An Introduction to the Study of the Maya Hieroglyphs/Index
INDEX
Abbreviation in dating, use, 222, 252
Addition, method, 149
Adultery, punishment, 9-10
Aguilar, S. de, on Maya records, 36
Ahholpop (official), duties, 13
Ahkulel (deputy-chief), powers, 13
Ahpuch (god), nature, 17
Alphabet, nonexistence, 27
Amusements, nature, 10
Arabic system of numbers, Maya parallel, 87, 96
Architecture, development, 5
Arithmetic, system, 87-155
Ascending series, texts recording 276-278
Astronomical computations—
accuracy, 32
in codices, 31-32, 276-278
Aztec—
calendar, 58-59
ikomomatic hieroglyphics, 29
rulership succession, 16
Backward sign—
glyph, 137
use, 137, 268
Bakhalal (city), founding, 4
Bar, numerical value, 87-88
Bar and dot numerals—
antiquity, 102-103
examples, plates showing, 157, 167, 170, 176, 178, 179
form and nature, 87-95
Batab (chief), powers, 13
Bibliography, xv-xvi
Bowditch, C. P.—
cited, 2, 45, 65, 117, 134, 203
on dating system, 82-83, 214-215, 272
on hieroglyphics, 30, 33, 71
on Supplementary Series, 152
works, vii-viii
Brinton, Dr. D. G.—
error by, 82
on hieroglyphics, 3, 23, 27-28, 30, 33
on numerical system, 91
Calendar—
harmonization, 44, 215
starting point, 41-43, 60-62, 113-114
subdivisions, 37-86
See also Calendar Round; Chronology; Dating; Long Count.
Calendar Round—
explanation, 51-59
glyph, 59
Calendar-round dating—
examples, 240-245
limitations, 76
Chakanputan (city), founding and destruction 4
Chichen Itza (city)—
history, 3, 4, 5, 202-203
Temple of the Initial Series, lintel, interpretation, 199
Chilan Balam—
books of, 3
chronology based on, 2
Chronology—
basis, 58
correlation, 2
duration, 222
starting point, 60-62, 113-114, 124-125, 147-148
See also Calendar.
Cities, southern—
occupancy of, diagram showing, 15
rise and fall of, 2-5
Civilization, rise and fall, 1-7
Closing sign of Supplementary Series, glyph, 152-153, 170
Closing signs. See Ending Signs.
Clothing, character, 7-8
Cocom family, tyranny, 5-6, 12
Codex Peresianus, tonalamatls named in, 265
Codex Tro-cortesianus, texts, 262-265
Codices—
astronomical character, 31-32, 276-278
character in general, 31, 252
colored glyphs used in, 91, 251
dates of, 203
day signs in, 39
errors, 270-271, 274
examples from, interpretation, 251-278
glyphs for twenty (20) used in, 92, 130
historical nature, 32-33, 35-36
Initial-series dating in, 266
examples, 266-273
interpretation, 31-33, 254-278
numeration glyphs used in, 103-104, 129-134
order of reading, 22, 133, 135, 137, 252-253
tonalamatls in, 251-266
zero glyph used in, 94
Coefficients, numerical. See Numerical coefficients.
Cogolludo, C. L., on dating system, 34, 84
Colored glyphs, use of, in codices, 91, 251
Commerce, customs, 9
Computation, possibility of errors in, 154-155
Confederation, formation and disruption, 4-5
Copan (city)—
Altar Q, error on 246, 248
Altar S, interpretation 231-233
Altar Z, interpretation 242
history 15
Stela A, interpretation 169-170
Stela B, interpretation 167-169
Stela D, interpretation 188-191
Stela J, interpretation 191-192
Stela M, interpretation 175-176
Stela N, error on 248-249
interpretation 114-118, 248-249
Stela P, interpretation 185
Stela 2, interpretation 223
Stela 4, interpretation 224-225
Stela 6, interpretation 170-171
Stela 8, interpretation 229
Stela 9, antiquity 173
interpretation 171-173
Stela 15, interpretation 187-188
Cresson, H. T., cited 27
Customs. See Manners and customs.
