Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary 1908/Strongyle Sumac

by Thomas Davidson

fāte, fär; mē, hėr; mīne; mōte; mūte; mōōn; then.

Strongyle, stron′jil, n. a strongyloid nematode worm.—adj. Stron′gyloid. [Gr. strongylos, round.]

Strontium, stron′shi-um, n. a yellowish, ductile, malleable metal somewhat harder than lead, existing as a carbonate in the mineral Strontianite (first found in 1790 near Strontian in Argyllshire), and as a sulphate in the mineral known as Celestine.—ns. Stron′tia, the oxide of strontium—also Stron′tian; Stron′tianite, carbonate of strontia.

Strook, strōōk (Milt.) obsolete pa.t. and pa.p. of strike.

Strop, strop, n. a strip of leather, or of wood covered with leather, &c., for sharpening razors.—v.t. to sharpen on a strop:—pr.p. strop′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. stropped. [Older form of strap.]

Strophanthus, strō-fan′thus, n. a genus of tropical African and Asiatic plants of order Apocynaceæ, often climbers, the seeds of several species in Africa yielding arrow-poison, those of S. hispidus yielding an extremely poisonous bitter principle, Strophan′thin, whose medicinal action is very similar to that of Digitalis. [Gr. strophos, twisted band, anthos, flower.]

Strophe, strōf′e, n. in the ancient drama, the song sung by the chorus while dancing towards one side of the orchestra, to which its reverse, the antistrophe, answers.—adj. Stroph′ic. [Gr.]

Strophiole, strof′i-ōl, n. (bot.) an aril-like appendage growing from the raphe in the fruits of Viola, &c.—adjs. Stroph′iolate, -d. [Gr. strophion, dim. of strophos, a twisted band.]

Strossers, stros′ėrz, n. (Shak.) trousers. [A form of trossers=trousers.]

Strouding, strowd′ing, n. a coarse, warm cloth or blanketing.

Stroup, strōōp, n. (Scot.) a spout, nozzle.

Strout, strowt, v.t. (Bacon) to strut, to cause to project or swell out.

Strove, strōv, pa.t. of strive.

Strow, strō, same as Strew:—pa.p. strōwed or strōwn.

Stroy, stroi, v.t. (Shak.) to destroy.

Strub, strub, v.t. and v.i. (prov.) to rob.

Struck, Strucken, pa.t. and pa.p. of strike.

Structure, struk′tūr, n. manner of building: construction: a building, esp. one of large size: arrangement of parts or of particles in a substance: manner of organisation: an organic form.—adj. Struc′tūral, morphological.—n. Structūralisā′tion.—adv. Struc′tūrally, in a structural manner.—adjs. Struc′tured, having a certain structure; Struc′tureless.—adv. Struc′turely, in structure, by construction.—n. Struc′tūrist, one who rears structures. [L. structura—struĕre, structum, to build.]

Struggle, strug′l, v.i. to make great efforts with contortions of the body: to make great exertions: to contend: to labour in pain: to be in agony or distress.—n. a violent effort with contortions of the body: great labour: agony.—n. Strugg′ler, one who struggles, strives, or contends. [Skeat explains M. E. strogelen as a weakened form of an assumed strokelen, a freq. verb, from Ice. strok-, stem of strokinn, pa.p. of strjúka, to strike; cf. Ice. strokka, to churn, also Sw. stryka, to strike.]

Struldbrug, struld′brug, n. one of a class of immortals in Gulliver's Travels, born with a special mark in the forehead, kept by the public after eighty.

Strum, strum, v.t. to play on (as a musical instrument) in a coarse, noisy manner:—pr.p. strum′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. strummed. [A variant of thrum.]

Struma, strōō′ma, n. scrofula:—pl. Stru′mæ.—adjs. Strumat′ic, Stru′mous, having scrofula: scrofulous—also Strumōse′; Strumif′erous, bearing strumæ or swellings; Stru′miform, having the form of a struma.—ns. Strumī′tis, inflammation of the thyroid gland; Strumō′sis, production of struma; Stru′mousness. [L. strumosus—struma, scrofula.]

Strumpet, strum′pet, n. a whore.—adj. like a strumpet: inconstant: false.—v.t. to make a strumpet of: to call a strumpet. [O. Fr. strupe, stupre—L. stuprum, dishonour, struprāre, to debauch.]

Strung, strung, pa.t. and pa.p. of string.

Strunt, strunt, v.i. (Scot.) to strut.

Strunt, strunt, n. (Scot.) spirits, a dram of such: a sulky fit.

Strut, strut, v.i. to walk in a pompous manner: to walk with affected dignity:—pr.p. strut′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. strut′ted.—n. a proud step or walk: affectation of dignity in walking.—n. Strut′ter, one who struts.—adv. Strut′tingly, in a strutting manner. [Scand., Dan. strutte, to strut; Low Ger. strutt, rigid; Ger. strotzen, to be puffed up.]

Strut, strut, n. a support for a rafter: an instrument for adjusting the plaits of a ruff.—v.t. to brace.

Struthio, strōō′thi-ō, n. the sole genus of Struthionidæ, the African ostriches.—adjs. Stru′thionine, Stru′thious. [L.,—Gr. strouthiōn, an ostrich.]

Strychnine, strik′nin, n. a poisonous alkaloid occurring in crystals, intensely bitter, colourless and inodorous, obtained from the seeds of nux vomica—also Strych′nia.—adj. Strych′nic.—ns. Strych′ninism, the condition produced by a poisonous dose of strychnine; Strych′nism, the morbid state of the spinal cord produced by strychnine. [Gr. strychnos, a kind of nightshade.]

Stryde, strīd, n. (Spens.) stride.

Stub, stub, n. the stump left after a tree is cut down: anything short and thick, a stump or truncated end of anything, a worn horse-shoe nail, esp. in pl.: the counterfoil in a cheque-book, &c.—v.t. to take the stubs or roots of from the ground: to cut to a stub: to strike against a stub:—pr.p. stub′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. stubbed.—adj. Stubbed, short and thick like a stump: blunt: obtuse.—ns. Stub′bedness; Stub′biness, state of being stubby: stubbedness.—adj. Stub′by, abounding with stubs: short, thick, and strong.—ns. Stub′-ī′ron, that worked up from stubs for gun-barrels; Stub′-nail, a short thick nail. [A.S. styb; Dut. stobbe, Ice. stubbi.]

Stubble, stub′l, n. the stumps or root-ends of the stalks of corn left in the ground by the reaper or mower: anything like this, as a bristly beard, &c.: the sugar-cane in the field after the first year.—adjs. Stubb′led, covered with stubble; Stubb′le-fed, fed on the natural grass growing among stubble.—ns. Stubb′le-goose, or Harvest-goose, the greylag goose; Stubb′le-rake, a rake with long teeth for raking stubble together.—adj. Stubb′ly, stubbled: having stubble: covered with stubble. [O. Fr. estouble, prob. Teut. (Old High Ger. stupfila), or directly from L. stipula, dim. of stipes, a stalk.]

Stubborn, stub′orn, adj. immovably fixed in opinion: obstinate: persevering: steady: stiff: inflexible: hardy: not easily melted or worked.—v.t. (Keats) to make stubborn.—adv. Stubb′ornly.—n. Stubb′ornness.—adj. Stubb′orn-shaft′ed, having strong shafts or trunks. [A.S. styb, a stub.]

Stucco, stuk′ō, n. a plaster of lime and fine sand, &c., used as a coating for walls, for decorations, &c.: work done in stucco.—v.t. to face or overlay with stucco: to form in stucco.—n. Stucc′ōer, one who works or deals in stucco. [It. stucco; from Old High Ger. stucchi, a crust, a shell.]

Stuck, stuk, pa.t. and pa.p. of stick.—adj. Stuck′-up, affectedly vain, self-important.

Stuck, stuk, n. (Shak.) a thrust. [Stoccado.]

Stuckle, stuk′l, n. (prov.) several sheaves set together.

Stud, stud, n. a collection of breeding horses and mares, also the place where they are kept: a collection of horses for racing or hunting, also of other animals, even of dogs in America.—ns. Stud′-book, a record of the pedigrees of famous animals, esp. horses; Stud′-farm, a farm where horses are bred; Stud′-groom, a groom at a stud, esp. the head-groom; Stud′-horse, a stallion. [A.S. stód; Ger. gestüt.]

Stud, stud, n. a nail with a large head: an ornamental double-headed button worn in a cuff or shirt-front: one of the intermediate posts in a partition to which laths are nailed: a cross-piece in the links of a chain-cable for strengthening: a small pin in a watch: a trunk, stem.—v.t. to adorn with knobs: to set thickly, as with studs:—pr.p. stud′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. stud′ded.—ns. Stud′-bolt, a bolt with a thread on each end, screwed into a fixed part at one end, receiving a nut upon the other; Stud′ding-sail, a narrow sail set temporarily at the outer edges of a square sail when the wind is light—also Scudding-sail; Stud′dle, a prop supporting a platform in a mine; Stud′-work, brickwork walls between studs: studded leather armour. [A.S. studu, a post.]

Student, stū′dent, n. one who studies, a scholar at a higher school, college, or university: one devoted to the study of any subject: a man devoted to books.—ns. Stū′dentry, students collectively; Stū′dentship, an endowment for a student in a college.

Studio, stū′di-o, n. the workshop of an artist or photographer:—pl. Stū′dios. [It.]

Studious, stū′di-us, adj. given to study: thoughtful: diligent: careful (with of): studied: deliberately planned: favourable for study or meditation.—adv. Stū′diously.—n. Stū′diousness.

