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Cassell's Illustrated History of England/Volume 1/Index

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Chapter 74
Cassell's Illustrated History of England/Volume 1
by John Cassell
Index
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INDEX.

Note.—The date affixed to the names, thus ( ), represent in the case of the English kings the period of the reign, and in other cases include the years during which the persons named figure in this history.

  • Acre, siege of (A.D. 1191), 220–221
  • Adelais, or Alice, Queen of Henry I. (1121), 161, 167
  • Queen of Louis VII. of France (1160), 183
  • Agricola, Cnæus Julius, a Roman general (78–84), 15
  • Alexander II., son of William the Lion (1214–1249), 261, 310
  • —— III., Pope (1160), 183, 185, 195
  • —— III., King of Scotland (1249–1286), 310
  • Alexius, Emperor of Constantinople (1096–1099), 122, 128, 130
  • Aldred, Archbishop of York (1066), 81, 89, 98
  • Alfred the Great, youngest son of Ethelwulph (871–901), 32, 36
  • —— brother of Edward the Confessor (1039–1040), 60, 62
  • Almaine, Henry d', son of Richard, King of the Romans (1270), 296
  • Alphege, or Elphegus, Archbishop of Canterbury, murdered by the Danes (1012), 53
  • Anagni, John of. Cardinal and Papal Legate (1189), 203
  • Angles, the, land in Britain (527), 26
  • Anglesea, island of, or Mona, attacked by the Romans (61), 11
  • Angus, Gilbert of Umfraville Earl of, (1291), 314
  • Anjou, Geoffrey Plantagenet, Earl of (1126–1150), 161, 165, 171, 173
  • Anne, the "good Queen" of Richard II. (1382–1394), 418, 423, 426
  • Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury (1089–1109), 149, 151, 153–154
  • Arc, Joan of, the Maid of Orleans (1429–1431), 575, 581
  • Architecture, Roman, 19
  • —— Saxon, 70–73
  • —— Norman, 206–210
  • —— of the Thirteenth century, 297–300
  • —— decorated, 465–468
  • Armagnacs, massacre of (1418), 546, 547
  • Army, pay of in the time of Henry V., 526
  • Artavelde, Jacob Van, a brewer of Ghent (1338–1345), 371, 380
  • —— Philip Van, son of Jacob (1381–1382), 411, 418, 419
  • Arthur, King, traditions of, 26
  • —— Prince, grandson of Henry II. (1191–1203), 245–249
  • Art, Saxon, 80–81
  • —— Norman, 140–148
  • —— and literature, progress of in England, 457–460
  • Assassins, or Haschischi, a tribe of Arabian fanatics, 225
  • Asser, first Bishop of St. David's, a friend of Alfred the Great, 50
  • Athelney, Isle of, retreat of King Alfred, 33
  • Athelstan, King of Kent (836), 30
  • —— King, grandson of Alfred (924–941), 33–40
  • Augustine, St. , or Austin, first preached the Gospel in Kent (596), 28
  • Austria, Leopold, Duke of (1191–1193), 225, 230
  • Azincourt, battle of (1415), 531–536
  • Bacon, Roger, the philosopher (1214–1292), 460
  • Baliol, Edward, King of Scotland (1331–1356), 365, 366, 392
  • —— John, King of Scotland (1291–1314), 311, 314, 317, 320, 323
  • Ball, John, a preacher of Kent, associate of Wat Tyler (1381), 411–413
  • Bannockburn, battle of (1314), 346–347
  • Barbour, John, the Scottish poet (1330–1356), 464
  • Battle Abbey, founded by William the Conqueror (1066), 88
  • Bayeux, city of, 27
  • —— tapestry, account of, 146–148
  • Beaufort, Henry, Cardinal (1419–1447), 555,563, 573, 580, 586, 588
  • Beaujé, battle of (1421), 556