Cycle—
glyphs 68
length 62, 135
number of, in great cycle 107-114
numbering of, in inscriptions 108, 227-233
Cycle 8, dates 194-198, 228-229
Cycle 9—
dates 172, 183, 185, 187, 194, 222
prevalence in Maya dating 194
Cycle 10, dates 199-203, 229-233
Cycle, Great—
length 135, 162
number of cycles in 107-114
Cycles, Great, Great, and Higher—
discussion 114-129
glyphs 118
omitted in dating 126
Dates—
abbreviation 222, 252
errors in computing 154-155
errors in originals 245-250, 270-271, 274
interpretation, in Initial Series 157-222, 233-245
in Period Endings 222-245
in Secondary Series 207-222, 233-245
monuments erected to mark 33-35, 249-250
of same name, distinction between 147-151
repetition 147
shown by red glyphs in codices 251
Dates, Initial. See Initial-series dating.
Dates, Initial and Secondary, interpretation 207-222
Dates, Initial, Secondary, and Period-ending, interpretation 233-245
Dates, Period-ending. See Period-ending dates.
Dates, Prophetic—
examples 229-233
use 271-272
Dates, Secondary. See Secondary-series Dating.
Dates, Terminal—
absence 218
finding 138-154
importance 154-155
position 151-154
Dating—
methods 46-47, 63-86
change 4
See also Calendar-round dating; Initial-series; Period-ending; Secondary-series.
starting point 60-62, 113-114, 124-125
determination 135-136
Day—
first of year 52-53
glyphs 38, 39, 72, 76
coefficients 41-43, 47-48
position 127-128
omission 127-128, 208
identification 41-43, 46-48
names 37-41, 112
numbers 111-112
position in solar year 52-58
round of 42-44
Days, Intercalary, lack of 45
Days, unlucky, dates 45-46
Death, fear of 11, 17
Death God—
glyph 17, 257
nature 17
Decimal system, parallel 129
See also Vigesimal system.
Destruction of the World, description 32
Divination, codices used for 31
Divorce, practice 9
Dot, numerical value 87-88
Dot and bar numbers. See Bar and dot numbers.
Dresden codex—
date 271-273
publication iii
texts 254-262, 266-278
plates showing 32, 254, 260, 266, 273
Drunkenness, prevalence 10
Ek Ahau (god), nature 17-18
Ending signs—
in Period-ending dates 102
in "zero" 101-102
Enumeration—
systems 87-134
comparison 133
See also Numerals.
Errors in texts—
examples 245-250, 270-271, 274
plate showing 248
Feathered Serpent (god), nature 16-17
Fiber-paper books. See Codices.
Fish, used in introducing glyph 65-66, 188
Five-tun period. See Hotun.
Förstemann, Prof. Ernst—
cited 26, 137
investigations iii, 265, 276
methods of solving numerals 134
on hieroglyphics 30
on prophetic dates 272
Full-figure glyphs—
nature 67-68, 188-191
plate showing 188
See also Time periods.
Funeral customs, description 11-12
Future life, belief as to 19
Glyph block, definition, 156
Glyphs. See Hieroglyphs.
Gods, nature, 16-19
Goodman, J. T.—
chronologic tables of, 134
cited, 2, 44, 116-117, 123
investigation, iii-iv
on introducing glyph, 66
on length of great cycle, 108
on Supplementary Series, 152
Government, nature, 12-16
Great Cycle—
length, 135
number of cycles in, 107-114
Haab (solar year)—
first day, 52-56
glyph, 47
nature, 44-51
position of days in, 48, 52-58
subdivisions, 45
Habitat of the Maya, 1-2
map, 1
Hair, method of dressing, 7
Halach Uinic (chief), powers, 12-13
Hand, used as ending sign, 101-102
Head-variant numerals—
antiquity, 73, 102-103
characteristics, 97-103
derivation, 74
discovery, iii
explanation, 24-25, 87, 96-104
forms, 96-104
value, 103
identification, 96-103
parallel to Arabic numerals, 87
plates showing, 167, 170, 176, 178, 179, 180
use of, in time-period glyphs, 67-74, 104
See also Full-figure glyphs.
Hewett, Dr. E. L., cited 164, 192
Hieroglyphs—
antiquity, iii, 2
proofs, 173, 175
character, iv, 26-30
classification, 26
decipherment, 23-25, 31, 249-250
errors in interpretation, 154-155
errors in original text, 245-250
methods, 134-155
inversion of significance, 211
mat pattern, 191-194
materials inscribed upon, 22
modifications, 23-25
order of reading, 23, 129, 133, 135, 136-138, 156, 170, 268
original errors, 245-250
progress, iv, 250
symmetry, 23-24, 88-91, 128
textbooks, vii
See also Numerals.
