Cassell's Illustrated History of England/Volume 2

by John Cassell

Entry of Anne Boleyn Into London.

 

Cassell's Illustrated

 

 

 

HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

 

 

 

 

 

New and Revised Edition.

CONTINUED TO THE END OF 1873.

 

 

 

 

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VOL. II.

FROM THE REIGN OF EDWARD THE FOURTH TO THE DEATH OF QUEEN ELIZABETH.

 

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Cassell Petter & Galpin:

London, Paris & New York.

 

 

PREFACE.

N the present Volume we have stepped out of feudalism into the first day-spring of modern history. We have left the race of barons, grown too powerful for both Crown and country, and a divided Royal house which consumed the energies and the intellect of the nation in bloody conflicts for the possession of the throne. The predominating space which the Tudor dynasty occupies in the present pages is worthy of all attention. With Henry VII. a new blood and spirit entered the palace, and stirred within the golden circle of the Crown. The grandson of a Welsh yeoman of the guard became the monarch, and a vigour which had dwindled in the ancient race, from the days of Henry V., re-appeared, but linked inseparably with an absolute self-will, which, whilst appearing to resist the onward progress of the nation, really gave to it accelerated momentum and spirit. The old impediments of religion and of aristocracy were swept away, to give unopposed scope to Royal license; but this only cleared the ground for popular action. The nation had so far advanced that its impulses became the unmistakable law of tendency. From the remains of the ancient hierarchy arose the undaunted soul of religious freedom. With religious freedom, civil freedom was a necessity; and on the ruins of the ancient aristocracy arose a new race of landed proprietors, whose interests were more allied to the interest of the people. Before the close of the Tudor dynasty in Elizabeth, we behold unequivocal manifestations of a new order of things, of the limitation of the power of the Crown, and the establishment of the power of Parliament. We shall find in the opening of our next Volume the efforts of an unwise dynasty—that of the Stuarts—to resist this popular development, but only to its own destruction.

In our tracing of these events we have taken an impartial view of the character and conduct of Queen Elizabeth. Perhaps with no other monarch is it so necessary to discriminate between fond traditions and the cold facts of history. Elizabeth was a woman of a masculine and penetrating mind; no ruler ever knew more ably how to select capable ministers, and surround herself with the splendour of statesmanlike talent, bravery, and genius. With a stout heart, and assisted by the counsels and the gallant deeds of those men, she carried the country through an arduous crisis proudly, and bore down and broke to atoms every foreign influence and the Armada which was directed against the Protestant ascendancy of England. All honour to her and to them on that account. But when we penetrate through the splendour of such glories, and through the extravagant adulations of the Elizabethan courtiers, we come to some deeds and characteristics which demand just reprehension.

We must remind our readers that we are not writing romance, in which we can at will colour, turn, and dispose of things as we please; but our object and bounden duty is historic truth. We are tied up to that standard inexorably by harsh and unbendable official documents, which, like the rocks about our coast, may not be shaken in their place or changed in their hard outline. The modern researches in the archives of the Tower and the State Paper Office, and the publication of many of the documents there remaining, the journals of the Lords and Commons, the rolls of Parliament and the patent rolls, and the mass of original letters collected by Howell, Ellis, Nicolas, &c., enable us and compel us to draw a somewhat different picture from that which was presented to the last generation. In our portraiture of "good Queen Bess" we have used the facts left under the very hands of herself and her ministers, and from these there can be no appeal. On the other hand, it should be remembered by those who are startled into too severe a judgment of this queen, that the Elizabethan age, though the bright dawn of happier times, lies far behind our own in moral strength and purity; that the darkness of the Middle Ages was not yet quite banished, and threw still its shadow even upon high places; and that consequently our verdict upon this great and imperious monarch must have its just relation to those precedents and traditions which no longer attach to the throne.