  • Beauvais, Bishop of (1197), 241–242
  • Becket, Thomas à, Primate of England (1119–1170), 183–192
  • Bedford, Duke of, son of Henry IV. (1414–1435), 526, 542, 558, 563, 585
  • Benjamin of Tudela; account of Constantinople (1159 or 1160), 125–127
  • Belesme, Robert de. Earl of Shrewsbury (1101), 153, 155
  • Berengaria, Queen of Richard I. (1190–1192), 218–219, 227
  • Berwick, massacre of (1296), 317
  • Bible, translation of into Saxon, 40
  • —— translation of into English, 420
  • Boadicea, widow of Prasutagus, King of the Iceni (59–61), 11, 13
  • Bohemond, Prince of Tarontum, a leader of the first Crusade, 128–130
  • Bollingbroke, Roger, chaplain to Humphrey Duke of Gloucester (1442), 587
  • Born, Bertrand de, a distinguished knight, preceptor of Richard I. (1174–1197), 199, 201, 241
  • Bouvines, battle of (1214), 256
  • Brenneville, battle of (1119), 159
  • Breteuil, Eustace do (1119), 159–160
  • —— William de, treasurer of William Rufus (1100), 148
  • Bridgenorth, siege of the castle of (1154), 179
  • Britain, early history of, 1
  • —— division into provinces by the Romans, 18
  • —— principal cities existing in the second century, 19
  • —— division into shires by Alfred, 36
  • Britons, ancient, 5
  • Brittany, Conan, Duke of (1158–1162), 181–182
  • Bruce, Robert, Lord of Annandale (1286–1305), 310–311, 329
  • —— King of Scotland (1296–1329), 317, 322–323, 329, 332, 345–347, 359–360, 362
  • —— David, son of the great Robert (1328–1371), 358, 365–366, 384, 394
  • Buchan, John Comyn, Eari of (1294–1305), 317, 323, 329–332
  • Burgh, Hubert de. Regent of England (1203–1232), 249, 270–273
  • Burgundy, Philip the Good, Duke of (1415–1467), 536, 552, 580–581, 584–586, 616, 618
  • —— Charles the Rash, Duke of (1467–1476), 617, 618–622–623
  • —— Duke of, Jean Sans-peur (1406–1419), 508–510, 524–525, 533–540, 545, 551
  • Cæsar, Account of his British expeditions (b.c. 55–54), 5–8
  • Cade, John, or Jack, insurrection of (1450), 596–597
  • Calais, siege of, by Edward III. (1346–1347), 384–387
  • Caledonians, or Picts, 2, 15, 16, 17 ​
  • Camalodunum, 9, 11
  • Cambridge, University of, 38
  • Canute the Great (1017–1035), 53–59
  • Caractaous, the British general (43–50), 9, 10, 11
  • Carpenters and butchers, battle of, in the Place de-Grêve (1413), 524
  • Cassivelaunus, or Cassibelan, a British leader (54), 8
  • Catherine, Queen of Henry V., and wife of Owen Tudor (1419–1437), 547–556, 558–561, 586
  • Celestine III., Pope (1197), 241–242
  • Charles IV., King of France, surnamed Le Bel (1322–1328), 852–353
  • —— V. King of France (1360–1378), 393–396, 405, 406
  • —— VI., King of France (1380–1422), 410, 485–486
  • —— VII., King of France (1417–1460), 540, 551–552, 555–557, 560, 562–588, 591, 593, 612
  • "Chalons, the little battle of" (1274), 304
  • Charter, granted by Ethelwulph to the clergy, 47, 48
  • —— granted by Henry I., 149
  • —— granted by Stephen, 164
  • —— the great (Magna Charta), 257
  • —— renewed by Henry III. (1244), 282
  • Chaucer, Geoffrey, the "Father of English Poetry," 464–465
  • Chevy Chase, or Otterbourne, battle of (1388), 428
  • Chivalry, institution of, 116–117
  • Christianity, introduction of, into Britain, 17
  • Church in Britain, history of, from the time of Egbert to the death of Edward the Martyr, 47–50
