixed by them to the doors of the houses. These branches, originally intended as a charm to avert failure of the crops, were afterwards regarded as forming part of a supplicatory service. On the second day choruses of men and boys took part in musical contests, the prize for which was a tripod. Further, on this day adopted persons were solemnly received into the genos and phratria of their adoptive parents (see Apaturia).

See Preller-Robert, Griechische Mythologie, i. (1894); G. F. Schömann, Griechische Alterthümer (4th ed. by J. H. Lipsius, 1897–1902); P. Stengel, Die griechischen Kultusalterthümer (1890); article in Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, revised by L. C. Purser (3rd ed.. 1891); A. Mommsen, Feste der Stadt Athen (1898); L. R. Farnell, Cults of the Greek States, iv. (1906), pp. 268-283; J. G. Frazer, Golden Bough (2nd ed., 1900), ii. appendix C, “Offerings of First-Fruits,” and iii. p. 93, § 15, “On Scapegoats”; W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte (2nd ed. by W. Heuschkel, 1904–5).