Again, some readers may be ready to accuse us of placing the Roman Catholics of those times in too favourable a light. We can only reply that the same undoubted authorities have guided our pen. We will yield to no man in our attachment to Protestant principles, nor in our estimation of their paramount truth and value. We regard the liberation of mind effected by the Reformation as the source of all our present blessings, and our national preeminence. We believe that our firm stand by the truths of the Bible, and the spirit of liberty and law which is their direct result, is the reason why the Almighty has seen fit to place us at the head of nations, and to give to the language, the institutions, the dominion, and the glory of England a pre-eminence and an expanse such as no nation ever before enjoyed; that this is the secret of our invincible arms in all quarters of the globe, of our being chosen as the founders of the new and vast people of North America, of India, South Africa, and Australia, who form the links of a chain of British life, enlightenment, manliness, and religious reverence which encircles the globe as with an imperial zone. But as we hold and must hold the right of every man to maintain the independence of his creed and conscience, we are bound as citizens and subjects to deal out justice and impartiality to Roman Catholics as to Protestants; and were we to sketch and colour the religious partisans of the periods over which we have passed in this Volume, not by the undoubted documents which those times furnish, but by the colours in which the opponents on each side arrayed them to themselves, we should commit a gross and unpardonable violation of the truth of history, and be unworthy to hold the high and responsible position of the narrators of the veritable past in its many-sided completeness.

In our next Volume we shall be called on to detail the progress of still greater events and changes, the conflict of the monarchical and the national will, the overthrow of thrones and intolerance, and to hail the rising of the British Constitution as it now exists out of the waters of this agitated sea of antagonistic principles.

ILLUSTRATIONS TO THE SECOND VOLUME.

1. PAGE

2. Frontispiece—Entry of Anne Boleyn into London. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. Louis XI. and the Herald ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   1

4. Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI., and Edward IV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   6

5. Queen Elizabeth Wydville, with her children, taking Sanctuary at Westminster ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   7

6. Edward V. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   13

7. The Death of Clarence ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   15

8. Parting of Queen Elizabeth Wydville and her son, the Duke of York ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   18

9. The Penance of Jane Shore ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   19

10. Great Seal of Edward V. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    22

11. Richard III. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    25

12. Great Seal of Richard III. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    27

13. The Murder of the Princes in the Tower ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    30

14. Battle of Bosworth Field. Lord Stanley bringing the Crown of Richard to Richmond ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    31

15. "Jockey of Norfolk," killed at Bosworth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    36

16. House of the 15th Century, in which Richard is said to have slept on the night before the Battle of Bosworth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    37

17. Tournament, Harl. MS., 4,379 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    42

18. Criminals conducted to Execution, 15th Century. Harl. MS., 4,374 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    43

19. Execution of a Criminal, from a MS. of Froissart's Chronicles, 15th Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    43

20. Friar preaching from a movable Pulpit, Royal MS., 14 E. 3 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    45

21. Isabel Hervey, Abbess of Elstow, from a Brass ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    45

22. Pilgrim buying a Glass Mirror. From a MS. of Lydgate's Poem of "The Pilgrim" ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    47

23. Parish Priest in Ordinary Costume, and attired for the Altar, 15th Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    47

24. Earl Rivers presenting William Caxton to Edward VI. From a MS. in the library of Lambeth Palace ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    49

25. Fac-simile from the Bible printed at Mayence in 1450, by Gutenberg ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    49

26. Fragment Fac-simile of the 98th page of the Psalter, printed at Mayence in 1457 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    50

27. Fac-simile of Caxton's Printing in the "Dictates and Sayings of Philosophers," printed in 1477 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    50

28. Copyist at Work ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    51

29. Physician bleeding a Patient, Harl MS., 4,425 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    51

30. Abbot Whetbamstede of St. Albans, from the register book of the Abbey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    52

31. Richard III. and his Queen, engraved from the Warwick roll ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    52

32. Mason and Carpenter of the 15th Century, MS. Reg. 15 E. 11 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    53

33. Gatehouse of the Priory at Montacute, Somersetshire ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    54

34. Gatehouse at Helmingham, Suffolk ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    54

35. Red Mount Chapel, at Lynn, Norfolk ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    55

36. Window of Crosby Hall, London ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    56

37. Buttress of Beauchamp Chapel ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    57

38. Staircase at Charlton House, Kent ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    58

39. Fireplace at Charlton House, Kent ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    58

40. Bay Window at Speke Hall ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    58

41. Smithell's Hall, Lancashire ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    59

42. Staircase leading to the Chapel, Smithell's Hall ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    59

43. Amusements of People of Rank, 15th Century, Harl. MS., 4,425 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    61

44. Organ of the 14th Century, MS. 175, Imp. Lib. of Paris ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    61

45. Cannon of the 15th Century, MS. Reg. 15 E. iv. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    61

46. Hand-gun, reign of Edward IV., MS. Reg., 15 E. iv. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    62

47. Cannon, end of 15th Century. From an engraving by J. Van Mechlin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    62