Study, stud′i, v.t. to bestow pains upon: to apply the mind to: to examine closely, in order to learn thoroughly: to form and arrange by thought: to con over.—v.i. to apply the mind closely to a subject: to try hard: to muse, meditate, reflect: to apply the mind to books:—pa.t. and pa.p. stud′ied.—n. a setting of the mind upon a subject, earnest endeavour, application to books, &c.: absorbed attention: contrivance: any object of attentive consideration: any particular branch of learning: a room devoted to study: a first sketch from nature, a drawing or painting hastily done to facilitate later and more elaborate work, a student's exercise in painting or sculpture: a composition in music intended to help in acquiring mechanical facility: in theatrical phrase, one who commits a part to memory.—adj. Stud′ied, qualified by, or versed in, study: learned: planned with study or deliberation: premeditated.—adv. Stud′iedly, in a studied or premeditated manner.—n. Stud′ier, one who studies. [O. Fr. estudie (Fr. étude)—L. studium, zeal; Gr. spoudē, zeal.]

Stufa, stōōf′a, n. a jet of steam issuing from a fissure in the earth. [It.]

Stuff, stuf, n. materials of which anything is made: that which fills anything: essence, elemental part: textile fabrics, cloth, esp. when woollen: something trifling, worthless, or contemptible: a melted mass of turpentine, tallow, &c. used for paying masts, planks, &c.: a medicinal mixture: boards for building: (slang) money: worthless matter: possessions generally, esp. household furniture, &c.—v.t. to fill by crowding: to fill very full: to press in: to crowd: to cram, as with nonsense or lies: to obstruct: to cause to bulge out by filling: to fill with seasoning, as a fowl: to fill the skin of a dead animal, so as to reproduce its living form.—v.i. to feed gluttonously: to practise taxidermy.—ns. Stuff′er, one who stuffs, esp. the skins of animals; Stuff′-gown, a gown of stuff, not silk, esp. that of a junior barrister; Stuff′ing, that which is used to stuff or fill anything—straw, sawdust, feathers, hair, &c.: relishing ingredients put into meat, poultry, &c. in cooking; Stuff′ing-box, a contrivance for keeping a piston-rod, &c., air-tight or water-tight by means of closely-fitting packing, while allowing it free motion. [O. Fr. estoffe (Fr. étoffe)—L. stuppa, tow.]

Stuffy, stuf′i, adj. badly ventilated, musty: causing difficulty in breathing: (Scot.) stout: sturdy: (slang) sulky.—n. Stuff′iness. [O. Fr. estouffer, to choke—estoffe, stuff.]

Stug, stug, n. (Scot.) a thorn.

Stuggy, stug′i, adj. (prov.) thick-set, stout.

Stull, stul, n. (prov.) in mining, a cross-timber in an excavation.

Stulm, stulm, n. a small shaft used to drain a mine.

Stulp, stulp, n. (prov.) a post.

Stultify, stul′ti-fī, v.t. to make a fool of: to cause to appear foolish: to destroy the force of one's argument by self-contradiction: (law) to allege or prove to be of unsound mind:—pa.t. and pa.p. stul′tified.—ns. Stultificā′tion, act of stultifying or making foolish; Stul′tifier, one who stultifies or makes a fool of; Stultil′oquence, Stultil′oquy, foolish talk or discourse, babbling.—adj. Stultil′oquent.—adv. Stultil′oquently. [L. stultus, foolish, facĕre, to make.]

Stum, stum, n. must, grape-juice unfermented: new wine used to revive dead or vapid wine: a mixture used to impart artificial strength, &c., to weak beer or wine: wine revived by the addition of stum or by a second fermentation.—v.t. to renew or doctor with stum: to fume, as a cask of liquor, with burning sulphur. [Dut. stom, must—stom, mute; Ger. stumm, dumb.]

Stumble, stum′bl, v.i. to strike the feet against something, to trip in walking: to light on by chance (with upon): to slide into crime or error.—v.t. to cause to trip or stop: to puzzle.—n. a trip in walking or running: a blunder: a failure.—ns. Stum′bler, one who stumbles; Stum′bling-block, -stone, a block or stone over which one would be likely to stumble: a cause of error.—adv. Stum′blingly.—adj. Stum′bly, apt to stumble. [Skeat explains the b as excrescent, the M. E. stomblen, stomelen, stumlen, also stomeren being from Ice. stumra, to stumble. It is thus a doublet of stammer.]

Stummel, stum′el, n. the bowl and stem of a pipe.

Stump, stump, n. the part of a tree left in the ground after the trunk is cut down: the part of a body remaining after a part is cut off or destroyed: (cricket) one of the three sticks forming a wicket.—v.t. to reduce to a stump, to truncate, to cut off a part of: to strike unexpectedly, as the foot against something fixed: (cricket) to knock down the wickets when the batsman is out of his ground: to bring to a stop by means of some obstacle or other, to defeat, ruin: (U.S.) to challenge to do something difficult: to make stump-speeches throughout a district, constituency, &c.: (slang) to pay down, hand over (with up).—v.i. to walk along heavily: to make stump-speeches.—ns. Stump′er, one who stumps; Stump′-or′ator, one who harangues the multitude from a temporary platform, as the stump of a tree: a speaker who travels about the country, and whose appeals are mainly to the passions of his audience; Stump′-or′atory; Stump′-speech, an impromptu speech delivered on any improvised platform, any speech made all round a district by some frothy agitator.—adj. Stump′y, full of stumps, short and thick.—n. (slang) cash.—Stump out (cricket), to put out by knocking down the stump or wicket. [Ice. stumpr; Ger. stumpf, nasalised form of stub.]

Stun, stun, v.t. to stupefy or astonish with a loud noise, or with a blow: to surprise completely: to amaze:—pr.p. stun′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. stunned.—n. a stroke, shock, stupefying blow.—ns. Stun′ner, a person or an action that strikes with amazement; Stun′ning, stupefaction.—adj. very striking, astonishing.—adv. Stun′ningly. [A.S. stunian, to make a din—stun, a din.]

Stundist, stun′dist, n. one of a body of Russian dissenters who reject forms and ceremonies, and base their faith and practice on the Bible alone.—n. Stun′dism, the doctrines of the Stundists. [Ger. stunde, an hour, from their stated meetings for Bible-reading.]

Stung, stung, pa.t. and pa.p. of sting.

Stunk, stungk, pa.p. of stink.

Stunt, stunt, v.t. to hinder from growth, to dwarf, check.—n. a check in growth: an animal whose growth is stunted.—adj. Stunt′ed, dwarfed.—n. Stunt′edness, state of being stunted. [A.S. stunt, blunt; Ice. stuttr, short.]

Stupa, stū′pa, n. a Buddhist monument: a dagoba or shrine of Buddha. [Sans.]

Stupe, stūp, n. a fomentation, or rather the tow or cloth dipped in it, and used in its application.—v.t. to treat with a stupe.—adjs. Stū′pēous, covered with long loose filaments or scales—also Stū′pōse; Stū′pulōse, finely stupose. [L.,—Gr. stuppē, tow.]

Stupefy, stū′pe-fī, v.t. to make stupid or senseless: to deaden the perception: to deprive of sensibility:—pa.t. and pa.p. stū′pefied.—adj. Stūpefā′cient, stupefying.—n. anything that stupefies, a narcotic drug.—n. Stūpefac′tion, the act of making stupid or senseless: insensibility: stupidity.—adj. Stūpefac′tive, causing stupefaction or insensibility.—ns. Stū′pefīedness; Stū′pefīer.—adj. Stū′pent, struck with stupor. [L. stupēre, to be struck senseless, facĕre, to make.]

Stupendous, stū-pen′dus, adj. wonderful, amazing, astonishing for its magnitude, force, enormity.—adv. Stūpen′dously.—n. Stūpen′dousness. [L. stupendus.]

Stupid, stū′pid, adj. struck senseless: insensible: deficient or dull in understanding: formed or done without reason or judgment: foolish: unskilful.—ns. Stupe (coll.), a stupid person; Stūpid′ity, Stū′pidness.—adv. Stū′pidly. [Fr.,—L. stupidus.]

Stupor, stū′por, n. the state of being struck senseless: suspension of sense either complete or partial: insensibility, intellectual or moral: excessive amazement or astonishment.—adj. Stū′porous.

Stuprum, stū′prum, n. forcible violation of chastity: rape.—v.t. Stū′prāte, to ravish.—n. Stūprā′tion. [L.,—stuprāre, -ātum, to debauch.]

Sturdy, stur′di, adj. (comp. Stur′dier, superl. Stur′diest) resolute: firm: forcible: strong: robust: stout: (obs.) stubborn or obstinate.—adv. Stur′dily.—n. Stur′diness. [O. Fr. estourdi, pa.p. of estourdir (Fr. étourdir), It. stordire, to stun; acc. to Diez, through an assumed Low L. form from L. torpidus, stupefied.]

Sturdy, stur′di, n. the gid, a disease affecting young sheep with staggering and stupor, caused by a species of tapeworm in the brain.—adj. Stur′died.

Sturgeon, stur′jun, n. a genus of large Ganoid fishes, yielding palatable flesh, caviare from their roe, isinglass from their air-bladders. [O. Fr. esturgeon, from Old High Ger. sturjo—stōren, to spread.]

Sturnidæ, stur′ni-dē, n.pl. a family of oscine passerine birds, its representative genus, Stur′nus, the starlings.—adjs. Stur′niform; Stur′noid.

Sturt, sturt, n. strife, wrath, vexation.—v.t. and v.i. to vex, annoy: start with fear.

Stutter, stut′ėr, v.i. to hesitate in speaking: to stammer.—n. the act of stuttering: a hesitation in speaking.—n. Stutt′erer, one who stutters.—adj. Stutt′ering, hesitating in speaking: stammering.—adv. Stutt′eringly. [A freq. of obs. stut, to stutter, M. E. stoten—Ice. stauta; cog. with Ger. stossen.]

Sty, stī, n. a small inflamed tumour on the eyelid. [A.S. stígend, from stígan, to step up.]

Sty, stī, n. an enclosure for swine: any place extremely filthy, any place of gross debauchery. [A.S. stígo; Ger. steige.]

Stygian, stij′i-an, adj. relating to Styx, one of the rivers of Hades, across which Charon ferries the shades of the departed: hellish, infernal, deadly, impenetrable. [L.,—Gr. stygein, to hate.]

