Category:PD-Ukraine

Works in this category are a Ukrainian or Ukrainian SSR work and are presently in the public domain in Ukraine. Due to the retroactive Ukrainian copyright law of 1993, a work is in the public domain in Ukraine according to the following criteria:

• Copyright in a work arises from the fact of its creation and takes effect from the date of creation.
• Copyright is valid throughout the life of the author and for 70 years after the author's death, except as provided below.
• For works published anonymously or under a pseudonym, copyright expires 70 years after the work was released. If the pseudonym adopted by the author leaves no doubt as to the identity of the author or the author is revealed no later than 70 years after the publication of the work, copyright lasts for the author's life plus 70 years.
• Copyright in collaborative works is valid for life and 70 years after the death of the last co-author.
• Copyright in works of posthumously rehabilitated authors is valid for 70 years after their rehabilitation.
• Copyright in a work first published within 30 years after the author's death is valid for 70 years from the date of its lawful publication.
• Persons who first publish an unpublished work after its copyright protection expires enjoy protection for 25 years from the time when the work was first published.
• Calculation of the terms of copyright starts from January 1 of the year following the relevant event.

Copyright protection under the 1993 act applied to all works where the copyright had not expired before the act became effective. A Ukrainian or Ukrainian SSR work is in the public domain in Ukraine if it was published before January 1, 1951, and the creator (if known) died before that date, or if another event listed above occurred before January 1, 1951. This is the effect of the copyright term extension from 50 to 70 years in 2001.

Works in this category are also in the public domain in the United States because they were first published outside the United States (and not published in the U.S. within 30 days), and they were first published before 1989 without complying with U.S. copyright formalities (renewal and/or copyright notice) and they were in the public domain in Ukraine on the URAA date (January 1, 1996). This is the combined effect of Ukraine having joined the Berne Convention in 1995, and of 17 USC 104A with its critical date of January 1, 1996.

Because the Ukrainian copyright term in 1996 was 50 years, the critical date for copyright in the United States is January 1, 1946.

These works may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.