Biology Technical Note 01 - Habitat Development for Beneficial Insects/Appendix 1

by United States Department of Agriculture

APPENDIX 1 - Ecology of Key Native Beneficial Insects

Pest to be Controlled	Ecology of the Native Beneficial Insects that controls the pest species	Plants Suitable for Habitat1] - Insectary Plants -	Other Habitat Requirements
Aphids (primary) Plus other soft-bodied insects: thrips, mealybugs, bean beetles, immature whiteflies, scale, moth eggs, very small caterpillars, spider mites	Lacewing (Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae families) Description. Adults are light green or brown with long slender antennae, golden eyes and long delicately veined wings. Adults fly, larvae do not. Life Cycle. Complete metamorphosis. Females lay eggs in groups on slender stalks which keep young larvae from eating each other after they hatch. Larvae grow through three stages for 2 to 3 weeks before each spins a white silken cocoon. The adult emerges in about 5 days. Winter is spent in the cocoon or adult stage, depending on species. Adults disperse widely after emerging. Some species have several generations per year while others have one. Behavior. Predator. Wingless larvae have sickle-shaped jaws that contain tubes with which they can inject prey with paralyzing venom and then suck out the bodily fluids. The larvae are carnivorous and predaceous on many soft-bodied plant feeding insects and mites, including eggs. They can consume over 425 aphids or other prey per week. Some species are predaceous as adults to a limited extent.	Carrot family Daisy/Sunflower family Legume family Buckwheat family Goosefoot family Mallow family Cabbage family Casper family	Adults are mostly active from dusk to dawn when temperatures are milder and relative humidity higher; Adults are poor fliers, active at night (nocturnal); Attracted to lights and are among those burned up in electric bug-zappers; Adults feed on nectar, pollen, and honeydew.
Aphids (primary) Plus other soft-bodied insects mealybug, spider mite, soft scales adelgids, chinch bugs, bean beetle, asparagus beetle larvae, alfalfa weevils, bean thrips, grape root worms, CO potato beetle larvae, whitefly, mites	Ladybird Beetle / Lady Bugs (Coccinellidae family and others) Despription. The adult is a small, oval beetle 1/4" to 3/8" long with orange-red elytra (hardened wing-covers) with 6 black spots each. Adults fly, larvae do not. Life Cycle. Complete metamorphosis. The female lays up to 1,500 small eggs over several months during spring and early summer. The eggs are laid near the prey in upright batches of fifteen to thirty eggs. The larvae are dark and somewhat alligator-shaped. Once the larvae begin feeding, they grow quickly and molt four times over a period of up to a month. The pupal stage lasts about a week and mating takes place soon afterwards. If there is an abundant supply of aphids the female may start laying within about a week of mating, but if the supply is scanty, she may wait for up to nine months. Behavior Predator. When the larvae encounter prey, they generally bite a hole in the body and suck out the contents. The non-flying larvae consume about 50 aphids or similar prey per day. Some species of adults also prefer to east aphids, however most eat other soft bodied insects.	Carrot family Daisy/Sunflower family Legume family Figwort family Buckwheat family Milkweed family Goosefoot family	In order to breed, they need an abundance of aphids; These insects have a diverse diet so they can survive when aphids are scarce, including honeydew, nectar, pollen, or even petals and other soft parts of plants; Once aphids leave a crop, beetles will also. To retain active beetles, maintain cover crops.
Aphids (primary) Plus other soft-bodied insects:	Hoverflies / Syrphid Flies / Flower flies (Syrphidae family, many species)	Carrot family Daisy/Sunflower family Waterleaf Family	Adults are often seen hovering at flowers and quickly darting away;