Style, stīl, n. anything long and pointed, esp. a pointed tool for engraving or writing: manner of writing, mode of expressing thought in language: the distinctive manner peculiar to an author: characteristic or peculiar mode of expression and execution (in the fine arts): title: mode of address: practice, esp. in a law-court: manner: form: fashion: mode of reckoning time—Old Style, when the system follows the Julian calendar, as still in Russia, and in England before 2d September 1752; New Style, when the system follows the Gregorian calendar (eleven days were omitted, thus the 3d September became the 14th): the pin of a dial: (bot.) the middle portion of the pistil, between the ovary and the stigma (see Pistil).—v.t. to entitle in addressing or speaking of: to name or designate.—adjs. Sty′lar, pertaining to the pin of a dial; Sty′late, like a style, styliform.—n. Sty′let, a stiletto: the perforator of a trocar, a probe: a little style.—adjs. Sty′letiform, shaped like a stylet; Stylif′erous, having a style, stylate; Sty′liform, style-shaped; Sty′lish, displaying style: fashionable: showy: pretending to style.—adv. Sty′lishly.—ns. Sty′lishness; Sty′list, one with a distinctive and fine literary style.—adj. Stylist′ic.—adv. Stylist′ically.—adj. Sty′loid, resembling a style or pen.—n. Sty′lus, a style, pen. [Fr.,—L. stilus.]

Stylite, stī′līt, n. one of an early class of anchorets who lived unsheltered on the tops of pillars—Simeon Stylites (c. 390-459) is said to have lived thirty years on such. [Gr. stylitēs—stylos, a pillar.]

Stylobate, stī′lō-bāt, n. the substructure of a temple beneath the columns. [Gr. stylobatēs—stylos, a column, bainein, to go.]

Stylography, stī-log′ra-fi, n. a mode of writing or tracing lines with a style or pointed instrument on prepared paper, cards, or tablets.—n. Styl′ograph, a stylographic pen, a pencil-like pen from which ink is fed to a tubular writing-point through which runs a needle which when pressed on the paper releases the ink.—adj. Stylograph′ic.—adv. Stylograph′ically. [Gr. stylos, a style, graphein, to write.]

Stymie, stī′mi, n. in golf, a position on the putting-green when the ball of one player lies between that of his opponent and the hole.

Styptic, stip′tik, adj. drawing together: astringent: that stops bleeding.—n. an agent employed in surgery for the purpose of checking the flow of blood by application to the bleeding surface: an astringent medicine.—n. Styptic′ity. [Fr.,—L. stypticus—Gr. styptikos—styphein, to contract.]

Styrax, stī′raks, n. a genus of plants abounding in resinous and aromatic substances, one species of which produces storax, another benzoin. [L.—Gr.]

Stythe, stīth, n. (prov.) choke-damp.

Styx, stiks. See Stygian.

Suable, sū′a-bl, adj. that may be sued.—n. Suabil′ity.

Suage, swāj, v.t. (Milt.) to assuage.

Suasion, swā′zhun, n. the act of persuading or advising: advice.—adj. Suā′sive, tending to persuade: persuasive.—adv. Suā′sively.—n. Suā′siveness. [Fr.,—L. suasio—suadēre, to advise.]

Suave, swāv, or swäv, adj. pleasant: agreeable.—adv. Suāve′ly.—n. Suav′ity. [Fr.,—L. suavis, sweet.]

Sub, sub, n. (coll.) a subordinate, a subaltern: subsist money, being a part of a man's wages paid to him while the work is going on.

Subabdominal, sub-ab-dom′i-nal, adj. situated below the abdominal region, in the lower part of the abdomen.

Subacid, sub-as′id, adj. moderately acid, not unpleasantly sour: somewhat sharp or biting.—n. Subacid′ity.—adj. Subacid′ulous, moderately acidulous.

Subacrid, sub-ak′rid, adj. moderately acrid.

Subacute, sub-a-kūt′, adj. slightly or moderately acute.

Subaerial, sub-ā-ē′ri-al, adj. beneath the sky: in the open air.—n. Subāē′rialist, one who ascribes the greater inequalities in the earth's surface to atmospheric influences.—adv. Subāē′rially.

Subagent, sub-āj′ent, n. one employed by an agent to transact business in his stead.

Subahdar, sōō′ba-där, n. under the Mogul government, the title of the governor of a province (Su′bah): now a native officer ranking as a captain under European officers.—n. Su′bahdary, the office or jurisdiction of such.

Subalpine, sub-al′pīn, adj. belonging to a mountainous region next below alpine—i.e. near but not below the timber-line, alpestrine.

Subaltern, sub′al-tėrn, or sub-al′tėrn, adj. inferior: subordinate.—n. a subordinate: an officer in the army under the rank of captain: (logic) a specific class as included under a general one, or a particular statement as deducible from a universal one.—adjs. Subalter′nant, universal as opposed to particular; Subalter′nate, succeeding by turns: subordinate.—n. a particular proposition or a species, as opposed to a universal proposition or a genus.—n. Subalternā′tion. [Fr.,—Low L. subalternus—L. sub, under, alternus, one after the other, alter, the other.]

Subapostolic, sub-ap-os-tol′ik, adj. pertaining to the period just after that of the apostles—that of Barnabas, Clement of Rome, Hermas, Ignatius, Papias, and Polycarp. Just after these follow Justin Martyr, Irenæus, Clement of Alexandria, &c.

Subaqueous, sub-ā′kwe-us, adj. lying under water: formed under water: living under water.—adj. Subaquat′ic, subaqueous: partially aquatic.

Subarborescent, sub-ar-bor-es′ent, adj. somewhat arborescent or tree-like.

Subarctic, sub-ark′tik, adj. of a region or climate next to the arctic.

Subarrhation, sub-ar-ā′shun, n. the ancient custom of betrothal by gift of pledges. [L. sub, under, arrha, earnest-money.]

Subastral, sub-as′tral, adj. situated beneath the stars, terrestrial.

Subaudition, sub-aw-dish′un, n. a sense understood not expressed.

Subaxillary, sub-aks′i-lar-i, adj. below the armpit: under the axil or angle formed by a branch or leaf.

Subbing, sub′ing, n. (print.) the act of working as a substitute: the practice of advancing part of the wages while the work is going on.

Subcarbonate, sub-kär′bon-āt, n. a carbonate containing more than one equivalent of the base for each equivalent of carbonic acid.

Subcaudal, sub-kaw′dal, adj. beneath the tail.

Subcelestial, sub-sel-est′yal, adj. under the heavens.

Subclass, sub′klas, n. a primary subdivision of a class.

Subclavian, sub-klā′vi-an, adj. under the clavicle or collar-bone.—Also Subclavic′ular.

Subcommittee, sub′ko-mit-ē, n. an under-committee: a division of a committee.

Subconscious, sub-kon′shus, adj. faintly conscious, applying to perceptions which are without consciousness or memory.—adv. Subcon′sciously.—n. Subcon′sciousness.

Subcontiguous, sub-kon-tig′ū-us, n. almost touching.

Subcontinuous, sub-kon-tin′ū-us, adj. nearly continuous, with but slight interruptions.

Subcontract, sub-kon′trakt, n. a contract subordinate to another contract, as for the subletting of work.—v.i. Subcontract′.—adj. Subcontract′ed.—n. Subcontract′or.

Subcontrary, sub-kon′tra-ri, adj. contrary in an inferior degree: (geom.) said of a section of an oblique cone on a circular base, which section is itself a circle: (logic) denoting the opposition of two subalternate propositions.—n. a subcontrary proposition.—n. Subcontrarī′ety.

Subcordate, sub-kor′dāt, adj. heart-shaped.

Subcostal, sub-kos′tal, adj. under or between the ribs.

Subcrepitant, sub-krep′i-tant, adj. slightly crepitant.—n. Subcrepitā′tion.

Subculture, sub-kul′tūr, n. in bacteriology, a culture derived from a previous one.

Subcutaneous, sub-kū-tā′ne-us, adj. under the skin.—Subcutaneous syringe, a syringe for injecting substances beneath the skin.

Subdeacon, sub-dē′kn, n. a member of the order of the ministry next below that of deacon, preparing the vessels, &c., at the eucharist.—ns. Subdea′conry, Subdea′conship, Subdiac′onate.

Subdean, sub-dēn′, n. an assistant or substitute dean.—n. Subdean′ery.

Subdentate, sub-den′tāt, adj. imperfectly dentate, having indistinct teeth.

Subderivative, sub-dē-riv′a-tiv, n. a word derived from the derivative, rather than directly from the primitive word.

Subdivide, sub-di-vīd′, v.t. to divide into smaller divisions: to divide again.—v.i. to be subdivided: to separate.—adj. Subdivī′sible.—n. Subdivi′sion, the act of subdividing: the part made by subdividing.—adjs. Subdivi′sional; Subdivī′sive.

Subdolous, sub′dō-lus, adj. (obs.) crafty, subtle.

Subdominant, sub-dom′i-nant, n. (mus.) the tone next below the dominant.

Subduct, sub-dukt′, v.t. to take away, to withdraw—also Subduce′.—n. Subduc′tion. [L. sub, under, ducĕre, ductum, to lead.]

Subdue, sub-dū′, v.t. to conquer: to bring under dominion: to render submissive: to tame: to soften.—adj. Subdū′able.—n. Subdū′al, the act of subduing.—adj. Subdued′, toned down.—ns. Subdued′ness; Subdue′ment (Shak.), conquests; Subdū′er. [O. Fr. souduire—L. sub, under, ducĕre, to lead.]

Subduple, sub′dū-pl, adj. in the ratio of one to two.—adj. Subdū′plicate, expressed by the square root.

Subeditor, sub-ed′i-tur, n. an under or assistant editor.—adj. Subeditō′rial.—n. Subed′itorship.

Subequal, sub-ēk′wal, adj. approximately equal.