48. Soldier in a Floating Battery, with Hand-gun fitted on Stock. Printed at Verona in 1472 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    62

49. Ship of War and Galley of the 15th Century, Harl. MS. 4,374-9 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    63

50. Groat of Richard III. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    65

51. Penny of Richard III. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    65

52. Half-groat of Henry V. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    65

53. Angel of Edward IV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    65

54. Half-groat of Edward IV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    65

55. Bedstead of the 15th Century. From a MS. romance of the Comte d'Artois ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    66

56. Bedroom Furniture, time of Henry VI. Harl. MS., 2,278 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    66

57. Kitchen of the 15th Century. Harl. MS., 4,375 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    66

58. The Knight's Return from the War. MS. in the British Museum. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    67

59. Costume of the Middle Classes in the 15th Century. Cotton MSS., Nero, D. 7 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    68

60. Costume of Gentlemen, A.D. 1460. From a MS. History of Thebes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    68

61. Male Costume of Henry IV.'s reign. Harl. MS., 2,332 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    68

62. Ladies' Head-dresses ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    69

63. Costume of the Reign of Henry V. Royal MSS., 15 D 3 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    69

64. Lady Margaret Pennebrygg ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    69

65. Robert Skerne and Joan his wife. From a Brass ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    69

66. Female Costume. Royal MS. 16. G. 5 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    69

67. Male Costume. From various MSS. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    70

68. —Reign of Edward IV. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    70

69. Hats and Caps. Harl MSS., 4,379-80 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    70

70. Ladies' Head-dresses. Harl. MS., 2,278 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    70

71. —From a MS. of Froissart's Chronicles ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    70

72. Female Costume. From a MS. History of Thebes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    71

73. Couvrechef or Kerchief ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    71

74. Seals, Kings, and portions of Chains ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    71

75. From a Brass of Sir John Drayton ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    71

76. Knight in complete Armour, A.D. 1461-80 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    72

77. Mace, Hand-cannon, Hand-gun, and Battle-axe ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    72

78. Effigy of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, A.D. 1442-65 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    72

79. The Standards taken at Bosworth laid on the Altar of St. Paul's Cathedral ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    73

80. Great Seal of Henry VII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    75

81. Henry VII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    78

82. Simnel presented to the Earl of Kildare ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    79

83. Elizabeth, Queen of Henry VII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    85

84. Remains of Bermondsey Abbey, in which Queen Elizabeth Wydville was confined ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    90

85. An Old English Merrymaking, 15th Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    91

86. London in the 15th Century. From Royal MS. 16, F. 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    97

87. Knight in complete Armour. Harl. MSS., 4,379-80 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    98

88. Bowmen of the 14th and 15th Centuries ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    100

89. Beaulieu Abbey, where Perkin Warbeck took Sanctuary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    103

90. Henry VII. at the Dispatch of Business ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    103

91. The White Rose of Scotland ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    106

92. Thomas Stanley, first Earl of Derby ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    109

93. The Port of Weymouth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    114

94. Interior of Henry VII.'s Chapel in Westminster Abbey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    115

95. Great Seal of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    120

96. Curious Antique Clock, belonging to Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    120

97. Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    121

98. Death of Gaston de Foix, at Ravenna ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    126

99. The Battle of Spurs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    127

100. Costume of an English Gentleman in the time of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     130

101. —Lady in the time of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     130

102. Great Ship of King Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     132

103. The Shrine of Prince Arthur, brother of Henry VIII., in Worcester Cathedral ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     133

104. The Lord Cardinal Thomas Wolsey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     138

105. The Scottish Peers demanding the Children of Queen Margaret ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     139

106. Henry VIII., Catherine of Arragon, and Thomas Wolsey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     144

107. King Henry VIII. retiring from Council ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     145

108. Meeting of Henry VIII. and Francis I on the Field of the Cloth of Gold ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     150

109. The Field of the Cloth of Gold. From a Bas-relief on the Hotel dn Bourtheroulde, at Rouen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     151

110. Execution of the Duke of Buckingham ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     154

111. The City of Bruges—Palace of the Franks ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     156

112. Queen Catherine of Arragon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     157

113. Hampton Court Palace, the Residence of Cardinal Wolsey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     159

114. Erasmus and Sir Thomas More ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     162

115. Windsor Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     163

116. Old Greenwich Palace, as it appeared in the Reign of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     168

117. King Henry VIII. and his Council. From Hall's Chronicle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     168

