Chapters on Jewish Literature/Index

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Chapters on Jewish Literature (1899)
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INDEX

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INDEX

Table of contents

  • Abayi, Amora, 51.
  • Abba Areka, Amora, 47, 48, 51.
    • popularizes Jewish learning, 49.
    • wide outlook of, 50.
  • Abbahu, Amora, 48-49.
  • Abraham de Balmes, translator, 149.
  • Abraham de Porta Leone, historian, 220.
  • Abraham Ibn Chisdai, story by, 154-155.
  • Abraham Ibn Daud, historian, 213-214.
  • Abrahan Ibn Ezra, on Kalir, 88.
    • life of, 115.
    • quotations from, 115.
    • activities and views of, 116, 123, 151.
  • Abraham Abulafia, Kabbalist, 171.
  • Abraham Farissol, geographer, 206.
  • Abraham Zacuto, historian, 216.
  • Abul-Faraj Harun, Karaite author, 77.
  • Abulwalid Merwan Ibn Janach, grammarian, 101.
    • works of, translated, 143.
  • Achai, Gaon and author, 70.
  • Acharonim, later scholars, 240.
  • Æsop, used by Berachya haNakdan, 157.
  • "Against Apion," by Josephus, 34.
  • Akiba, a Tanna, 23, 24-26.
    • characteristics and history of, 24-26.
    • school of, 26.
    • fable used by, 175.
  • Al-Farabi, works of, translated, 185.
  • Alfassi, See Isaac Alfassi.
  • Alfonso V of Portugal, Abarbanel with, 225.
  • Alfonso VI of Spain, takes Toledo, 126.
  • Alfonso X of Spain, employs Jews as translators, 150, 156.
  • Almobades, the, a Mohammedan sect, 134, 135.
  • "Alphabet of Rabbi Akiba," Kabbalistic work, 175.
  • Amoraim, the, teachers of the Talmud, 44.
    • characterized, 45-46.
    • some of. enumerated. 46-52.
  • Amram, Gaon, liturgist, 70.
  • Anan, the son of David, founder of Karaism, 75.
  • Andalusia, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.
  • "Answers." See "Letters"; "Responses."
  • "Antiquities of the Jews," by Josephus, 34.
  • Antonio de Montesinos, and the Ten Tribes, 208, 247.
  • Apion, attacks Judaism, 36.
  • Apocrypha, the, addresses of parents to children in, 194.
  • Aquila, translates the Scriptures, 26.
    • identical with Onkelos, 26-27.
  • Aquinas, Thomas, studies the "Guide," 140.
  • Arabic, used by the Gaonim, 71,
    • in Jewish literature, 88.
    • poetry, 84.
    • translation of the Scriptures, 91, 93, 94.
    • commentary on the Mishnah, 135.
  • Aragon, Spanish Piyut in, 85.
  • Aramaic, translation of the Pentateuch, 27.
    • used by Josephus, 37.
    • language of the Talmud, 44.
    • used by the Gaonim, 71.
    • translation of Scriptures in the synagogues, 94.
    • language of the Zohar, 173.
  • Arbäa Turim, code by Jacob Asheri, 234, 239.
  • Archimedes, works of, translated, 150, 185. ​
  • Aristotle, teachings of, summarized, 140.
    • interpreted by Averroes, 149.
    • works of, translated, 135.
  • Aruch, the, compiled by Zemach, 70.
    • by Nathan, the sen of Yechiel, 121, 200.
  • Asher, the son of Yechiel, the will of, 195-196.
    • codifier, 234.
  • Ashi, Amora, compiler of the Talmud, 51-52.
  • Atonement, the Day of, hymn for, 162.
  • "Autobiography," the, of Josephus, 34.
  • Averroes, works of, translated, 148, 149, 185.
  • Azariah di Rossi, historian, 221-222, 223.
  • Azriel, Kabbalist, 171.
  • Azulai, Chayim, historian, 220.