Suberic, sū-bėr′ik, adj. relating to, or extracted from, cork.—n. Sū′berāte, a salt of suberic acid.—adj. Sūbē′rēous.—ns. Sū′berine, the pure cellular tissue of cork; Sūberisā′tion.—v.t. Sū′berise, to render corky.—adjs. Sū′berose, Sū′berous, of the nature of cork, cork-like. [L. suber, the cork-tree.]

Suberose, sub-e-rōs′, adj. appearing as if somewhat gnawed. [L. sub, under, erosus—e, out, rodĕre, rosum, to gnaw.]

Subfamily, sub′fam-i-li, n. a primary division of a family, of one or more genera.

Subfeu, sub-fū′, v.t. to make subinfeudation of.—n. Subfeudā′tion=Subinfeudation (q.v.).—adj. Subfeud′atory.

Subflavour, sub-flā′vur, n. a secondary flavour.

Subflora, sub′flō-ra, n. a more local flora included within one of wider range.

Subfluvial, sub-flōō′vi-al, adj. situated under a stream.

Subfusc, Subfusk, sub-fusk′, adj. somewhat dark, dusky, tawny.—Also Subfus′cous.

Subgens, sub-jenz′, n. the sociological division of a people next below the gens or clan:—pl. Subgen′tes.

Subgenus, sub-jē′nus, n. a primary division of a genus including one or more species with common characters.—adj. Subgener′ic.—adv. Subgener′ically.

Subglacial, sub-glā′shal, adj. belonging to the under side of a glacier: under a glacier.

Subglobular, sub-glob′ū-lar, adj. somewhat globular.

Subgranular, sub-gran′ū-lar, adj. somewhat granular.

Subgroup, sub′grōōp, n. any subordinate group in a classification.

Subhastation, sub-has-tā′shun, n. a sale under the lance—a Roman method of auction. [L. sub, under, hasta, a lance.]

Subhuman, sub-hū′man, adj. next below the human.

Subimago, sub′i-mā-gō, n. a stage in the metamorphosis of certain insects, between the pupa and the imago.—Also Pseudimago.

Subindicate, sub-in′di-kāt, v.t. to indicate by a hint.—n. Subindicā′tion.—adj. Subindic′ātive, suggestive.

Subinfeudation, sub-in-fū-dā′shun, n. the right enjoyed by the inferior lord, in imitation of his superiors, of making similar grants of portions of his land to others, to be held by them as his vassals.—adjs. and ns. Subfeud′atory, Subinfeud′atory.

Subinspector, sub′in-spek-tor, n. a subordinate or assistant inspector.—n. Sub′inspectorship.

Subintrant, sub-in′trant, adj. with paroxysms succeeding one another so fast as to be almost continuous.

Subirrigation, sub-ir-i-gā′shun, n. irrigation by means of channels below the surface.

Subitamente, sub-it-a-men′te, adv. (mus.) suddenly.—Also Sub′ito. [It.]

Subitaneous, sub-i-tā′ne-us, adj. (obs.) sudden.—n. Subitā′neousness.

Subjacent, sub-jā′sent, adj. lying under or below: being in a lower situation.—n. Subjā′cency. [L. subjacens—sub, under, jacēre, to lie.]

Subject, sub′jekt, adj. under the power of another: liable, prone, disposed: exposed: subordinate, tributary: subservient.—n. one under the power of another: one under allegiance to a sovereign: that on which any operation is performed: that which is treated or handled: (anat.) a dead body for dissection: a person supposed to be peculiarly sensitive to hypnotic influence: that which it is the object of the artist to express, the scheme or idea of a work of art: a picture representing action and incident: that of which anything is said or of which a discourse treats, bringing many things under a common head: the mind, regarded as the thinking power, in contrast with the object, that about which it thinks: topic: matter, materials: the general plan of any work of art.—v.t. Subject′, to throw or bring under: to bring under the power of: to make subordinate or subservient: to subdue: to enslave: to expose or make liable to: to cause to undergo.—n. Subjec′tion, the act of subjecting or subduing: the state of being subject to another.—adj. Subject′ive, relating to the subject: derived from one's own consciousness: denoting those states of thought or feeling of which the mind is the conscious subject—opp. to Objective.—adv. Subject′ively.—n. Subject′iveness.—v.t. Subject′ivise.—ns. Subject′ivism, a philosophical doctrine which refers all knowledge to, and founds it upon, subjective states; Subject′ivist, one who holds to subjectivism.—adj. Subjectivist′ic.—adv. Subjectivist′ically.—ns. Subjectiv′ity, state of being subjective: that which is treated subjectively; Sub′ject-matter, a tautological compound for subject, theme, topic; Sub′ject-ob′ject, the immediate object of cognition, or the thought itself; Sub′jectship, the state of being subject. [Fr. sujet—L. subjectus—sub, under, jacĕre, to throw.]

Subjoin, sub-join′, v.t. to join under: to add at the end or afterwards: to fix or annex.—ns. Subjoin′der, a remark following on another; Sub′joint, a secondary joint.

Subjugate, sub′jōō-gāt, v.t. to bring under the yoke: to bring under power or dominion: to conquer.—ns. Subjugā′tion; Sub′jugātor. [L. sub, under, jugum, a yoke.]

Subjunctive, sub-jungk′tiv, adj. subjoined: added to something: denoting that mood of a verb which expresses condition, hypothesis, or contingency.—n. the subjunctive mood. [L. sub, under, jungĕre, to join.]

Subkingdom, sub-king′dum, n. a subordinate kingdom: a division of a kingdom: a subdivision.

Sublapsarian, sub-laps-ā′ri-an, adj. relating to the sublapsarians or to their doctrines.—n. one of a class of moderate Calvinists, who hold that God merely permitted the fall of Adam, without preordaining it.—n. Sublapsā′rianism. [L. sub, under, lapsus, fall.]

Sublate, sub-lāt′, v.t. to deny—opp. to Posit: to remove.—n. Sublā′tion.—adj. Sub′lātive.

Sublease, sub-lēs′, n. an under-lease or lease by a tenant to another.—n. Sub′lessee, the holder of a sublease.

Sublet, sub-let′, v.t. to under-let or lease, as by one himself a tenant to another.

Sublevate, sub′lē-vāt, v.t. to raise, excite—also Sol′levate.—n. Sublēvā′tion. [L. sublevāre, -ātum, to lift up.]

Sublibrarian, sub-līb-rā′ri-an, n. one who acts as an assistant to a librarian.

Sublieutenant, sub-lef-ten′ant, n. formerly mate, or passed midshipman, the intermediate rank in the navy between midshipman and lieutenant.—Second lieutenant, the rank given to officers on first joining the army, corresponding to the former Cornet and Ensign.

Sublimate, sub′lim-āt, v.t. to elevate: to refine and exalt: to purify by raising by heat into vapour which again becomes solid.—n. the product of sublimation.—adj. Sublī′mable.—n. Sublimā′tion, the act of purifying by raising into vapour by heat and condensing by cold: elevation: exaltation.—adj. Sub′limātory.—n. a vessel used in sublimation. [L. sublimāre, -ātum, to lift up.]

Sublime, sub-līm′, adj. high: lofty: majestic: awakening feelings of awe or veneration.—n. that which is sublime: the lofty or grand in thought or style (The sublime): the emotion produced by sublime objects.—v.t. to exalt: to dignify, to ennoble: to improve: to purify, to bring to a state of vapour by heat and condense again by cold.—v.i. to be sublimed or sublimated.—adv. Sublime′ly, in a sublime manner: loftily: with elevated conceptions.—ns. Sublime′ness, Sublim′ity, loftiness: elevation: grandeur: loftiness of thought or style: nobleness of nature or character: excellence. [L. sublimis, high, ety. dub.; perh. sub-limen, up to the lintel.]

Subliminal, sub-lim′i-nal, adj. beneath the level of consciousness, latent. [L. sub, under, limen, liminis, the door.]

Sublineation, sub-lin-e-ā′shun, n. an underlining, as of a word or words.

Sublingual, sub-ling′gwal, adj. under the tongue.

Sublittoral, sub-lit′ō-ral, adj. being under the shore.

Sublunar, sub-lū′nar, adj. under the moon: earthly: belonging to this world—also Sub′lunary.—adj. Sublū′nate, approaching the form of a crescent.

Submammary, sub-mam′a-ri, adj. situated under the mammæ or paps.

Submarginal, sub-mar′ji-nal, adj. situated near the margin.

Submarine, sub-ma-rēn′, adj. under, or in, the sea.—Submarine boat, one capable of being propelled under water, esp. for carrying and firing torpedoes.—Submarine mine, a mass of explosives sunk in the sea.

Submaxillary, sub-mak′si-lā-ri, adj. under the jaw.

Submedian, sub-mē′di-an, adj. near the middle.

Submental, sub-men′tal, adj. under the chin. [L. sub, under, mentum, the chin.]

Submerge, sub-mėrj′, Submerse, sub-mėrs′, v.t. to plunge under water: to overflow with water: to drown.—v.i. to sink under water.—ns. Submerg′ence, Submer′sion.—adjs. Submerged′, Submersed′, being or growing under water. [L. submergĕre, -mersum—sub, under, mergĕre, to plunge.]

Submit, sub-mit′, v.t. to refer to the judgment of another: to surrender to another.—v.i. to yield one's self to another: to surrender: to yield one's opinion: to be subject:—pr.p. submit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. submit′ted.—adj. Submiss′ (Milt.), cast down, prostrate.—n. Submis′sion, act of submitting or yielding: acknowledgment of inferiority or of a fault: humble behaviour: resignation.—adj. Submis′sive, willing or ready to submit: yielding: humble: obedient.—adv. Submis′sively, humbly—(obs.) Submiss′ly.—n. Submis′siveness. [L. submittĕre—sub, under, mittĕre, missum, to send.]

Submontane, sub-mon′tān, adj. situated at the foot of a mountain or range.

Submultiple, sub-mul′ti-pl, n. a number or quantity which is contained in another an exact number of times, an aliquot part.

Submundane, sub-mun′dān, adj. situated beneath the ground.

