A Comparative Grammar (Bopp 1885)/Numerals

by Franz Bopp

NUMERALS.

CARDINAL NUMBERS.

308. I. In the designation of the number one great dif- ference prevails among the Indo-European languages, which springs from this, that this number is expressed by pronouns of the 3d person, whose original abundance affords satisfactory explanation regarding the multiplicity of expressions for one. The Sanskrit êka, whose comparative we have recognised in the Greek ékárepos, is, in my opinion, the combination of the demonstrative base ê, of which hereafter, with the interrogative base ka, which also, in combination with api, “also” (nom. mase. kô’pi), signifies "whoever"; and even without this api, if an in- terrogative expression precedes, as Bhagavad-Gîtâ, II. 21, DEVANAGARI kathaṅ sa purushaḣ Pârtha kan ghâtayati hanti kam, “How can this person, O Pârtha, cause one to be slain, (or) slay one?” The Zend AVE [G. Ed. p. 429.] aêva, is connected with the Sanskrit pronominal adverbs êva, “also,” “only,” &c., and êvam, “so,” of which the latter is an accusative, and the former, perhaps, an instrumental, according to the principle of the Zend language (§. 158.). The Gothic ain’-s, theme AINA, our einer, is based on the Sanskrit defective pronoun êna (§. 72.) whence, among others, comes the accusative masculine êna-m, “this.” To this pronominal base belongs, perhaps, also the Old Latin oinos, which occurs in the Scipionian epitaphs, from which the more modern ûnus may be deduced, through the usual transition of the old ŏ into u, which latter is lengthened to make up for the i suppressed. Still ûnus shews, also, a surprising resemblance to the Sanskrit ûna-s, which properly means “less,” and is prefixed to the higher numerals in order to express diminution by one; as, ûnaviṅshati, “undeviginti,” ûnatriṅshat, “undetriginta.” This ûnas could Page:Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German and Slavonic languages (Bopp 1885).pdf/439 Page:Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German and Slavonic languages (Bopp 1885).pdf/440 Page:Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German and Slavonic languages (Bopp 1885).pdf/441 Page:Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German and Slavonic languages (Bopp 1885).pdf/442 Page:Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German and Slavonic languages (Bopp 1885).pdf/443 Page:Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, 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Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German and Slavonic languages (Bopp 1885).pdf/467 Page:Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German and Slavonic languages (Bopp 1885).pdf/468 Page:Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German and Slavonic languages (Bopp 1885).pdf/469 Page:Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German and Slavonic languages (Bopp 1885).pdf/470 Page:Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German and Slavonic languages (Bopp 1885).pdf/471 Page:Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German and Slavonic languages (Bopp 1885).pdf/472 Page:Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German and Slavonic languages (Bopp 1885).pdf/473 Page:Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German and Slavonic languages (Bopp 1885).pdf/474 “Remark.—As the old a of the preposition #pra has been weakened to i-as in quinque, answering to panchan -the Latin prima appears distinct from the preposition pro, and is decidedly not derived from a Roman soil, but is, as it were, the continuance of the Indian pratham, the middle syllable being cast out. A similar weakening of the vowel is exhibited in the Greek adverb piv, which is hereby, in like manner, brought into connection with the preposition #pó. In the comparative prior only the pr of the preposition, which forms the base, is left, as the i be- longs to the comparative suffix. In Lithuanian the m of the superlative formation has introduced itself also into the preposition pirm, 'before'; but the unaltered pra stands as prefix. To the same base, however, belongs also pri, 'by, before,' as well isolated as prefixed. The Gothic fruma shews the same relation to prathamd that the Latin [G. Ed. p. 464.] and Lithuanian do: the a of fru has arisen from a through the influence of the liquid (§. 66.). In the cognate preposition fram, 'before, by,' &c., the original vowel has remained, and in this form, as in the Lithuanian pirm, the superla- tive m is contained. On pra is based, also, faur, 'before," with transposition of the u of fru-ma, and with a prefixed, according to §. 82.

NUMERAL ADVERBS.

324. The adverbs which express the ideas “twice,” “thrice,” “four times,” have been already discussed (p. 435 G. ed.). Let the following serve for a general view of them:—

SANSKRIT. SEND GREET LATIN. OLD NORTHERN. dwis, bis, dist bis. fvis-var (p. 436 G. ed.). tris, thris, τρίς, ter, thris-var. chatur, chathrus, quater,

According to §. 94. for chaturs. Page:Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German and Slavonic languages (Bopp 1885).pdf/476 Page:Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German and Slavonic languages (Bopp 1885).pdf/477 Page:Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German and Slavonic languages (Bopp 1885).pdf/478