  • Babylonia, Rabbinical schools in, 44.
    • centre of Jewish learning, 49, 68.
    • loses its supremacy, 92.
  • Bachya Ibn Pekuda, works of, translated, 148.
    • ethical work by, 190.
  • Bacon, Roger, on the scientific activity of the Jew, 150.
  • Bahir, Kabbalistic work, 171.
  • Bar Cochba, Akiba in the revolt of, 24
  • "Barlaam and Joshaphat," by Abraham Ibn Chisdai, 154-155.
  • Baruch of Ratisbon, Tossafist, 161.
  • Beast Fables, in the Midrash, 64-67.
    • examples of, 65-66.
  • Bechinath Olam, by Yedaiah Bedaressi, 191-192.
  • Benjamin of Tudela, traveller, 203.
  • Benjamin Nahavendi, Karaite author, 77.
  • Berachya ha-Nakdan, fabulist, 156-157.
  • Berlin, under Frederick the Great, 254.
  • Beruriah, Wife of Meir, 28.
  • Bible, the. See Scriptures, the.
  • Bidpai, Fables of, and the Jews, 155-156,
  • Biur, the, commentary on the Pentateuch, 239.
  • Bohemia, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
  • "Book of Creation, The," Kabbalistic work, 175.
  • "Book of Creation, Commentary on the," by Saadiah, 95.
  • "Book of Delight, The," by Joseph Zabara, 157-158.
  • "Book of Genealogies, The," by Abraham Zacuto, 216.
  • "Book of Lights and the High Beacons, The," by Kirkisani, 80.
  • "Book of Principles, The," by Joseph Albo, 141.
  • "Book of Roots, The," by David Kimchi, 117.
  • "Book Raziel, The," Kabbalistic work, 175.
  • "Book of the Exiled, The," by Saadiah, 94.
  • "Book of the Pious, The," ethical work, 191.
  • "Book of Tradition, The," by Abraham Ibn Daud, 213-214.
  • Braganza, Duke of, friend of Abarbanel, 226.
  • Brahe, Tycho, friend of David Gans, 220.
  • "Branch of David, The," by David Gans, 219, 220-221.
  • "Breastplate of Judgment, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, 240.
  • Brilliancy," Kabbalistic work, 171.
  • Browne, Sir Thomas, alluded to, 127.
  • Buddha, legend of, 144-155.
  • Burgundy, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
  • Buxtorf, as translator, 148.

  • "Caged Bird, The," fable, 65.
  • Cairo, Old. See Fostat.
  • Calendar, the Jewish, arranged, 48.
  • "Call of the Generations, The," by David Conforte, 220.
  • Captives of Hope, The," by Penso, 246. ​
  • Castile, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.
  • Catalonia, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.
  • "Ceremonies and Customs of the Jews," by Leon da Modena, 220.
  • Chacham Zevi, author of "Responses," 238.
  • "Chaff, Straw, and Wheat," fable, 65.
  • "Chain of Tradition, The," by Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, 220, 222-223.
  • Chanina, the son of Chama, Amora, 46.
  • Charizi, on Chasdai, 99-100, 107.
    • on Moses Ibn Ezra, 114.
    • as a poet, 131-132.
    • influences Immanuel of Rome, 181.
    • ethical work by, 189.
    • geographical notes by, 200.
  • Chasdai Ibn Shaprut, patron of Moses ben Chanoch, 97.
    • Charizi on, 99-100, 107.
    • activities of, 100.
    • as a patron of Jewish Jearning and poetry, 100-101, 102.
    • and the Chazars, 102-103.
    • as translator, 130.
  • Chasdai Crescas, philosopher, 141.
    • studied by Spinoza, 251.
  • Chassidim, the, new saints, 176.
    • hymns by, 177.
  • Chayim Vital Calabrese, Kabbalist, 176.
  • Chazars, the, and Chasdai Ibn Shaprut, 102-103.
  • Chiddushim, Notes on the Talmud, 234.
  • Chiya, Amora, 49.
  • Chizzuk Emunah, by Isaac Troki, 81.
  • Chuhoth ha-Lehaboth, by Bachya Ibn Pekuda, 190.
  • "Choice of Pearls, The," by Solomen Ibn Gebirol, 110, 189.
  • Choshen ha-Mishpat, part of the Shulchan Aruch, 240.
  • "Chronicle of Achimaaz," 213.
  • Clement VII, pope, and David Reubeni, 207.
  • "Cluster of Cyprus Flowers, A," by Judah Hadassi, 80.
  • "Cock and the Rat, The," fable, 65.
  • Cohen, Tobiah, geographer, 209.
  • "Collections." See Machberoth.
  • "Come, my Friend," Sabbath hymn, 239.
  • "Conciliator, The," by Maniasseh ben Israel, 245.
  • "Consolations for the Tribulations of Israel," by Samuel Usque, 217-218.
  • Constantine, forbids Jews to enter Jerusalem, 205.
  • Cordova, centre of Arabic learning, 96-97.
    • a Jewish centre, 103, 112.
    • in the hands of the Almohades, 134.
  • Council, the Great. See Synhedrion, the.
  • Cromwell, and Manasseh ben Israel, 248.
  • Crusades, the, and the Jews of France, 124.
  • Cuzari, by Jehuda Halevi, 127, 139.