  • —— from Ethelred 1 1, to the death of Edward the Confessor, 68–70
  • Clarence, George, Duke of, brother of Edward IV. (1464–1478), 616, 617, 620–624
  • Clarendon, constitutions of (enacted 1164), 185, 188
  • Claudius, the Emperor, his invasion of Britain (43), 9
  • Clifford, John Lord (1460), 607
  • Cobham, Sir John Oldcastle, Lord (1413–1417), 516, 518–520
  • —— Eleanor, wife of Humphrey Duke of Gloucester (1441), 588
  • Coinage, commerce, and shipping, 472–474
  • Commerce, progress of, 472–474
  • Comyn, John, Earl of Buchan (1294–1305), 317, 323, 329–332
  • Constantine, the Emperor (306–337), 17
  • —— II., King of Scotland (863–881), 39–40
  • Constantinople, ancient, description of (in 1159 or 1160), 125–127
  • Conversano, William, Count of (1100), 149
  • Cornwall, Richard, Earl of (1225–1271), 272–274, 278,1281, 284
  • Costume, 80, 141–142, 144–145, 478–480
  • Creçy, battle of (1346), 382–383
  • Crusade, account of the First (1096–1100), 119–132
  • —— the Third (1190–1197), 202, 213, 227
  • Danes in Britain, 29–35, 38, 50–59
  • Danegeld, tax of (instituted 1010), 52
  • David, King of Scotland, son of Malcolm III. (1138–1174), 165, 199
  • Dermot M'Murrough, King of Leinster (1140–1170), 194–195
  • Despenser, Hugh, favourite of Edward II. (1320–1325), 348–353
  • "Dictum de Kenilworth" (1267), 296
  • Doomsday Book, account of, 104
  • Douglas, Archibald, Earl of (1402–1424), 494, 500, 506, 557, 565, 566
  • —— Lord James (1307–1331), 344–347, 359–362
  • —— Sir Archibald, Regent of Scotland (1332), 365
  • —— Sir William, an adherent of Wallace, 321
  • Druids, 3
  • Druidical Remains, 4, 5
  • Dunstan, St., Abbot of Glastonbury (945–988), 40–47, 50
  • Dupplin Moor, battle of (1332), 366
  • Edgar, brother of King Edwy (958–975), 44–46
  • —— remarkable Oration delivered by, 45
  • —— Atheling, grandson of Edmund Ironside, 64, 88–95, 99, 113
  • Edinburgh Castle, surprise of (1307), 344
  • Editha, the "Swan necked," story of her discovery of the body of Harold (1066), 88
  • Edmund I. (940–946), 39–4
  • —— II., surnamed Ironside (1016–1017), 56–57
  • Edred, brother of Edmund Atheling (946–955), 40–41
  • Edward I., surnamed Longshanks (1272–1307), 286, 293, 300–336
  • Edward II., surnamed of Caernarvon (1307–1327), 337–356
  • —— III. (1327–1377), 353, 357–404
  • —— IV. (1461–1483), 605–624
  • —— the Martyr (975–1179), 46–47
  • —— the Confessor (1042–1066), 62–63
  • —— the Black Prince, son of Edward III. (1330), 380–383, 388–390, 398–402
  • —— the Elder, King of Wessex (901–925), 36–38
  • Edwy, son of Edmund Atheling (955–958), 42–44
  • Egbert, King of Wessex (800–836), 29
  • Eleanor, Queen of Henry II., divorced wife of Louis VII. of France (1154–1202), 173, 196, 201, 211, 218–219, 239
  • —— of Provence, Queen of Henry III. (1236), 275–278, 290
  • —— Queen of Edward I. (1253–1274), 296, 303–304
  • Elfrida, wife of Edgar the Peaceable (969–975), 46
  • Elgiva, wife of King Edwy (955–957), 44
  • Elphegus, or Alphage, Archbishop of Canterbury (1012), 53
  • Elizabeth Wydville, Queen of Edward IV. (1464), 616
  • Emma, Queen of Ethelred the Unready (1002), 52, 56, 58, 60
  • Ethelbald, son of Ethelwulph (857–860), 30
  • Ethelbert, brother of Ethelbald (860–866), 30
  • Ethelred I., son of Ethelwulph (866–871), 29
  • —— II., surnamed the Unready (979–1016), 50–56