Submuscular, sub-mus′kū-lar, adj. under the muscles.

Subnasal, sub-nā′sal, adj. situated below the nose.

Subnascent, sub-nas′ent, adj. growing underneath.

Subnatural, sub-nat′ū-ral, adj. below nature, infranatural.

Subneural, sub-nū′ral, adj. situated beneath a main neural axis or nervous cord.

Subnivean, sub-nī′vē-an, adj. situated under the snow.

Subnodal, sub-nō′dal, adj. situated beneath the nodus.

Subnormal, sub-nor′mal, adj. less than normal.—n. Subnormal′ity.

Subnubilar, sub-nū′bi-lar, adj. situated under the clouds.

Subnuvolar, sub-nū′vō-lar, adj. partially clouded.

Subobscure, sub-ob-skūr′, adj. somewhat obscure.—adv. Subobscure′ly.

Suboccipital, sub-ok-sip′i-tal, adj. situated behind the occiput, or on the under surface of the occipital lobe of the brain.

Subocellate, sub-os′el-āt, adj. somewhat like an ocellus.

Suboctave, sub′ok-tāv, adj. existing in the proportion of 1 to 8.—n. an eighth part: (mus.) the octave below a given tone.

Suboctuple, sub-ok′tū-pl, adj. containing one part of 8.

Subocular, sub-ok′ū-lar, adj. situated under the eye, suboptic.

Suboperculum, sub-ō-per′kū-lum, n. a bone of the gill-cover below and partly behind the operculum.—adj. Suboper′cular.

Suborbital, sub-or′bi-tal, adj. situated below the orbit of the eye.

Suborder, sub-or′dėr, n. a subdivision in an order.—adj. Subor′dinal.

Subordinary, sub-or′di-nā-ri, n. (her.) one of a class of armorial charges less honourable than the ordinaries—the bordure, orle, bend sinister, &c.

Subordinate, sub-or′di-nāt, adj. lower in order, rank, nature, power, &c.: descending in a regular series.—n. one in a lower order or rank: an inferior.—v.t. to place in a lower order: to consider of less value: to make subject.—ns. Subor′dinacy, Subor′dinance, the state of being subordinate.—adv. Subor′dinately.—ns. Subor′dinateness; Subordinā′tion, act of subordinating or placing in a lower order: state of being subordinate: inferiority of rank or position; Subordinā′tionism, the doctrine of the inferiority of the second and third Persons of the Trinity to the first.—adj. Subor′dinātive, tending to, or expressing, subordination. [L. sub, under, ordo, ordinis, order.]

Suborn, sub-orn′, v.t. to cause to commit a perjury: to procure indirectly.—ns. Subornā′tion, act of causing a person to take a false oath: crime of procuring any one to do a bad action; Suborn′er. [L. subornāre—sub, under, ornāre, to adorn.]

Subovate, sub-ō′vāt, adj. almost ovate.

Subpanation, sub-pā-nā′shun, n. the doctrine that the body and blood of Christ are locally and materially present in the eucharist under the form of bread and wine. [L. sub, under, panis, bread.]

Subperitoneal, sub-per-i-tō-nē′al, adj. situated under the peritoneum.

Subpermanent, sub-per′ma-nent, adj. somewhat permanent.

Subpœna, Subpena, sub-pē′na, n. a writ commanding the attendance of a person in court under a penalty.—v.t. to serve with a writ of subpœna. [L. sub, under, pœna, punishment.]

Subpolar, sub-pō′lar, adj. under or below the poles of the earth.

Subprefect, sub-prē′fekt, n. an assistant or deputy-prefect, esp. the official in France charged with the administration of the arrondissement under the prefect of the department.—n. Sub′prēfecture, the office or jurisdiction of a subprefect.

Subprior, sub′prī-or, n. the vicegerent, deputy, or assistant of a prior.

Subprovince, sub′prov-ins, n. a prime division of a province: in zoogeography, a division subordinate to a subregion.

Subpubic, sub-pū′bik, adj. situated below the pubis.

Subregion, sub′rē-jun, n. a subdivision of a region, esp. of fauna in zoogeography.—adj. Subrē′gional.

Subreption, sub-rep′shun, n. a procuring of some advantage by fraudulent concealment, esp. in Scots law, the gaining of a gift of escheat by concealing the truth: false inference due to misrepresentation.—adj. Subrep′tive, surreptitious, noting conceptions arising out of obscure and unconscious suggestions of experience.

Subrogation, sub-rō-gā′shun, n. the succession or substitution of one person or thing by or for another, in regard to a legal claim, &c.

Subsacral, sub-sā′kral, adj. situated on the anterior or ventral surface of the sacrum.

Subscapular, sub-skap′ū-lar, adj. beneath the scapula.—n. a subscapular vessel or nerve.

Subscribe, sub-skrīb′, v.t. to write underneath: to give consent to something written, or to attest, by writing one's name underneath: to sign one's name: to promise to give or pay, or to take, as a copy of a book, by attaching one's name: to attest by attaching one's signature.—v.i. to promise a certain sum by setting one's name to a paper: to enter one's name for anything.—adj. Subscrīb′able, capable of being subscribed.—n. Subscrīb′er.—adj. Sub′script, written underneath.—n. Subscrip′tion, act of subscribing: a name subscribed: a paper with signatures: consent by signature: sum subscribed. [L. subscribĕre—sub, under, scribĕre, scriptum, to write.]

Subsecive, sub′sē-siv, adj. left over, remaining, extra. [L. subsecivus—sub, under, secāre, to cut.]

Subsection, sub-sek′shun, n. an under section or division: a subdivision.

Subsensation, sub′sen-sā-shun, n. a minor sensation.

Subsensible, sub-sen′si-bl, adj. beyond the range of the senses.

Subsequent, sub′sē-kwent, adj. following or coming after.—ns. Sub′sequence, Sub′sequency, state of being subsequent.—adv. Sub′sequently. [L. subsequens, -entis, pr.p. of subsequi—sub, under, after, sequi, to follow.]

Subserous, sub-sē′rus, adj. somewhat serous or watery: below a serous membrane.

Subserve, sub-sėrv′, v.t. to serve subordinately or instrumentally: to help forward.—ns. Subser′vience, Subser′viency, state of being subservient: anything that promotes some purpose.—adj. Subser′vient, subserving: serving to promote: subject: submissive.—adv. Subser′viently. [L. subservīre—sub, under, servīre, to serve.]

Subsessile, sub-ses′il, adj. not quite sessile.

Subside, sub-sīd′, v.i. to settle down: to settle at the bottom: to fall into a state of quiet: to sink to a lower level: (coll.) to cease talking, to take a less prominent place.—ns. Subsī′dence (also Sub′sidence), Subsī′dency, act or process of subsiding, settling, or sinking. [L. subsidĕre—sub, down, sidĕre, to settle.]

Subsidy, sub′si-di, n. assistance: aid in money: a sum of money paid by one state to another for assistance in war.—adv. Subsid′iarily.—adj. Subsid′iary, furnishing a subsidy, help, or additional supplies: aiding.—n. one who, or that which, aids or supplies: an assistant.—v.t. Sub′sidīse, to furnish with a subsidy, grant, or regular allowance: to purchase the aid of, to buy over.—Subsidiary troops, mercenaries. [Fr.,—L. subsidium, orig. troops stationed behind in reserve, aid—sub, under, sidĕre, to settle.]

Subsimious, sub-sim′i-us, adj. almost monkey-like.

Subsist, sub-sist′, v.i. to have existence: to remain, continue, inhere: to have the means of living.—n. Subsist′ence, state of being subsistent: real being: means of supporting life: livelihood.—adjs. Subsist′ent, subsisting: having real being: inherent; Subsisten′tial.—n. Subsist′er. [Fr.,—L. subsistĕre, to stand still—sub, under, sistĕre, to stand.]

Subsoil, sub′soil, n. the under soil: the bed or stratum of earth which lies immediately beneath the surface soil.—v.t. to turn up the subsoil of.—n. Sub′soiler.

Subspecies, sub-spē′shēz, n. a division of a species, a geographical variety.—adj. Subspecif′ic.—adv. Subspecif′ically.

Subspherical, sub-sfer′i-kal, adj. not perfectly spherical.—adv. Subspher′ically.

Subspinous, sub-spī′nus, adj. somewhat spinous: under the spinal column, or a spinous process.

Subspiral, sub-spī′ral, adj. somewhat spiral: indistinctly marked with a spiral line.

Substage, sub′stāj, n. an attachment below the stage of the compound microscope, to support the achromatic condenser, &c.

Substance, sub′stans, n. that in which qualities or attributes exist, the existence to which qualities belong: that which constitutes anything what it is: the essential part: body: matter: property: foundation, ground, confidence. [L. substantia—substāre, to stand under—sub, under, stāre, to stand.]

Substantial, sub-stan′shal, adj. belonging to or having substance: actually existing: real: solid: having substance or strength: lasting, likely to be permanent: strong, stout, bulky: corporeal, material: having property or estate: considerable, pretty wealthy: conforming to what is essential: involving the essential rights or merits of.—v.t. Substan′tialīse, to give reality to.—ns. Substan′tialism, the theory that there is a real existence or substratum underlying the phenomena of consciousness; Substantial′ity.—adv. Substan′tially.—n. Substan′tialness.—n.pl. Substan′tials, essential parts.—v.t. Substan′tiāte, to make substantial: to prove or confirm.—n. Substantiā′tion.—adjs. Substantī′val; Sub′stantive, expressing existence: real: of real, independent importance.—n. (gram.) the part of speech denoting something that exists: a noun.—adv. Sub′stantively.—n. Sub′stantiveness.—v.t. Sub′stantivise. [Fr. substantiel—L. substantialis—substantia.]

Substation, sub-stā′shun, n. a subordinate station.

Substernal, sub-ster′nal, adj. situated beneath the sternum.