Scales	Description. Adults are generally 5-20mm in size, often with a yellow stripe and black body resembling small honey bees or wasps, and have large compound eyes that nearly cover the head. Adults fly, larvae do not. Life cycle. Females lay eggs near aphid colonies. The slug-like, pale green to yellow maggots feed on aphids, scales, and other insects, growing to 10-15mm in length. Some pupate on the foliage near the feeding site, other pupate in the soil. The life cycle for most species lasts 2-4 weeks. Behavior. Predator. The larvae of many species of syphids are insectivores. Larvae can consume as many as 400 aphids during their development. However, in the absence of aphids, larvae of some species can subsist and develop entirely on diets of pollen.	Buckwheat family Mint family Goosefoot Family Figwort family Mallow Family Cabbage family Casper Family	Resemble bees or wasps, but they do not sting; Larvae of hoverflies are often found in stagnant water; Adults of many species feed mainly on nectar and pollen; Maintain cover crops (buckwheat).
Parasitic Mini-Wasps
Flee beetle, Armyworm, cabbageworm, codling moth, gypsy moth, European corn borer, beetle larvae, flies, caterpillars, sphinx moths, cabbage (see description)	Braconid & Chalcid parasitoid wasp (Braconidae/Chalcididae families among others) Description. Adults are typically under a half-inch; may be slender or stout, with long antennae; frequently, a dark spot on the forewing; color varies Life Cycle. Complete metamorphosis. The life cycle length will vary by species. Behavior. Parasites. Braconids usually parasitize the immature stages of their hosts. The adult females have long ovipositor and lays eggs inside of an insect host. The larva feeds on the inside of the host until it is ready to pupate. The wasp can either pupate inside the host, or on the outside of the host. The wasps will then emerge and look for more hosts. Also controls: butterflies, almond moth, Indian meal moth, grain weevil, leaf miners	Carrot family Daisy/Sunflower family Cabbage family Casper family Legume family Buckwheat family Mallow family Mint family Legume family Mint family Other nectar-rich plants with small flowers. Attracted to yellow.	Adult wasps are attracted to the color yellow, so any yellow sticky cards used to monitor pests should be removed; Generally not strong fliers and are generally moved through the air by the prevailing winds; Important in preventing crop damage because they kill their hosts before the insect causes damage to the plant; Maintain cover crops (alfalfa). Harmless to people, animals, and plants (they do not sting).
Aphids (primary) green peach aphid, melon aphid, pea aphid, cotton aphid, green peach aphid, potato aphid, foxglove aphid and many other aphid species	Aphid parasitoid wasp (Aphidiinae subfamily) Description. A subfamily of parasitoid wasps that used aphids as their host. Life Cycle. Complete metamorphosis. A complete life cycle takes 10-14 days. Females lay eggs singly in aphid nymphs. As the larvae mature and the aphids are killed, the aphids turn into mummies. Behavior. Parasites. In addition to killing aphids directly, mechanical disturbance of aphid colonies by the searching behavior of the adult wasps causes many aphids to fall off the plants and die. Each female lays about 100 eggs in aphids but may attack 200 to 300 aphids in the process.
Moths and butterflies Spruce budworm, cotton bollworm, tomato hornworm,	Parasitoid wasp of eggs (Trichogrammatidae family) Description. Tiny wasps that include some of the smallest of all insects, with most species having adults less than 1mm in length. Life Cycle. Complete metamorphosis. The female lays an egg into a recently laid host egg. As the wasp develops, the host egg is killed. The wasp's short life cycle of 8-10 days allows for their population to increase rapidly.