Hieroglyphs, closing, use, 101-102, 152-153, 170
Hieroglyphs, introducing, use in dating, 64-68
History—
codices containing, 32-33
dates, 179, 221-222, 228-229, 249-250
decipherment, iv-v, 26, 250
dates only, 249-250
outline, 2-7
recording, methods, 33-36
Hodge, F. W., letter of transmittal, iii-v
Holmes, W. H., cited, 196
Hospitality, customs, 10
Hotun period, 166
Hunting, division of spoils, 9
Ideographic writing, argument for 27-28
Ikonomatic writing, nature 28-29
Initial-series dating—
bar and dot numbers in, examples, 157-167, 176-180
plates showing, 157, 167, 170, 176, 178, 179
disuse, 84-85, 199
examples, interpretation, 157-222, 233-240
plates showing, 157, 167, 170, 176, 178, 179, 180, 187, 188, 191, 207, 210, 213, 218, 220, 233, 235, 248
explanation, 63-74, 147-148
head-variant numbers, examples, 167-176, 180-188
plates showing, 167, 170, 176, 178, 179, 180
introducing glyph, identification by, 136
irregular forms of, examples, 191-194, 203-207
order of reading, 129, 136-138, 170, 268
position of month signs in, 152-154
reference to Long Count, 147-151
regular forms of, interpretation, 157-191
replacement by u kahlay katunob dating, 84-85
starting point, 108, 109, 113-114, 125-126, 136, 159, 162, 203-207
used in codices, 266
examples, 266-273
plate showing, 266
used on monuments, 85
Inscriptions on monuments—
cycles in, numbering, 108-113
date of, contemporaneous, 179, 194, 203, 209-210, 213, 220-222
date of carving, usual, 194
day signs in, 38
errors, 245-250
historical dates, 179
interpretation, 33-35
examples, 156-250
method, 134-155
length of great cycle used in, 107-114
numeration glyphs. See Numerals.
See also Monuments; Stelæ.
Introducing glyph—
lack, 208
nature, 64-68, 125-127, 136, 157-158
Inverted Glyph, meaning, 211
Itzamna (god), nature, 16
Justice, rules of, 9
Katun (time period)—
glyph, 68-69
identification in u kahlay katunob, 79-82
length, 62, 135
monument erected to mark end, 250
naming, 80-82
series of, 79-86
use of, in Period-ending dates, 222-225
Kin. See Day.
Kukulcan (god), nature, 16-17
Labor, customs, 9
Landa, Bishop Diego de—
biography, 7
on Maya alpha, 27
on Maya calendar, 42, 44, 45, 84
on Maya customs, 7, 13-14, 19
on Maya records, 34, 36
Landry, M. D., investigations, 194
Leyden Plate, interpretation, 179, 194-198
Literature, list, xv-xvi
See also Bibliography.
Long Count—
date fixing in, 147-151, 240-245
nature, 60-63
See also Chronology.
Maize God, nature, 18
Maler, Teobert—
cited, 162, 166, 170, 176, 177, 178, 207, 210, 224, 226, 227, 231
on Altar 5 at Tikal, 244
Manners and customs, description, 7-21
Marriage Customs, 8-9
Mars-solar period, relation to tonalamatl, 278
Mat pattern of glyphs, 191-194
Maudslay, A. P.—
cited 157, 167, 169, 170, 171, 173, 175, 179, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186, 188, 191, 203, 205, 213, 215, 218, 220, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 235, 240, 242
on zero glyph, 93
Maya, surviving tribes, 1-2
Maya, Southern—
cities, 2-4
occupancy of, diagram showing, 15
government, 15-16
rise and fall, 2-4
Mayapan (city)—
history, 4-6
mortuary customs, 12
time records, 33-34
Military customs, nature 10-11
Minus sign. See Backward sign.
Month. See Uinal.
Monuments—
age, 249-250
date of erection, 179, 194, 203, 209-210, 213, 220-222
historical dates on, 179
period-marking function, 33-35, 249-250
texts. See Inscriptions.
See also Stelæ.