Substitute, sub′sti-tūt, v.t. to put in place of another.—n. one who, or that which, is put in place of another.—adj. put instead of another.—n. Substitū′tion, act of substituting or putting in place of another: (Shak.) the office of a substitute: the use of one word for another, syllepsis: (alg.) the replacing one quantity by another which is equal to it but differently expressed: (chem.) the replacement of one or more equivalents of a body by a like number of equivalents of another.—adjs. Substitū′tional, Substitū′tionary.—adv. Substitū′tionally.—adj. Sub′stitūtive. [L. substituĕre, -ūtum—sub, under, statuĕre, to set.]

Substractor, subs-trakt′or, n. (Shak.) a detractor.

Substratum, sub-strā′tum, n. an under stratum or layer, a fundamental element: the substance in which qualities exist.

Substructure, sub′struk-tūr, n. an under structure or building: foundation.—v.t. Substruct′, to build beneath.—n. Substruc′tion.—adj. Substruc′tural.

Substyle, sub′stīl, n. the right line on which the style or gnomon of a dial is erected.—adj. Sub′stylar.

Subsulphate, sub-sul′fāt, n. a basic sulphide.

Subsultive, sub-sul′tiv, adj. bounding, moving by sudden leaps or starts, or by twitches.—adv. Subsul′torily.—n. Subsul′tus, a convulsive movement.

Subsume, sub-sūm′, v.t. to place any one cognition under another as belonging to it, as 'All horses are animals'—the minor premise is a Subsump′tion under the major.—adj. Subsump′tive.

Subsurface, sub′sur-fās, adj. below the surface.

Subtack, sub′tak, n. an under-lease in Scotland.

Subtangent, sub′tan-jent, n. (geom.) the part of the axis of a curve contained between the tangent and the ordinate.

Subtemperate, sub-tem′pėr-āt, adj. pertaining to the colder parts of the temperate zone.

Subtenant, sub-ten′ant, n. a tenant who hires or leases from one who is also a tenant.—n. Subten′ancy.

Subtend, sub-tend′, v.t. to extend under or be opposite to.—n. Subtense′ (geom.), a line subtending or stretching across.

Subtepid, sub-tep′id, adj. slightly tepid.

Subterfuge, sub′tėr-fūj, n. that to which one resorts for escape or concealment: an artifice to escape censure or the force of an argument: evasion. [Fr.,—L. subterfugĕre—subter, under, fugĕre, to flee.]

Subternatural, sub-tėr-nat′ū-ral, adj. less than, or below, the natural.

Subterposition, sub-tėr-pō-zish′un, n. the state of lying under something else.

Subterranean, sub-te-rā′nē-an, adj. under the earth or ground—also Subterrā′neous, Subterrēne′, Subterres′trial.—adv. Subterrā′neously. [L. sub, under, terra, the earth.]

Subthoracic, sub-thō-ras′ik, adj. situated below the thorax: nearly thoracic in position.

Subtil, Subtilly. See Subtle.

Subtile, sub′til, adj. delicately constructed: fine: thin or rare: piercing: shrewd.—adv. Sub′tilely.—ns. Sub′tileness; Subtilisā′tion.—v.t. Sub′tilise, to make subtile, thin, or rare: to spin into niceties.—v.i. to make nice distinctions: to refine in argument.—ns. Sub′tilism, the quality of being subtile; Sub′tilty, state or quality of being subtile: fineness: extreme acuteness: cunning. [L. subtilis—sub, under, tela, a web.]

Subtitle, sub′tī-tl, n. an additional or second title to a book, a half-title.

Subtle, sut′l (B. Sub′til), adj. subtile in a figurative sense: acute, quick to discern or discriminate: insinuating, sly, artful: cunningly devised, ingenious.—ns. Subt′leness, Subt′lety, quality of being subtle: artfulness: shrewdness: extreme acuteness.—adj. Subt′le-wit′ted, sharp-witted.—adv. Subt′ly (B. Sub′tilly), ingeniously, cleverly: artfully, deceitfully. [Contr. of subtile.]

Subtonic, sub′ton-ik, n. (mus.) the seventh of the scale.

Subtorrid, sub-tor′id, adj. approximately torrid.

Subtract, sub-trakt′, v.t. to take away a part from the rest: to take one number or quantity from another to find their difference.—ns. Subtrac′ter; Subtrac′tion, the act or operation of subtracting: the taking a less number or quantity from a greater.—adj. Subtract′ive, subtracting: tending to subtract or lessen.—n. Sub′trahend, the sum or number to be subtracted from another. [L. sub, under, trahĕre, tractum, to draw away.]

Subtriangular, sub-trī-ang′gū-lar, adj. somewhat triangular.

Subtribe, sub′trīb, n. a section or division of a tribe.—adj. Sub′trībal.

Subtriplicate, sub-trip′li-kāt, adj. expressed by the cube root.

Subtrist, sub-trist′, adj. somewhat sad.

Subtropical, sub-trop′i-kal, adj. approaching the tropical or torrid zone in temperature: bordering on tropical regions.—Also Subtrop′ic.

Subtype, sub′tīp, n. a type included in another and more general one.—adj. Subtyp′ical.

Subucula, sū-buk′ū-la, n. a man's under-garment or shirt: in the early English church, a kind of cassock worn under the alb.

Subulate, sū′bū-lāt, adj. awl-shaped.—Also Sū′būlāted, Sū′būliform. [L. subula, an awl.]

Subulicorn, sū′bū-li-korn, adj. with subulate antennæ.—n.pl. Sūbūlicor′nia, a division of neuroptera, including dragon-flies, May-flies, &c.

Subungulate, sub-ung′gū-lāt, adj. hoofed, but with several digits.—n. a member of the Subungulata, as the elephant or the hyrax.—n.pl. Subungūlā′ta, a division of hoofed mammals, esp. those having the carpal bones primitive.

Suburb, sub′urb, Suburbs, sub′urbz, n. the district which is near but beyond the walls of a city: the confines, outskirts.—adj. Subur′ban, situated or living in the suburbs.—n. one living in a suburb.—n. Subur′banism, the state of being suburban.—adj. Suburbicā′rian, being near the city, esp. of the provinces of Italy forming the ancient diocese of Rome. [L. suburbium—sub, under, near, urbs, a city.]

Subursine, sub-ur′sīn, adj. somewhat bear-like.

Subvariety, sub-va-rī′e-ti, n. a subordinate variety.

Subvene, sub-vēn′, v.i. to occur so as to effect a result.—n. Subven′tion, act of coming to relief, support: a government aid or subsidy. [L. sub, under, venīre, ventum, to come.]

Subverse, sub-vėrs′, v.t. (Spens.) to subvert.

Subvert, sub-vėrt′, v.t. to turn upside down: to overthrow from the foundation: to ruin utterly: to corrupt.—n. Subver′sion, act of subverting or overthrowing from the foundation: entire overthrow: ruin.—adjs. Subver′sionary, Subver′sive, tending to subvert, overthrow, or destroy.—p.adj. Subverst′ (Spens.), subverted, overturned.—n. Subvert′er.—adj. Subvert′ible. [L. sub, under, vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Subvertebral, sub-vėr′tē-bral, adj. placed under a vertebra.

Subvertical, sub-vėr′ti-kal, adj. almost vertical.

Subvirate, sub′vi-rāt, n. one of stunted or imperfectly developed manhood.

Subvitalised, sub-vī′tal-īzd, p.adj. deficient in vitality.

Subvitreous, sub-vit′rē-us, adj. partly vitreous or imperfectly so.

Subway, sub′wā, n. an underground way for traffic under railways, &c., or for water-pipes, gas-pipes, sewers, &c.

Subzonal, sub-zō′nal, adj. somewhat zonal: lying below a zone or girdle.

Succade, suk-kād′ n. candied fruit.

Succedaneous, suk-sē-dā′ne-us, adj. acting as a succedaneum: supplying the place of something else: being a substitute.—n. Succedā′neum, one who, or that which, comes in the place of another; a substitute. [L. succedaneus—succedĕre.]

Succeed, suk-sēd′, v.t. to come after, to follow up or in order: to follow: to take the place of.—v.i. to follow in order: to take the place of: to obtain one's wish or accomplish what is attempted: to end with advantage.—adjs. Succeed′able, capable of success; Succeed′ant (her.), following one another.—ns. Succeed′er, one who succeeds: a successor; Success′, act of succeeding or state of having succeeded: the prosperous termination of anything attempted: one who, or that which, succeeds, a successful person or affair.—adj. Success′ful, resulting in success: having the desired effect or termination: prosperous.—adv. Success′fully.—ns. Success′fulness, state of being successful: success; Succes′sion, act of succeeding or following after: series of persons or things following each other in time or place: series of descendants: race: (agri.) rotation, as of crops: right to take possession: in Roman and Scots law, the taking of property by one person in place of another.—adj. Succes′sional, existing in a regular succession or in order.—adv. Succes′sionally.—n. Succes′sionist, one who regards only that priesthood as valid which can be traced in a direct line of succession from the apostles.—adj. Succes′sive, following in succession or in order.—adv. Succes′sively.—n. Succes′siveness.—adj. Success′less, without success: unprosperous.—ns. Succes′sor, one who succeeds or comes after: one who takes the place of another; Succes′sorship.—adj. Succes′sory.—Succession duty, a tax imposed on any succession to property, varying with the degree of relationship.—Apostolical succession (see Apostle). [L. succedĕre—sub, up, cedĕre, to go.]

Succentor, suk-sen′tor, n. a subcantor: the bass soloist in a choir. [L. succinĕre—sub, under, canĕre, to sing.]

Succiduous, suk-sid′ū-us, adj. on the point of falling. [L.,—succidĕre—sub, under, cadĕre, to fall.]

Succiferous, suk-sif′e-rus, adj. producing sap. [L. succus, juice, ferre, to bear.]

Succin, suk′sin, n. amber.—n. Suc′cinate, a salt of succinic acid.—adj. Succin′ic, of, relating to, or drawn from amber.—n. Suc′cinite, amber.—adj. Suc′cinous, pertaining to amber.—Succinic acid, a natural constituent of amber, pine-resins, leaves of lettuce, and wormwood, &c. [L. succinum, amber.]