  • Ethelwald, nephew of King Alfred (890–905), 36
  • Ethelwulph, King of Wessex (836–857), 30
  • Eustace, Prince, son of Stephen (1141–1152), 173
  • —— Count of Boulogne (1051), 63
  • Evesham, battle of (1265), 293
  • Falconry, art of, 140–141
  • Falkirk, first battle of (1298), 323
  • Fitz-Stephen, captain of the Blanche Nef(1120), 160
  • Fitzurse, Walter, one of the murderers of Becket (1170), 189–191
  • Fitz Walter, Robert, leader of the barons who obtained Magna Charta from King John (1215), 257
  • Fortress, Norman, description of, 98
  • Fortresses built by the Normans, 98
  • Fulk, Eari of Anjou (1107–1126), 137–158, 161
  • Galgacus, chief of the Caledonians (84), 15
  • Garter, Order of the (instituted 1350), 388
  • Gaiscoigne, Lord Chief Justice in the reign of Henry IV. (1405), 503 ,512
  • Gaveston, Piers, favourite of Edward II. (1307–1312), 338–344
  • Geoffrey Plantagenet, son of Fulk of Anjou (1126–1150), 161, 162, 165, 170, 173
  • —— of Anjou, son of Geoffrey Plantagenet (1156–1158), 173–175, 179–181
  • —— Prince, son of Henry II. (1165–1186), 182, 195–197, 201–202
  • —— natural son of Henry II. (1154–1193), 206, 233
  • Gilbert of Umfraville, Earl of Angus (1291), 314
  • Glendower, Owen, leader of the Welsh patriots (1400–1415), 490–492, 503–508
  • Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of (1418–1447), 543, 549, 560–502, 569–573, 584, 586–590
  • —— Richard de Clare, Earl of (1259–1263), 285, 287
  • —— Gilbert de Clare, Earl of (1263–1267), 288, 293, 296
  • —— Robert, Earl of, natural son of Henry I. (1126–1147), 165, 167, 169–172
  • —— Thomas Plantagenet, Duke of (1385–1397), 423–435
  • Godfrey of Bouillon, first King of Jerusalem (1096–1100), 122–125, 128–131
  • Godwin, Earl (1035–1060), 59, 60, 62–64
  • Gourdon, Adam, a noted baron, who engaged in single combat with Edward I. (1265), 295, 296
  • Gower, John, the poet (1324–1372), 464
  • Guy, Count of Flanders (1294–1302), 325–327
  • Hadrada, Harold, King of Norway (1066), 83
  • Halidon Hill, battle of (1333), 368
  • Hardicanute (1040–1012), 61–62
  • Harold Barefoot (1035–1039), 59–60
  • —— II. (1066), 64–68, 81–88 ​
  • Hastings, a Danish chieftain, or Viking (886), 35
  • —— battle of (1066), 86
  • Hawking, sport of, 140-141
  • Helie, Lord of La Flécha (1099), 133
  • Hengist and Horsa, Saxon leaders (449–477), 25, 26
  • Henry I., son of William I. (1100–1135), 105, 106, 112, 148–162
  • Prince, son of King David of Scotland (1138), 166
  • —— Bishop of Winchester, brother of Stephen (1135–1154), 168-170, 179
  • —— II., surnamed Plantagenet (1154–1189), 162, 172, 206
  • —— Prince, son of Henry II. (1160–1183), 195, 200–201
  • —— Prince of Tyre, nephew of Richard I. (1191), 226
  • —— VI., Emperor of Germany (1191), 230, 237, 239
  • —— III. (1216–1272), 267–297
  • —— IV., surnamed Bolingbroke (1399–1413), 431, 434–438, 440–443, 481–514
  • —— V., surnamed of Monmouth (1413–1422), 492, 503, 512–560
  • —— VI., surnamed of Windsor (1422–1461), 558–624
  • Hereford, Humphrey Bohun, Earl of (1297), 323
  • Hereward, "the last hero of Saxon independence" (1069–1072), 94,99
  • Hexham, battle of (1463), 64
  • Holland, Sir John, half-brother of Richard II. See Huntingdon.
  • Homildon Hill, battle of (1402), 496
  • Hospitallers, or Knights of St. John, account of, 132
  • Hotspur. See Percy.