118. Francis I., King of France, taken Prisoner at the Battle of Pavia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     169

119. Louise reading of the Capture of the King ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     174

120. Bird's-eye View of Rhodes in the 16th Century. From an ancient Manuscript ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     175

121. Boudoir of Anne Boleyn, in the Gateway of Hever Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     178

122. Hever Castle, Kent. Residence of Anne Boleyn ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     180

123. Entrance to Wolsey's College, Ipswich ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     181

124. Queen Anne Boleyn ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     186

125. Ball at old Greenwich Palace. Henry VIII. dancing with Anne Boleyn ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     187

126. Ante-chamber in Hever Castle, Kent: Residence of Anne Boleyn ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     192

127. Trial of Queen Catherine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     193

128. The Dismissal of Cardinal Wolsey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     198

129. Wolsey at Leicester ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     199

130. Ruins of Leicester Abbey, the Scene of the Death of Cardinal Wolsey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     203

131. Thomas Cranmer ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     204

132. Private Marriage of Anne Boleyn to Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     205

133. Cardinal Pole ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     210

134. Place of Execution within the Tower of London ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     211

135. Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     216

136. Margaret Roper taking leave of her Father, Sir Thomas More, on the Tower Wharf ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     217

137. Tomb of Catherine of Arragon in Peterborough Cathedral ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     222

138. Arrest of Anne Boleyn ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     223

139. Chapel on the Tower Green, where Anne Boleyn was buried ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     228

140. Henry VIII. at the Royal Hunt in Epping Forest, on the morning of the Execution of Anne Boleyn ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     229

141. Jane Seymour ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     231

142. The Pilgrimage of Grace ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     235

143. Miles Coverdale ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     240

144. Henry VIII. delivering the translated Bible to his Lords ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     241

145. Anne of Cleves ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     246

146. Henry VIII. granting the Charter to the Worshipful Company of Barber-Surgeons ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     247

147. City Watchmen of the time of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     252

148. The Block and Axe in the Tower of London ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     252

149. Old Richmond Palace ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     253

150. Queen Catherine Howard ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     258

151. King Henry and his Parliament. From an Engraving of the period ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     259

152. Henry VIII. delivering the Translated Bible to the Lords. From Cranmer's Bible ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     263

153. Chained Bibles set up in the Churches, by the order of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     264

154. Instruments of Torture used in the reign of Henry VIII., and still preserved in the Tower of London ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     264

155. Domestic Architecture in the reign of Henry VIII. Old Houses at Shrewsbury ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     265

156. PAGE

157. Catherine Parr ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     270

158. Marriage of Henry VIII. and Catherine Parr ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     271

159. View of Portsmouth Harbour, as it appears at the present time ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     277

160. The Palace of Nonsuch, on London Bridge, erected in the reign of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     282

161. Death of Cardinal Beaton ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     283

162. Conduit in London Streets, with Stocks, Pillory, and Whipping Post ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     288

163. Henry VIII. and Catherine Parr ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     289

164. Edward VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     291

165. Edward VI. entering London ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     295

166. Great Seal of Edward VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     300

167. Rearing the Fire Cross for the Assembly of the Highland Clans, before the battle of Pinkie ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     301

168. The Duke of Somerset ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     306

169. The Herald delivering a Challenge to single combat from Lord Huntly to the Duke of Somerset ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     307

170. Latimer preaching before Edward VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     312

171. Pillory at the Gateway of old London Bridge ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     313

172. Traitors' heads over the Gateway of London Bridge ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     313

173. Old Somerset House, the Residence of the Protector during the reign of Edward VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     318

174. An assembly in Ket's Camp ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     319

175. St. James's Palace, Westminster Abbey, and ancient Conduit, in the reign of Edward VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     324

176. Edward VI. presenting the Warrant for the Execution of Joan Bocher to Archbishop Cranmer ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     325

