A History of Banking in the United States
Appearance
A History of Banking
IN
THE UNITED STATES;
BY
WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER,
PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE, IN YALE UNIVERSITY.
NEW YORK,
1896.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
PERIOD I: 1630 to 1780.
The Colonists Experiment with Joint Stock Banks of Issue on Land Security, and with Provincial Mortgage Loan Offices Issuing Currency |
1 |
CHAPTER 1: Banks in the Colonies |
1 |
PERIOD II: 1780 to 1812.
Banks are Incorporated in the States; also a Bank of the United States on the type of the Bank of England. The Colonial Idea is continued in Banks of the States, being Institutions based either on the "Faith and Credit" of the State alone, or on a Combination of Public Funds with Private Subscriptions |
12 |
CHAPTER 2: The Earliest Banks of Discount, Deposit, and Convertible Circulation |
12 |
CHAPTER 3: The First Bank of the United States and its Times |
22 |
CHAPTER 4: The Earliest Banks in the Mississippi Valley |
58 |
PERIOD III: 1812 to 1829–32.
Local Banks are Multiplied to Replace the Bank of the United States. Their Issues are Stimulated by their Fiscal Functions, soon Intensified by War Financiering. A Commercial Crisis is Produced with a Prolonged Liquidation, attended by Various Experiments in Bank Issues and Stay Laws for Relief. A Banking System is created consisting of Local Banks co-ordinated around a Bank of the United States, as a Regulator of the Currency and Fiscal Agent of the Government |
63 |
CHAPTER 5: Inflation on the Atlantic Coast |
63 |
CHAPTER 6: Inflation in the Mississippi Valley |
89 |
CHAPTER 7: The Crisis on the Atlantic Coast |
95 |
CHAPTER 8: The Crisis in the Mississippi Valley |
109 |
CHAPTER 9: Liquidation on the Atlantic Coast |
112 |
CHAPTER 10: Liquidation in the Mississippi Valley. Relief Measures |
119 |
CHAPTER 11: The National Bank and the Local Banks co-ordinated into a New System. |
167 |
§ 1.—Local Banks on the Atlantic Coast from the Liquidation of 1819-22 until the Bank Expansion Produced by the Bank War |
167 |
§ 2.—The Bank of the United States from Biddle's Accession until the Bank War |
183 |
PERIOD IV: 1829 to 1845.
The War of the Jackson Administration on the Bank of the United States breaks up the Existing System of Banks and brings in Local Banks again as Currency-Providers and Fiscal Agents. Another Bank Inflation, Crisis and Liquidation Ensue. The Bank of the State Institution undergoes great extension and variation |
191 |
CHAPTER 12: The Bank War |
191 |
CHAPTER 13: Measures and Events Antecedent to the Crisis of |
225 |
§ 1.—The United States Bank of Pennsylvania |
225 |
§ 2.—The Multiplication of Local Banks |
231 |
§ 3.—The Inflation of 1835 and 1836 |
258 |
CHAPTER 14: The Financial Revulsion: 1837 to 1842–5 |
266 |
§ 1.—1837. The Suspension of Specie Payments. The United States Bank of Pennsylvania in the Crisis. Its Cotton Operations. The Federal Treasury in the Crisis |
266 |
§ 2.—The Resumption of 1838. The New York Plan versus the Philadelphia Plan |
286 |
§ 3.—1838 and 1839. Treasury Notes and Bank Notes. Continuation of the Cotton Operations. Second Failure of the United States Bank of Pennsylvania. Second General Bank Suspension South and West of New York |
294 |
§ 4.—The Banks in the States; 1837 to 1840 |
310 |
§ 5.—1840 and 1841. The Third Failure and Final Bankruptcy of the United States Bank. The Bank Failures of 1841. The Extra Session of Congress of 1841. The Last Attempts to Charter a National Bank. The Pennsylvania Relief System |
335 |
CHAPTER 15: The Liquidation; 1842 to 1845 |
358 |
PERIOD V: 1843–5 to 1863.
Under the Independent Treasury System the Regulation of Banking and Currency is left entirely to the States. The Federal Government handles only coin. Banks organized under General Joint Stock Laws gradually, and to a great extent, supersede Chartered Banks. In the Ohio Valley and the Northwest, Banks of the new kind run to great extravagance and abuse. By the Development of New Institutions of Finance, Commerce, Transportation and General Industry, Banks lose comparative importance |
414 |
CHAPTER 16: The Local Bank System. The Gold Discoveries and Consequent Expansion. The Commercial Crisis of 1854 and 1857. The Aid Given by the Banks to the Federal Government at the Beginning of the Civil War |
414 |
§ 1.--The Local Banks, by States; 1845 to 1860 |
414 |
§ 2.--The Banks at the Outbreak of the Civil War: 1860 to 1863 |
457 |
PERIOD VI: From 1863.
CHAPTER 17: The National Bank System |
462 |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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