  • Huntingdon, John Holland, Earl of (1384–1400), 422, 431, 484, 485
  • Innocent II., Pope (1135), 164
  • —— IV., Pope (1245), 280–281
  • Interdict proclaimed upon the kingdom (1208), 251
  • —— in the reign of Stephen, 172
  • Ireland, early history of, 194
  • —— conquest of, by Henry II. (1169–1172), 194–195
  • Isaac, Emperor of Cyprus (1191), 220
  • Isabella, wife of Hugh Count of La Marche (1200), 248
  • —— Queen of Edward II. (1308–1330), 339–341, 350–353, 363, 364
  • —— Queen of Richard II. (1399–1408), 485–486, 491–492, 508–509
  • —— Queen of Charles VI. of France (1417–1435), 540–542, 545, 546, 548, 549, 552, 554, 586
  • Jacqueline of Bavaria, wife of the Duke of Brabant (1425), 569
  • Jacquerie, origin of the (1353), 396
  • Jaffa, battle of (1192), 227
  • James I., King of Scotland (1402–1435), 501, 502, 555, 566–569
  • Jerusalem taken in the first Crusade (1099), 131
  • —— re-taken by the Mahometans (1187), 202
  • Jew of Bristol tortured by King John (1211), 251
  • Jews, persecutions of, by Edward I. (1290), 314–315
  • —— persecutions of, by King John (1210), 251
  • Joachim, Abbot of Curacio (1190), 218
  • Joan of Sicily, sister of Richard I. (1198–1199), 214–217, 219, 227
  • John, King (1199–1216), 195, 237–239, 244–265
  • John I., King of France (1348–1364), 389–395
  • Judith, niece of William the Conqueror (1070–1075), 100 101
  • Juliana, natural daughter of Henry I. (1120), 159 160
  • Lancaster, John of Gaunt, Duke of (1370-1398), 401, 405, 407, 418–419, 422, 423, 423, 430, 434, 437
  • —— Thomas Plantagenet, Earl of (1308–1312), 340–344, 350–351
  • Langton, Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury (1207–1213), 250, 255, 257, 260
  • Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury (1068–1089), 82, 110
  • Leicester, Simon de Montfort, Earl of (1253–1265), 284–293
  • Lewes, battle of (1264), 292
  • Literature, science, and art among the Saxons, 80, 81
  • —— science, and art among the Normans, 134–148
  • —— science, and art, progress of, in England, 457–460
  • Llewellyn, Prince of Wales (1246–1282), 289–290, 305–308
  • Lollards, the, or Reformers, 428, 518–521, 542
  • London in the reign of Henry II., 200
  • Longchamp, William, Chancellor in the reign of Richard I., 224, 232–237
  • Longbeard, "the king of the poor" (1195–1196), 239–240
  • Louis the Dauphin, son of Charles VI. (1413–1415), 524–526
  • —— VI., King of France (1112–1128), 157–161
  • —— VII., King of France (1137–1180), 165, 173, 175, 181–183, 188, 191, 196, 199, 202
  • —— VIII., King of France (1216–1226), 262–263, 268–272
  • —— IX., King of France (1226–1270), 279, 287, 300–302
  • —— XL., King of France (1460–1470), 612, 617–618, 620–624
  • Magna Charta, signed June 15th (1215), 257
  • —— principal clauses of, 260
  • Malcolm II., King of Scotland (1003–1033), 59
  • —— III., surnamed Caenmore (1057–1093), 92, 93, 113
  • Manny, Sir Walter, a noted general under Edward III. (1341–1347), 376–378, 384–388
  • March, Agnes, Countess of (1336), 369
  • Marche, La, Hugh, Count of (1200), 248
  • Margaret, Queen of .Malcolm Caenmore (1068-1093), 93
  • —— of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI. (1444–1482), 588–591, 596–616, 622–624
  • Massacre of the Jews at the coronation of Richard I. (1189), 212
  • —— at York (1190), 231–232
  • Matilda, or Maud, Queen of Henry I. (1100–1118), 149, 151, 155, 158
  • Queen of Henry V. of Germany (1110–1147), 158, 161–165, 167–172
  • —— or Maud, Queen of Stephen (1135–1151), 169–170
  • Maudelain, chaplain of Richard II. (1400), 434–485, 488, 439
  • Minstrels and troubadours, 136–137
  • Montacute, Lord (1330), 364
  • Montferrat, Conrad of. Prince of Tyre (1191–1192), 221, 225
  • Montfort, John de, nephew of John III., Duke of Brittany (1341–1347), 375–377
  • —— Simon de. Earl of Leicester. See Leicester.
  • —— son of (1264–1270), 293, 295, 296
  • Mortimer, Roger, Lord (1316-1330), 351–352, 356, 359, 362–364
  • Mortimer's Hole, Nottingham Castle, 364
  • Neville's Cross, battle of (1346), 385–386
  • New Forest in Hampshire cleared by William the Conqueror, 10–4
  • Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of (1386–1399), 435–437
  • Northallerton, battle of (Battle of the Standard) (1138), 166
  • Northumberland, Henry Percy, Earl of (1399–1403), 432–483, 496–501, 506, 507
  • —— Morcar, Earl of (1066–1087), 67–68, 83, 88, 91–93
  • —— Robert de Mowbray, Eari of (1095–1125), 114
  • —— John Nevil, Earl of (1469–1471), 618, 620
  • Norman Conquest, effect of of English civilisation, &c.; manners and customs, progress of literature and art, &c., 134–148
  • —— clergy, condition of, after the Conquest, 184
  • Normans, landing of, in England (1066), 84
  • Odo, Archbishop of Canterbury (941–958), 50
  • —— Bishop of Bayeux (1066–1088), 82, 92, 100, 105, 107, 110
  • Olaf, King of Norway (994), 51
  • Oldcastle, Sir John, Lord Cobham, the original of "Sir John Falstaff." See Cobham.