177. Dulley, Duke of Northumberland ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     330

178. Edward VI. granting the Charter to Bridewell ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     331

179. Lady Jane Grey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     336

180. King Edward's last Physician ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     337

181. Edward VI. in Council. From an old Engraving ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     339

182. Queen Mary I ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     342

183. The Crown of England offered to Lady Jane Grey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     343

184. Lady Jane Grey and Roger Aschau ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     343

185. Execution of the Duke of Northumberland on Tower Hill ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     349

186. Philip of Spain ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     354

187. Allington Castle, the Residence of Sir Thomas Wyatt ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     355

188. Great Seal of Queen Mary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     358

189. Autograph of Queen Mary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     358

190. Queen Mary in her Private Oratory ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     360

191. Wyatt on his way to Execution, solemnly exonerating the Princess Elizabeth and Courtenay from participation in his Rebellion ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     361

192. Lady Jane Grey watching the Execution of her Husband ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     363

193. Carving ascribed to John Dudley, in the Beauchamp Tower ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     365

194. Inscription cut by the husband of Lady Jane Grey on the Walls of his Prison ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     365

195. The Princess Elizabeth at Traitor's Gate ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     365

196. Reception of the first Russian Embassy in England ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     367

197. Room in which Lord Guildford Dudley was imprisoned in the Beauchamp Tower ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     373

198. Burning of Archbishop Cranmer ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     378

199. Recantation of Archbishop Cranmer, in St. Mary's Church, Oxford ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     379

200. Place of Execution, Smithfield ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     384

201. Martyr's Stone at Hadleigh ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     384

202. Siege of Calais. Departure of the Citizens ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     385

203. Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     390

204. Queen Elizabeth acknowledged by the Bishops ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     391

205. Queen Elizabeth entering London ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     397

206. John Knox ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     402

207. Destruction of the Carthusian Monastery, Perth, by Rioters ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     403

208. Great Seal of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     408

209. Mary Queen of Scots landing at Leith ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     409

210. Mary Queen of Scots ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     414

211. State Progress of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     415

212. Queen Elizabeth and her Suitors ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     421

213. The Earl of Murray ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     426

214. The Dismission of the Earl of Murray and the Abbot of Kilwinning by Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     427

215. Murder of Rizzio ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     432

216. Holyrood House ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     433

217. Lord Darnley ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     438

218. Queen Elizabeth and her Parliament ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     439

219. Surrender of Mary Queen of Scots at Carberry Hill ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     445

220. Mary Stuart about to sign her Resignation at Lochleven Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     450

221. Mary Queen of Scots in Imprisonment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     451

222. Queen Mary protesting against the Commissioners appointed to inquire into her Conduct ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     457

223. Memento Mori Watch of Mary Queen of Scots ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     459

224. Assassination of the Regent Murray ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     462

225. Queen Elizabeth's Kitchen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     463

226. Place of Imprisonment in the Tower ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     468

227. A London Street on a Rainy Day, in the time of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     469

228. The first Royal Exchange, erected by Sir Thomas Gresham ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     474

229. Trial of the Duke of Norfolk ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     475

230. House of Sir Thomas Gresham, in Bishops-gate Street ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     480

231. John Fox, the Martyrologist ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     481

232. Bear Baiting, as practised in the time of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     486

233. Reception of Queen Elizabeth at Kenilworth Castle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     487

234. The French Ambassador at the Court of Queen Elizabeth, after the Massacre of St. Bartholomew ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     492

235. Edmund Spenser ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     493

236. William Cecil, Lord Burleigh ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     498

237. Execution of Two Brownists ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     499

238. Court of Henry III of France. Ball at the Palace ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     504

239. Queen Elizabeth knighting Francis Drake ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     505

240. Sir Philip Sydney ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     510

241. Death of Sir Philip Sidney at the Battle of Zutphen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     511

242. Sir Francis Walsingbam ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     516

243. Dudley, Earl of Leicester ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     517

244. Sir Francis Drake ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     522

245. Mary Queen of Scots taking Leave of her Attendants ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     523

246. The Custom House in the reign of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     528

247. Earl of Essex ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     529

248. Wreck of one of the Armada Vessels on the Irish Coast ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     534

249. Queen Elizabeth at Tilbury ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     535

250. Tilbury Fort, on the Thames ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     538

251. Destruction of the Spanish Armada ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     540

252. Sir Walter Raleigh ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     541

253. Essex House, in the Strand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     546

254. Henry of Navarre (afterwards Henry IV. of France) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     547

255. A Barber's Shop in the reign of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     552

256. James VI. of Scotland ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     553

257. The Reconciliation between Queen Elizabeth and the Earl of Essex ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     558