Moon, computation of revolutions, 32
Morley, S. G., on Books of Chilan Balam, 3
Mythology, dates, 179, 180, 194, 228
Nacon (official), duties, 13
Nahua, influence on Maya, 5-6
Naranjo (city)—
antiquity, 15
Stela 22, interpretation, 162-164
Stela 23, error in, 248
interpretation, 224
Stela 24, interpretation, 166-167
Supplementary Series, absence, 163-164
Normal date, fixing, of 61
Normal forms of time-period glyphs. See Time periods.
North Star, deification, 18
Numbers, expression—
high, 103-134
thirteen to nineteen, 96, 101, 111-112
Numerals—
bar and dot system, 87-95
examples, plates showing, 157, 167, 170, 176, 178, 179
colors, 91, 251
combinations of, for higher numbers, 105-107
forms, 87-104
head-variant forms, 24-25, 87, 96-104
plates showing, 167, 170, 176, 178, 179, 180
one to nineteen, bar and dot forms, 88-90
head-variant forms, 97-101
order of reading, 23, 129, 133, 137-138, 156, 170
ornamental variants, 89-91
parallels to Roman and Arabic systems, 87
solution, 134-155
systems, 87-134
comparison, 133
See also Vigesimal system.
transcribing, mode 138
See also Hieroglyphs; Thirteen; Twenty; Zero.
Numerical coefficients 127-128
Palenque (city)—
history, 15
palace stairway inscription, interpretation, 183-185
Temple of the Cross, tablet, interpretation, 205-207, 227
Temple of the Foliated Cross, tablet, interpretation, 180-181, 223-224, 227
Temple of the Inscriptions, tablet, interpretation, 84, 225-226
Temple of the Sun, tablet, interpretation, 181-182
Period-ending dates—
ending glyph, 102
examples, interpretation, 222-240
plates showing, 223, 227, 233, 235
glyphs, 77-79,102
katun used in, 222-225
nature, 222
tun used in, 225-226
Period-marking Stones. See Monuments.
Phonetic writing—
argument for, 26-30
traces discovered, iv, 26-30
Piedras Negras (city)—
altar inscription, interpretation, 227
antiquity, 15
Stela 1, interpretation, 210-213
Stela 3, interpretation, 233-235
Plongeon, F. Le, cited, 27
Ponce, Alonzo, on Maya records, 36
Priesthood, organization, 20-21
Prophesying, codices used for, 31
Prophetic dates—
examples, 229-233
use, 271-272
Quen Santo (city)—
history, 231
Stela 1, interpretation, 199-201
Stela 2, interpretation, 201-203
Quirigua (city)—
Altar M, interpretation, 240-242
five-tun period used at, 165-166
founding of, possible date, 221-222
monuments, 192
Stela A, interpretation, 179-180
Stela C, interpretation, 173-175, 179, 203-204, 226
Supplementary Series, absence, 175
Stela D, interpretation, 239
Stela E, error in, 247-248
interpretation, 235-240
Stela F, interpretation, 218-222, 239-240
plates showing, 218, 220
Stela H, interpretation, 192-194
Stela I, interpretation, 164-166
Stela J, interpretation, 215-218, 239-240
Stela K, interpretation, 213-215
Zoömorph G, interpretation, 186-187, 229-230, 239-240
Zoömorph P, interpretation 157-162
Reading, order of, 23, 129, 133, 135, 138, 156, 170, 268
Religion, nature, 16-21
Renaissance, commencement, 4
Rochefoucauld, F. A. de la, alphabet devised by, 27
Roman system of numbers, parallel, 87
Rosny, Leon de, cited, 27
Rulership—
nature, 12-13
succession, 13-14
Scarification, practice, 7
Schellhas, Dr. Paul, investigations, 265
Sculpture, development 2-3
Secondary-series dating—
examples, interpretation, 207-222, 233-240
plates showing, 207, 210, 213, 218, 220, 233, 235
explanation, 74-76, 207
irregular forms, 236
order of reading, 129, 137-138, 208
reference to Initial Series, 209-211, 217-218
starting point, 76, 135-136, 208-210, 218, 240-245
determination, 240-245
Seibal (city)—
antiquity, 15
Stela 11, interpretation, 230-231
Seler, Dr. Eduard—
cited, 2, 43, 199
on Aztec calendar, 58
on hieroglyphics, 30
Serpent numbers—
interpretation, 273-275
nature, 273
range, 32, 273
Slaves, barter in, 9
Southern Maya. See Maya, southern.