  • Orleans, Duke of, brother of Charles VI. (1406–1407), 508–509
  • —— Charles, Duke of (1407), 508,509, 524–625, 536, 540
  • —— siege of (1429), 575–578
  • Otterbourne, or "Chevy Chase," battle of (1388), 423
  • Oxford, University of, 34
  • —— foundation of colleges at, 458–459
  • Pandulph, Legate of the Pope, 252–254
  • Paper, materials anciently employed in making of, 135
  • Parliament, the "wonderful" (1388), 425
  • Paris, Matthew, the historian (1235–1259), 461
  • Patrick, St., converted the Irish to Christianity (422–432), 28
  • Pedro IV., surnamed the Cruel, King of Castile (1360–1368), 398–400 ​
  • Pembroke. William, Earl of, 268–270
  • Richard de Clare, Earl of, surnamed Strongbow (1167-1171), 194–195
  • Percy, Henry, surnamed Hotspur (1402–1403), 494, 498–500
  • Peter the Hermit, a preacher of the First Crusade (1096-1100), 118–122
  • Peter's Pence, tax of, 29
  • Philip II., King of France (1180-1216), 202, 213, 219-221, 225, 236–239, 241, 242, 248, 250-252, 255
  • —— III., King of France, surnamed Le Bel (1290-1303), 315, 316, 326, 227
  • —— VI., King of France (1328–1348), 370–389
  • —— the Good, Duke of Burgundy (1418–1467), 550-552, 555, 557–568 168, 614, 016
  • Philippa, Queen of Edward III. (1327–1347), 362, 384, 386–387
  • Phillpot, John, an alderman of London, gained a victory over a Spanish fleet (1378), 410
  • Picts, or Caledonians, 2, 15, 16
  • Plague, ravages of, in the reign of Edward III., 388–389
  • —— ravages of, in the reign of Henry IV., 506
  • Poictiers, battle of (1356), 392–393
  • Pole, Michael de la. Chancellor of Richard II. (1385-1387), 422–425
  • Progress of the Nation.—Formation of the English people, 444–481
  • —— The constitution and the laws, 448
  • —— Power of the Church, 453
  • —— Literature, science, and art, 457
  • —— Architecture, 465
  • —— Sculpture and painting, 468, 470
  • —— Music, 470–471
  • —— Commerce, coinage, and shipping, 472–474
  • —— Manners and customs, &c., 472, 474–481
  • Pudsey, Hugh, Bishop of Durham, 213, 232
  • Ralph, surnamed De Flambard (1089), 110, 113
  • Rees ap Griffith, King of South Wales (1164), 188
  • Richard I., surnamed Cœur-de-Lion (1189–1199), 195, 197, 200-203, 205, 206, 210–243
  • —— II. (1377–1398), 404–444
  • Robert of Normandy, eldest son of William I. (1077–1135), 102-113, 116, 122, 124, 129–134, 148–156
  • —— II., King of Scotland, grandson of Robert Bruce (1371–1390), 394
  • —— II., King of Scotland (1390–1406), 489, 490, 492, 501
  • Robin Hood and the outlaws of Sherwood (1195), 238
  • Roger, Bishop of Sarum, Chancellor of Henry I. (1135-1139), 152, 166–167
  • Roman architecture, 17–23
  • Romans, narrative of their occupation of Britain, 5–18
  • Rothsay, David, eldest son of Robert III. of Scotland, 492, 494
  • Rosamond Clifford, her history, 206
  • Roses, origin of the Wars of the, 598
  • Rouen, siege of (1418–1419), 543–545, 548
  • Rutland, Earl of, slain by Lord Clifford (1460), 608
  • Saladin, Sultan, his wars with the Crusaders (1190–1192), 220–227
  • Salisbury, William Longsword, Earl of (1213), 254
  • Richard Nevil, Earl of (1453–1460), 599, 602–604, 608
  • Saxon Heptarchy, 27
  • —— architecture, 70-73
  • —— manners, customs, and laws of, 73–81
  • —— Chronicle, quoted, 106–107
  • —— and Norman civilisation, customs, progress of literature and art, &c., 134–148
  • Saxons, landing of in Britain (449), 23
  • Sawtre, William, the first English martyr burnt (1401), 514
  • Scotus, Duns, a moral philosopher, 461
  • Scotus, Johannes, preceptor of Alfred, 50
  • Scots, origin of, 18
  • Scotland, condition of (in 1338), 368–369
  • Shrewsbury, battle of (1403), 500
  • Shrewsbury, Sir John Talbot, Earl of (1452–1453), 592, 593
  • Sigismund, King of the Romans (1416), 537, 538
  • Silures, the; Caractacus their leader (43–50), 9, 10
  • Siward, Duke of Northumberland (1050–1055), 63–64.