258. Confession of the Countess of Nottingham ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     559

259. An Irish Trooper. From an old Manuscript ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     564

260. The Death of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     565

261. Autograph of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     566

262. Tomb of Queen Elizabeth in Westminster Abbey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     570

263. A Trial for High Treason, in Westminster Hall, during the Tudor period ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     571

264. The Star Chamber ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     576

265. William Tyndale ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     577

266. Branding Iron ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     578

267. Permanent Pillory ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     578

268. A Friar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     579

269. Sanctuary, Westminster ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     579

270. Pulpit Hour-glass, time of Edward VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     580

271. Bishop of the Reformed Church ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     580

272. Luther Denouncing the Romish Ritual ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     582

273. Destruction of the Cross in Cheapside ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     583

274. Punishment of the Pillory ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     583

275. Punishment of the Stocks ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     583

276. Doing Penance in a Church ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     585

277. Cathedral of Geneva ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     585

278. Arms of Geneva ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     586

279. Christ's Hospital. Founded by Edward VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     588

280. Shakespeare's Birthplace, at Stratford-on-Avon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     589

281. William Shakespeare ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     594

282. Representing Shakespeare's Plays in the Hall of the Middle Temple ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     595

283. Globe Theatre, Bankside ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     600

284. Music Book and Musical Instrument belonging to Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     601

285. Andley Gate. Tudor period ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     601

286. Gateway of Speke Hall. Tudor period ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     601

287. Helmingham Hall, Suffolk. Tudor period ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     603

288. Gate house, Westwood House. Tudor period ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     603

289. Entrance from the Courtyard of Burghley House ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     606

290. Couch used by Mary Queen of Scots during her Imprisonment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     606

291. Arras in Knowle House ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     607

292. Fire Dogs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     607

293. Nursery Chair of James VI. of Scotland ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     607

294. Armour of the Reign of Henry VII., from the Effigy of Sir Thomas Peyton ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     609

295. Armour of the Reign of Henry VIII., from the Effigy of Richard Gyll ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     609

296. Foot Soldier in the Reign of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     609

297. Helmets and Headpieces ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     609

298. Guards of the Reign of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     609

299. Group of Weapons, &c., preserved in the Tower ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     610

300. Artillery of the Tudor period ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     610

301. Group of Arms of the Tudor period ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     610

302. Dandies of the time of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     611

303. Dress of the Commonalty in the time of Edward VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     611

304. A Gentleman of Fashion in the time of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     612

305. Lady and Countrywoman of the days of Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     612

306. A Beggar of the time of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     612

307. Ladies' Head-dress of the time of Henry VII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     612

308. Ladies' Head-dress of the time of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     612

309. Ordinary Costume of the Days of Queen Mary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     613

310. Beards of the 16th Century: 1. The Spade. 2. The Stiletto. 3. Double Stiletto. 4. Round Beard ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     613

311. Beards of the 16th Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     613

312. Head-dresses of the 16th Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     613

313. Female Costume, 1600 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     613

314. Ladies' Head-dresses, 16th Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     613

315. Dress of a Lady, 1485 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     613

316. Ordinary Costume, time of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     613

317. A Courtier of Queen Bess's time ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     615

318. Gentlemen of the Queen's Chapel, in the time of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     615

319. Sovereign of Henry VII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     616

320. Gold Real of Mary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     616

321. Milled Sixpence of Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     616

322. Crown of Edward VI. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     616

323. George Noble of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     617

324. The Ships of Columbus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     617

325. A Ship of the 16th Century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     617

326. Sir Thomas Gresham, Founder of the Royal Exchange ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     618

327. State Coach of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     619

328. Side Saddle of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     619

329. Charing Cross and the Strand in the days of Queen Elizabeth ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     619

330. Pack Horses of the Tudor period ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     621

331. A Statute Fir in the days of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     621

332. Sections showing the Increase of London since the latter part of the reign of Henry VIII. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     622

333. Outline Plan, showing the Extent of London in the Reigns of King Henry VIII. and Queen Victoria ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     622

334. Hunting the Hare in St. Giles's Fields, in the days of Queen Mary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

     623

Chapters (not listed in original)

• Chapter 1
• Chapter 2
• Chapter 3
• Chapter 4
• Chapter 5
• Chapter 6
• Chapter 7
• Chapter 8
• Chapter 9
• Chapter 10
• Chapter 11
• Chapter 12
• Chapter 13
• Chapter 14
• Chapter 15
• Chapter 16
• Chapter 17
• Index