Spanish conquest, influence, 6-7
Spectacle glyph, function, 94
Spinden, Dr. H. J.—
cited, 187
works, 4
Stelæ—
character, 22
dates, 33, 83-84
inscriptions on, 22, 33-35
See also Monuments, and names of cities.
Stones, inscriptions on 22
Superfix, effect 120-122
Supplementary Series—
closing-sign, 152-153, 170
explanation, 152, 161
lack of, examples, 163-164, 175
position, 152, 238
Symmetry in glyphs, modifications due to, 23-24, 88-91, 128
Terminal dates—
determination, 138-151
importance as check on calculations, 154-155
position, 151-154
Textbooks, need for, vii
Thirteen—
glyphs, 96, 205
numbers above, expression, 96, 101, 111-112
Thomas, Dr. Cyrus—
cited, 31
on Maya alphabet, 27
Thompson, E. H., investigations 11
Tikal (city)—
Altar 5, interpretation, 242-245
antiquity, 127
history, 15
Stela 3, importance, 179
interpretation, 178-179
Stela 5, interpretation, 226
Stela 10, interpretation, 114-127
Stela 16, association with Altar 5, 244
interpretation, 224, 244
Time—
counting backward, 146-147
counting forward, 138-146
glyphs for, only ones deciphered, 26, 31
lapse of, determination, 134-155
expression, 63-64, 105-107
indicated by black glyphs, 251
marked by monuments, 33-35, 249-250
method of describing, 46-48
recording, 33-36
use of numbers, 134
starting point, 60-62, 113-114, 124-125
See also Chronology.
Time-marking stones. See Monuments.
Time periods—
full-figure glyphs, 67-68, 188-191
plate showing, 188
head-variant glyphs, 67-74
plates showing, 167, 170, 176, 178, 179, 180
length, 62
normal glyphs, 67-74
plate showing, 157
omission of, 128
reduction to days, 134-135
See also Cycle; Great Cycle; Haab; Katun; Tonalamatl; Tun; Uinal.
Tonalamatl (time period)—
graphic representation, 93
interpretation, 254-266
nature, 41-44, 265
relation to zero sign, 93-94
starting point, 252-253
subdivisions, 44
texts recording, 251-266
essential parts of, 265
use of glyph for "20" with, 92, 130, 254, 260, 263
used in codices, 251-266
plates showing, 254, 260, 262, 263
used in divination, 251
wheel of days, 43
See also Year, sacred.
Translation of glyphs—
errors, 154-155
methods, 134-155
progress, 250
Tun (time period)—
glyph, 70
length, 62, 135
use of, in Period-ending dates, 225-226
Tuxtla Statuette, interpretation, 179, 194-196
Twenty—
glyphs, 91-92, 130
need for, in codices, 92, 130
needlessness of, in inscriptions, 92
use of in, 254, 260, 263
Uinal—
days, 42
first day, 53
glyph, 94
glyph, 70-71
length, 45, 62, 135
list, 45
names and glyphs for, 48-51
U Kahlay Katunob dating—
accuracy, 82
antiquity, 82-85
explanation, 79-86
katun sequence, 80-82
order of reading, 137
replacement of Initial-series dating by, 84-86
Uxmal (city), founding, 4
Venus-Solar period—
divisions, 31-32
relation to tonalamatl, 32, 277-278
Vigesimal numeration—
discovery, iii
explanation, 62-63, 105-134
possible origin, 41
used in codices, 266-273
Villagutiere, S. J., on Maya records, 36
War God, nature, 17
Weapons, character, 10-11
World, destruction, prophecy, 32
World Epoch, glyph, 125-127
Worship, practices, 19-20
Writing. See Hieroglyphics; Numerals; Reading.
Xaman Ek (god), nature 18
Yaxchilan (city)—
lintel, error in, 245-246
Lintel 21, interpretation, 207-210
Stela 11, interpretation, 176-177
Structure 44, interpretation, 177-178
Year, Sacred, use in divination, 251
See also Tonalamatl.
Year, Solar. See Haab.
Yucatan—
colonization, 3-4
Spanish conquest, 6-7
water supply, 1
Yum Kaax (god), nature. 18
Zero—
glyphs, 92-95, 101-102
origin, 93-94
variants, 93