Succinct, suk-singkt′, adj. short: concise.—adv. Succinct′ly.—ns. Succinct′ness; Succinctō′rium, a band embroidered with an Agnus Dei, worn hanging from the girdle by the pope on some occasions. [L. succinctus—sub, up, cingĕre, to gird.]

Succivorous, suk-siv′ō-rus, adj. feeding on the sap of plants.—adj. Succose (suk′ōs), full of juice.

Succory, suk′or-i, n. a form of chicory.

Succotash, suk′o-tash, n. a dish consisting of a stew of green Indian corn and beans. [Amer. Ind.]

Succour, suk′ur, v.t. to assist: to relieve.—n. aid: relief.—n. Succ′ourer.—adj. Succ′ourless, destitute of succour. [L. succurrĕre, to run up to—sub, up, currĕre, to run.]

Succubus, suk′ū-bus, n. a demon in female form who consorts with men in their sleep—also Succ′uba.—v.t. Succ′ubāte, to have carnal knowledge of a man by this means.—adj. Succ′ubine, pertaining to a succubus. [L. succuba, a whore, succumbĕre, to lie down.]

Succulent, suk′ū-lent, adj. full of juice or moisture: not dry or barren.—ns. Succ′ūlence, Succ′ūlency.—adv. Succ′ūlently. [L. succulentus—succus, juice—sugĕre, to suck.]

Succumb, suk-kum′, v.i. to lie down under: to sink under: to yield, to submit, to die. [L. sub, under, cumbĕre, to lie down.]

Succursal, suk-ur′sal, adj. subsidiary, of the relation of a minor church to a cathedral, &c.

Succus, suk′us, n. a fluid secretion, expressed juice.

Succussive, suk-kus′iv, adj. characterised by a shaking motion, as that of an earthquake.—v.t. Succuss′, to shake suddenly.—ns. Succussā′tion, a shaking; Succus′sion, a shaking, a shock: a shaking of the thorax to detect pleural effusion. [L. succutĕre, succussum, to shake below—sub, under, quatĕre, to shake.]

Such, such, adj. of the like kind: of that quality or character mentioned.—pron. denoting a particular person or thing, as in such and such.—adv. Such′wise, in such a manner.—Such and such, Such or such, this or that, some, indefinitely; Such like (B.)=Such. [A.S. swylc, from swa, so, and líc, like, cog. with Goth. swaleiks.]

Suck, suk, v.t. to draw in with the mouth: to draw milk from with the mouth: to imbibe: to drain.—v.i. to draw with the mouth: to draw the breast: to draw in.—n. act of sucking: milk drawn from the breast: (slang) a short drink, esp. a dram of spirits.—n. Suck′er, one who, or that which, sucks, a sucking-pig: one of various kinds of fish: the organ by which an animal adheres to other bodies: the piston of a suction-pump: a shoot rising from a subterranean stem: a leather disc to the middle of which a string is attached, used by children as a toy: a parasite, toady, sponge: a hard drinker: (U.S.) a native of Illinois.—v.t. to strip off suckers from: to provide with suckers.—n. Suck′et, a sugar-plum.—adj. Suck′ing, still nourished by milk: young and inexperienced.—ns. Suck′ing-bot′tle, a bottle of milk used for infants as a substitute for the breast; Suck′ing-fish, a name sometimes given to the Remora or Echineis, which has a dorsal sucker, and to other fishes which have a sucker formed by the union of the ventral fins, as the Lumpsucker.—Suck in, to draw in, imbibe, absorb (n. a fraud); Suck out, to draw out with the mouth; Suck the monkey (see Monkey); Suck up, to draw up into the mouth. [A.S. súcan, súgan; Ger. saugen.]

Sucken, suk′n, n. (Scots law) the district round a mill, the tenants farming which must grind their corn therein.—n. Suck′ener, a tenant so bound. [Soken.]

Suckle, suk′l, v.t. to give suck to: to nurse at the breast.—n. Suck′ler, a mammal that suckles its young, a suckling.—n.pl. Suck′lers, red clover.—n. Suck′ling, a young child or animal being nursed at the breast.—adj. sucking. [Dim. of suck.]

Sucrose, sū′krōs, n. the white crystalline compound known variously as cane-sugar, beet-sugar, maple-sugar.

Suction, suk′shun, n. act or power of sucking: act of drawing, as fluids, by exhausting the air.—n. Suc′tion-pump, the common house-pump—not the force-pump.—adj. Suctō′rial, adapted for sucking: living by sucking—also Suctō′rious.

Sudamina, sū-dam′i-na, n.pl. also called Military eruption, one of the vesicular diseases of the skin almost always occurring in association with febrile disorders, particularly acute rheumatism.—adj. Sudam′inal. [L. sudāre, to sweat.]

Sudatory, sū′da-tor-i, adj. sweating.—n. a sweating-bath.—ns. Sūdā′rium, a cloth for wiping off sweat, esp. that of St Veronica on which the features of Jesus on His way to the Cross were miraculously impressed—also Sū′dary; Sūdā′tion, excessive sweating; Sūdatō′rium, a sweating-bath. [L. sudatorius—sudāre, -ātum.]

Sudden, sud′en, adj. unexpected: hasty: abrupt.—adv. Sud′denly.—n. Sud′denness, (Scot.) Sud′denty.—On a sudden, Of a sudden, suddenly, sooner than was expected. [O. Fr. sodain—L. subitaneus, sudden—subitus, coming stealthily—sub, up, īre, ītum, to go.]

Sudder, sud′ėr, adj. supreme, chief—in Bengal. [Ar. sadr, chief.]

Sudorific, sū-dor-if′ik, adj. causing sweat.—n. a medicine producing sweat: a diaphoretic.—n. Sū′dor, sweat.—adjs. Sū′doral; Sūdorif′erous. [L. sudor, sweat, facĕre, to make.]

Sudra, sū′dra, n. a member of the fourth and lowest of the Hindu castes. [Hind.,—Sans. çūdra.]

Suds, sudz, n.pl. boiling water mixed with soap. [A.S. soden, pa.p. of seóthan, to seethe; cog. with Ger. sod—sieden.]

Sue, sū, v.t. to prosecute at law: to seek after, to try to win.—v.i. to make legal claim: to make application: to entreat: to demand (with for).—Sued, (naut.) to be left high and dry.—n. Sū′ing, the act of bringing a legal suit: wooing.—Sue out, to petition for and take out. [M. E. suen—O. Fr. sevre, suir (Fr. suivre)—L. sequi, secutus, to follow.]

Suède, swād, n. undressed kid—often adj., as 'suède gloves.' [Fr. Suède, Swede.]

Suet, sū′et, n. a solid fatty tissue, accumulating about the kidneys and omentum of the ox, sheep, &c.—adj. Sū′ety. [O. Fr. seu (Fr. suif)—L. sebum, fat.]

Suffer, suf′ėr, v.t. to undergo: to endure: to be affected by: to permit.—v.i. to feel pain or punishment: to sustain loss: to be injured.—adj. Suff′erable, that may be suffered: allowable.—n. Suff′erableness.—adv. Suff′erably.—ns. Suff′erance, state of suffering: endurance: permission: toleration; Suff′erer; Suff′ering, distress, loss, or injury. [L. sufferre—sub, under, ferre, to bear.]

Suffete, suf′ēt, n. one of the suffetes or chief administrative officials of ancient Carthage. [L. sufes, -ĕtis—Punic; cf. Heb. shôphet, a judge.]

Suffice, suf′fīs, v.i. to be enough: to be equal to the end in view.—v.t. to satisfy.—n. Suffi′ciency, state of being sufficient: competence: ability: capacity: conceit.—adj. Suffi′cient, sufficing: enough: equal to any end or purpose: competent.—adv. Suffi′ciently.—n. Suf′fisance (Spens.), sufficiency. [Fr.,—L. sufficĕre, to take the place of—sub, under, facĕre, to make.]

Suffioni, suf-ē-ō′ni, n.pl. a name given to the exhalations of hot sulphurous vapours, which are common in volcanic regions. [It.]

Suffix, suf′iks, n. a particle added to the root of a word.—v.t. Suffix′, to add a letter or syllable to a word to mark different notions and relations.—adj. Suff′ixal.—n. Suffix′ion. [L. suffixus, sub, under, figĕre, to fix.]

Sufflaminate, suf-flam′i-nāt, v.t. (obs.) to impede. [L. sufflamināre, -ātum—sufflāmen, a clog.]

Sufflate, suf-flāt′, v.t. to blow up, inflate.—n. Sufflā′tion. [L. sufflāre, -ātum.]

Suffocate, suf′ō-kāt, v.t. to choke by stopping the breath: to stifle:—pa.p. suff′ocāted.—p.adj. (Shak.) suffocated.—p.adj. Suff′ocāting, choking.—adv. Suff′ocātingly.—n. Suffocā′tion, act of suffocating: state of being suffocated.—adj. Suff′ocātive, tending to suffocate. [L. suffocāre, -ātum—sub, under, fauces, the throat.]

Suffragan, suf′ra-gan, adj. assisting.—n. a coadjutor-bishop: any bishop in relation to his metropolitan.—n. Suff′raganship.

Suffrage, suf′rāj, n. a vote: a vote in approbation of any proposal, hence approval, assent: testimony, witness: any short intercessory prayer.—n. Suff′ragist, one who votes: one holding particular opinions about the right of voting. [L. suffragium, saffragāri, to vote for.]

Suffrago, suf-frā′gō, n. the joint between the tibia and tarsus, as the hock of a horse's hind-leg, the heel of a bird.—adj. Suffrag′inous. [L. suffrago, the hock—sub, under, frangĕre, to break.]

Suffrutescent, suf-rōō-tes′ent, adj. somewhat woody at the base.—n. Suff′rutex, an under-shrub, a herb with permanent woody base.—adj. Suffru′ticōse, shrubby at base, small with woody stem—also Suffru′ticous.—adj. Suffrutic′ūlose, somewhat fruticulose. [L. sub, under, frutex, a shrub.]