  • Society, review of, in the middle ages, 265–267
  • Sluys, battle of (1340), 374
  • Somerset, Edmund de Beaufort, Earl of (1439–1454), 586, 587, 591–596, 598-602
  • —— Henry de Beaufort, Duke of (1454–1464), 603–605, 607, 608, 610, 614
  • Standard, battle of the (Northallerton), (1138), 166
  • Stephen, grandson of William I. (1135–1154), 161–176
  • Stigand, Primate of England (1066), 89, 95, 96
  • Stirling, battle of (1297), 322
  • Stonehenge, ancient Druidical temple, 4
  • Suetonius, Paulinus, the Roman governor (59–61), 11–14
  • Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, Earl of, favourite of Richard II., 419, 422–425
  • William de la Pole, first Duke of (1428-1450), 574, 578, 579, 588–596
  • Surrey, John Plantagenet, Earl of (Earl Warrenne), (1264–1290),290, 292, 315, 318, 320
  • Sweyn, son of Earl Godwin (1032), 59, 63
  • —— King of Denmark (991–1012), 51–54
  • Sybilla, wife of Robert of Normandy (1100), 149
  • Talbot, Sir John, Earl of Shrewsbury (1452–1453), 592, 593
  • Tancred, grandson of the great Ruggiero, King of Sicily (1189–1190), 128–130, 214–215
  • Templars, Knights, account of, 132
  • Tenchebray, battle of (1105), 155–156
  • Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury (1143–1161), 172–173, 183–184
  • Tin and lead brought from the Cassiterides, 2
  • Torture practised by the Normans in the reign of Stephen, 171
  • —— of the Jew of Bristol by King John (1211), 251
  • Tortures practised by the soldiers of King John (1215), 261
  • Tostig, brother of Harold II. (1043–1066), 64, 67–68, 83
  • Toumelles, assault of the, by Joan of Arc (1429), 578
  • Towton, battle of (1461), 611
  • Tracy, William, one of the murderers of Becket (1170), 189
  • Trade. See Commerce.
  • Tudela, Benjamin de, account of Constantinople (in 1159 or 1160), 125–127
  • Tudor, Owen, husband of Queen Catherine, widow of Henry V. (1437–1461), 586, 609
  • Tyler, Wat or Walter, the (1381), 412–417
  • Tyrrell, Sir Walter, shot William Rufus (1100), 134
  • Urban II., Pope (1095–1098), 118–119
  • Ursini, Cardinal, and Legate of the Pope (1418), 545
  • Vespasian, a Roman general (43), 9, 14–15
  • Vortigern, the British king (447–449), 23
  • Walcher, Bishop of Diu-ham (1080), 101
  • Wallace, William, the Scottish hero (1297–1305), 320–323, 328–329
  • Walter, "the Penniless," a preacher of the First Crusade, 119
  • Walthuf, Earl of Huntingdon (1074), 100
  • Warrenne, Earl, See Surrey.
  • Warwick, Richard Nevil, the great Earl (1453–1470), 599–624
  • Wessex, Saxon kings of, 26
  • William I., the Conqueror (1066–1087), 65, 81–107
  • —— II., Rufus (1087–1100), 107–116, 132–134
  • —— of Normandy, son of Duke Robert (1110–1128), 157–161
  • —— Prince, son of Henry I., lost in the Blanche Nef (1120), 160
  • —— II., surnamed the Good, King of Sicily (1180–1189), 214–216
  • —— I., King of Scotland, surnamed the Lion (1165–1214), 309–310
  • Witenagemot, or Saxon Council of State, 76
  • Wycliffe, John, the Reformer, (1324–1384), 404, 411, 420, 586, 590, 594–608
  • York, Richard Plantagenet, Duke of (1436–1461), 697–605
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