corn earworm, corn borer, codling moths, other moths	Behavior. Parasite. See life cycle. Each female parasitizes about 100 host eggs.
Cutworm, armyworm, tent caterpillar, corn earworm, cabbage looper/worm, gypsy moth; some attack sawfly larvae, Japanese beetle, May beetle, squash bug green stink bug, sowbug, grasshoppers	Tachinid fly (Tachinidae family) Description. Adult flies may be brilliantly colored and they resemble blow-flies (family Calliphoridae), or rather drab, and then resemble house flies but tachinid flies are more bristly and more robust. Adults fly, larvae do not. Life Cycle. Reproductive strategies vary greatly between species. The female may lay white oval eggs on the skin of the host insect, or insert eggs into the host's body, or leave them outside the host's environment, as for example on leaves, where the host will ingest them. Some tachinids that are parasitoids of stem-boring caterpillars deposit eggs outside the host's burrow, letting the larve do the work of finding the host itself. In other species, the maggots use an ambush technique, waiting for the host to pass and then attacking it and burrowing into its body. The larvae feed on the host tissues. Behavior. Internal parasitic of caterpillars. See life cycle.	Carrot family Daisy/Sunflower family Cabbage family Casper family Legume family Buckwheat family Mint family Waterleaf family	Adult flies feed on flowers and nectar from aphids and scale insects; As many species typically feed on pollen, they can be important pollinators of some plants, especially at higher elevations in mountains where bees are relatively few.
Predatory Bugs
Flea beetles, spider mites, pink bollworm, cabbage loopers, whiteflies, aphids, insect eggs and small caterpillars	Big-eyed Bugs (Lygaeidae Family, Geocoris spp.) Depcription. Big-eyed bugs are small black, gray, or tan with proportionally large eyes. Life Cycle. Simple metamorphosis. Eggs are deposited singly or in clusters on leaves near potential prey. They take approximately 30 days to develop from egg to adult depending on temperature. Behavior. Predator. Both nymphs and adults are predatory. Big-eyed bugs have piercing-sucking mouthparts and feed by stabbing their prey and sucking or lapping the juices. Nymphs can eat as many as 1600 spider mites before reaching adulthood, while adults have been reported consuming as many as 80 mites per day.	Carrot family Daisy/Sunflower family Cabbage family Casper family Legume family Waterleaf family Buckwheat family Mint family	Will also feed on various seeds and suck plant juices but are not considered to be injurious to plants; Build up cool season cover crops; Can survive on nectar and honeydew when prey are scarce.
Anything smaller than itself: Aphid, thrips, leafhopper, treehopper, small caterpillars.	Damsel bug (Nabidae family) Description. They are soft-bodied, elongate, winged terrestrial predators. Adults are tan or grey, with piercing-sucking mouthparts and enlarged front legs. They have slender bodies, and about 10 to 12 mm long. Nymphs resemble adults. Life Cycle. Simple metamorphosis. Eggs are deposited in soft plant tissues. Nymphs resemble adults and develop through 5 nymphal stages in about 50 days. Behavior. They are generalist predators, catching almost any insect smaller than themselves, and cannibalizing each other when no other food is available.		Numerous in fields of legumes such as alfalfa, buckwheat; Adult damsel bugs spend the winter in groundcover and winter crops such as winter grain and alfalfa.

Wide variety of small insects: Aphids, thrips, bean beetles, spider mite, leafhopper, corn earworm, small caterpillars, insect eggs	Minute Pirate Bug (Anthocoridae Family, Orius spp.) Description. Adult minute pirate bugs are small, 2-5 mm long, oval, black to purplish with white markings, and have a triangular head. Life Cycle, Simple metamorphosis. Eggs are inserted into plant tissues. These hatch into nymphs. Developmental time for minute pirate bugs is very short, only 3 weeks from egg to adult. Several generations may occur during a growing season. Behavior. Predator. Generalist predators are often the first predaceous insects to appear in the spring. Nymphs and adults feed on a variety of small prey, including insect eggs. Both feed by sucking juices from their prey through a needle-like beak.		Maintain permanent plantings for refugia; Feed on pollen and plant juices when prey are not available.
Soft-bodied insects: Small to medium sized armyworms, earthworms, rootworm and cucumber beetle adults	Assassin bug (Reduviidae family) Description. Commonly have an elongated head with a distinct narrow neck, long legs, and a prominent, segmented tube for feeding (rostrum). Most species are dark in color. Life Cycle. Simple metamorhposis. Females lay eggs which are stuck in clusters to leaves and stems. After hatching, the wingless nymphs grow and molt 4-7 times before becoming full-sized, winged adults. Adults are usually the overwintering stage. Behavior. These predaceous bugs suck bodily fluids from prey using their long rostrum to inject a lethal saliva that liquefies the insides of the prey.	Generally poor fliers; Maintain permanent plantings for refugia; Capable of biting humans.
Aphids (over 60 species)	Aphid midge (Cecidomyiidae family, Aphidoletes aphidimyza) Description. Adults are small delicate black flies (<2mm long). Life Cycle. Females deposit 100-250 tiny (0.3 mm) shiny orange eggs singly or in small groups among aphid colonies that hatch in 2-3 days. After 3-7 days the larvae drop to the ground and burrow into the soil to pupate. Lifespan in 10 days. Behavior. Predator. The small, bright orange, slug-like larvae inject a toxin into aphids' leg joints to paralyze them and then suck out the aphid body contents through a hole bitten in the thorax. Larvae can consume aphids much larger than themselves and may kill many more aphids than they eat when aphid populations are high. A single larva kills 4-65 aphids per day.	Carrot family Cabbage family Casper family Legume family	Adults feed primarily on pollen and honeydew; Shelter the site from strong winds (i.e. hedgerows); Prefers to reside in dark, humid areas near the lower plant canopy; Active at night.