Suffulted, su-ful′ted, adj. gradually blending into another colour. [L. suffulcīre, suffultum, to support.]

Suffumigate, suf-fū′mi-gāt, v.t. to apply fumes to.—n. Suffumigā′tion, the act of fumigating or burning perfumes.

Suffuse, suf-fūz′, v.t. to pour underneath: to overspread or cover, as with a fluid.—n. Suffū′sion, act or operation of suffusing: state of being suffused: that which is suffused. [L. sub, underneath, fundĕre, fusum, to pour.]

Sufism, sū′fizm, n. a form of pantheistic mysticism within Islam.—ns. Sū′fi, Sō′fi, one of such mystics.—adjs. Sū′fic, Sufis′tic. [Ar. sūfi—Gr. sophos, wise.]

Sugar, shoog′ar, n. a sweet substance obtained chiefly from a kind of cane: anything sugary, honeyed words, flattery.—v.t. to sprinkle or mix with sugar: to compliment.—ns. Sug′ar-bak′er, a sugar-refiner; Sug′ar-beet, any one of several varieties of the common garden beet, grown for sugar; Sug′ar-can′dy, sugar candied or in large crystals; Sug′ar-cane, the saccharine grass (Saccharum officinarum) from which sugar is chiefly obtained.—adj. Sug′ar-coat′ed, coated with sugar.—p.adj. Sug′ared, sweetened with sugar.—ns. Sug′ar-gum, a large Australian eucalyptus yielding good timber, with sweetish foliage; Sug′ar-house, a factory where sugar is made; Sug′ariness, state or quality of being sugary or sweet; Sug′ar-loaf, a loaf or mass of sugar, usually in the form of a truncated cone; Sug′ar-mā′ple, the hard maple; Sug′ar-mill, a machine for pressing out the juice of the sugar-cane; Sug′ar-mite, a mite infesting unrefined sugar; Sug′ar-plum, a species of sweetmeat made up in small ornamental balls or lumps like a plum: any very pleasing piece of flattery; Sug′ar-refī′ner, one who refines raw sugar; Sug′ar-refī′nery.—n.pl. Sug′ar-tongs, an implement for lifting pieces of sugar at table.—adj. Sug′ary, sweetened with, tasting of, or like sugar: fond of sweets.—Sugar of lead, acetate of lead. [Fr. sucre—Sp. azucar—Ar. assokhar—Pers. shakar—Sans. carkarā, sugar, orig. grains of sand, applied to sugar because occurring in grains.]

Suggest, suj-jest′, v.t. to introduce indirectly to the thoughts: to hint.—v.i. to make suggestions.—ns. Sugges′ter; Suggestibil′ity, capability of being suggested.—adj. Sugges′tible.—n. Sugges′tion, act of suggesting: hint: proposal: incitement, temptation: (law) information without oath, not being pleadable: the act of exercising control over a hypnotised subject by communicating some belief or impulse by means of words or gestures, also the idea so suggested; Sugges′tionism, the theory that hypnotic effects are entirely due to the action of suggestion upon weak persons; Sugges′tionist, one who holds this view.—adj. Sugges′tive, containing a hint: fitted to suggest: pertaining to hypnotic suggestion.—adv. Sugges′tively.—ns. Sugges′tiveness, state of being suggestive; Sugges′tor; Sugges′tress; Sugges′tum, a raised platform. [L. sub, under, gerĕre, gestum, to carry.]

Suggil, suj′il, v.t. (obs.) to beat black and blue—also Sugg′ilāte.—n. Suggilā′tion, a livid mark, a blow. [L. sugillatio.]

Suicide, sū′i-sīd, n. one who dies by his own hand: self-murder.—adj. Sūicī′dal, pertaining to, or partaking of, the crime of suicide.—adv. Sūicī′dally.—n. Su′icidism, a tendency towards suicide. [Coined from L. sui, of himself, cædĕre, to kill.]

Suidæ, sū′i-dē, n.pl. a family of even-toed, non-ruminant Ungulates, including pigs, hogs, or boars, the Babiroussa, and the wart-hogs (Phacochœrus).—adjs. Sū′iform, like the Suidæ; Sū′illine, swinish.

Suint, swint, n. the natural grease of wool. [Fr.]

Suist, sū′ist, n. a self-seeker.—n. Sū′icism, selfishness.

Suit, sūt, n. act of suing: an action at law: a petition: a series: a set: a number of things of the same kind or made to be used together, as clothes or armour: courtship.—v.t. to fit: to become: to please.—v.i. to agree: to correspond.—p.adj. Suit′ed (Shak.), dressed, clothed.—ns. Suit′ing, cloth suitable for making suits of clothes, usually in pl.; Suit′or, one who sues in love or law: a petitioner: a wooer:—fem. Suit′ress.—v.i. to play the suitor.—adj. Suit′orcide, suitor-killing. [Fr.,—Low L. secta, a suit—L. sequi, to follow.]

Suitable, sūt′a-bl, adj. that suits: fitting: agreeable to: adequate.—ns. Suitabil′ity, Suit′ableness.—adv. Suit′ably.

Suite, swēt, n. a train of followers or attendants: a regular set, particularly of rooms: a series of dances arranged for instruments in the same or relative keys, and usually preceded by a prelude: a sequel. [Fr. Cf. Suit.]

Suivez, swē-vā′, n. (mus.) a direction to the accompanist to adapt his time and style to the soloist. [Fr., 'follow.']

Sujee, sōō′jē, n. fine flour made from the heart of the wheat, for English tables in India—Also Soo′jee, Sou′jee. [Hind. sūjī.]

Sulcate, -d, sul′kāt, -ed, adj, furrowed, grooved.—n. Sulcā′tion.—adj. Sul′ciform.—n. Sul′cus:—pl. Sul′ci. [L. sulcus, a furrow.]

Sulk, sulk, v.i. to be sullen.—adv. Sulk′ily, in a sulky, sullen, or morose manner.—n. Sulk′iness.—n.pl. Sulks, a fit of sullenness.—adj. Sulk′y, silently sullen.—n. a light two-wheeled vehicle for one person, sometimes having no body. [A.S. solcen, slow—seolcan, to be slow.]

Sullage, sul′āj, n. the floating scum on molten metal: silt: anything which sullies.

Sullen, sul′en, adj. gloomily angry and silent: malignant, baleful: dark: dull.—adv. Sull′enly.—n. Sull′enness.—n.pl. Sull′ens, sullen fits. [O. Fr. solain—L. solus, alone.]

Sully, sul′i, v.t. to soil: to spot: to tarnish.—v.i. to be soiled:—pa.t. and pa.p. sull′ied.—n. spot: tarnish. [A.S. sylian, to defile—sol, mud.]

Sulphur, sul′fur, n. a yellow mineral substance, very brittle, fusible, and inflammable: brimstone.—n. Sul′phate, a salt formed by sulphuric acid with a base.—v.t. to form a deposit of lead sulphate on.—adj. Sulphat′ic.—ns. Sul′phatile, native sulphuric acid; Sul′phide, a combination of sulphur with a metal; Sul′phite, a salt formed by sulphurous acid.—v.t. Sul′phūrāte, to combine with, or subject to, the action of sulphur.—ns. Sulphūrā′tion, the act or operation of subjecting to the action of sulphur or sulphurous acid; Sulphurā′tor, an apparatus for sulphurating.—adj. Sulphū′rēous, consisting of, containing, or having the qualities of sulphur.—adv. Sulphū′reously.—ns. Sulphū′reousness; Sul′phūret, a combination of sulphur with an alkali, earth, or metal.—adjs. Sul′phūretted, having sulphur in combination; Sulphū′ric, pertaining to, or obtained from, sulphur: denoting a certain well-known strong acid, formerly called oil of vitriol; Sul′phūrous, pertaining to, resembling, or containing sulphur: denoting the pungent acid given out when sulphur is burned in air; Sul′phury, partaking of the qualities of sulphur.—Sulphuretted hydrogen, a compound of sulphur and hydrogen, stinking and noxious; Sulphurous acid, an acid formed by one equivalent of sulphur combined with two of oxygen. [L. sulphur; said to be conn. with Sans. çulvāri.]

Sultan, sul′tan, n. a Mohammedan sovereign, esp. the supreme head of the Ottoman empire: a purple or hyacinthine gallinule, or porphyrio: a small white variety of the domestic hen:—fem. Sultana (sul-tä′na), the mother, a wife, or a daughter of a sultan—also Sul′taness.—ns. Sultana (sul-tä′na), a king's mistress: a kind of viol: an old form of necklace: a small kind of raisin; Sul′tanate, the authority or jurisdiction of a sultan.—adj: Sultan′ic.—n. Sul′tanship. [Ar. sultān, victorious, a ruler.]

Sultry: sul′tri, adj. sweltering: very hot and oppressive: close.—adv. Sul′trily.—n. Sul′triness. [Another form is sweltry, from root of swelter.]

Sum, sum, n. the amount of two or more things taken together: the whole of anything: a quantity of money: a problem in arithmetic: chief points: substance or result of reasoning: summary: height: completion.—v.t. to collect into one amount or whole: to count: to bring into a few words:—pr.p. sum′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. summed.—adj. Sum′less, not to be summed or counted: incalculable.—ns. Sum′mer, one who sums; Sum′ming, the act of one who sums, arithmetic; Sum′ming-up, a recapitulation or review of the leading points, a judge's summary survey of the evidence given to a jury before it withdraws to consider its verdict; Sum′mist, one who makes a summary, esp. a theological compendium. [Fr.,—L. summa—summus, supremus, highest, superl. of superus, on high—super, above.]

Sumac, Sumach, sū′mak, n. a genus of small trees and shrubs of the natural order Anacardiaceæ—the leaves of some species used in dyeing. [Fr. sumac—Sp. zumaque—Ar. summāq.]