  • Damascus, Jehuda Halevi in, 129.
  • Daniel, the Book of, commentary on 48.
  • Dante, influences Jewish poets, 179, 182, 183, 186.
  • David, the son of Abraham, Karaite author, 79.
  • David ben Maimon, brother of Moses, 135.
  • David Abi Zimra, author of "Responses," 238.
  • David Alroy, pseudo-Messiah, 203.
  • David Conforte, historian, 220.
  • David Gans, historian, 220-221.
  • David Kimchi, grammarian, 117, 123.
  • David Reubeni, traveller, 207.
  • "Deeds of God, The," by Abarbanel, 229,
  • Descartes, studied by Spinoza, 250.
  • "Deuteronomy." See "Strong Hand, The."
  • "Diary of Eldad the Danite," 201-203. ​
  • Dictionary, Hebrew rhyming, by Saadiah, 93.
    • See also Lexicon.
  • Dioscorides, works of, translated, 150.
  • Doria, Andrea, doge, physician of, 219.
  • Dramas in Hebrew, 246-247.
  • Dunash, the son of Labrat, grammmarian, 101, 123.
  • Duran family, writers of "Responses," 237.

  • Eben Bochan, by Kalonymos, 185.
  • Eben ha-Ezer, part of the Shulchan Aruch, 240.
  • Egypt, Jehuda Halevi in, 129.
  • Eldad the Danite, traveller, 201-208.
  • Eleazar of Worms, writer, 191.
  • Eleazar the Levite, will of, 196-197.
  • Eleazar, the son of Azariah, saying of, 25-26.
  • Eleazar, the son of Isaac, will of, 194-195.
  • Elias del Medigo, critic, 222.
  • Elias Levita, grammarian, 229.
  • Elijah Kapsali, historian, 216.
  • Elisha, the son of Abuya, and Meir, 28.
  • Emden, Jacob, author of "Responses," 238.
  • Emek ha-Bacha, by Joseph Cohen, 218, 219.
  • Emunoth ve-Deoth, by Saadiah, 95.
  • En Yaakob, by Jacob Ibn Chabib, 192.
  • Enan, giant in "The Book of Delight," 157-158.
  • England, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
    • Jews re-admitted into, 244.
  • "Ennoblement of Character, The," by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, 110.
  • Eshkol ha-Kopher, by Judah Hadassi, 80.
  • Esthori Parchi, explorer of Palestine, 204-205.
  • Ethical Wills, prevalence and character of, 193-194.
    • examples of, and quotations from, 194-198.
  • "Ethics, the," by Spinoza, 251.
  • Euclid, works of, translated, 149.
  • Eusebius, used in "Josippon," 214.
  • "Examination of the World," by Yedaiah Bedaressi, 191-192.
  • Exilarcks, the, official heads of the Persian Jews, 72.
  • "Eye of Jacob, The," by Jacob Ibn Chabib, 192.
  • Ezra, Kabbalist, 171.

  • Fables. See Beast Fables; Fox Fables.
  • "Faith and Philosophy," by Saadiah, 95.
  • Fathers, the CHristian, and the Simlai, 47.
  • Fayum, birthplace of Saadiah, 91.
  • Ferdinand and Isabella, Abarbanel with, 226.
  • Fez, the Maimon family at, 135.
  • Fiesco, rebellion of, 217.
  • Folk-takes, diffusion of, 153.
  • Festat, Maimonides at, 135.
  • "Foundation of the World, The," by Moses Zacut, 246.
  • "Fountain of Life, The," by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, 110.
  • "Four Rows, The," code by Jacob Asheri, 234, 239.
  • "Fox and the Fishes, The," fable, 65.
  • "Fox as Singer, The," fable, 66.
  • Fox Fables, by Meir, 64.
    • by Berachya ha-Nakdan, 156-157.
  • France, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
    • a Jewish centre, 116, 119, 124.
    • Jewish schools of, destroyed, 124.
  • Fränkel, teacher of Mendelssohn, 253.
  • Frederick II, emperor, patron of Anatoli, 149.
  • Frederick the Great, the Berlin of, 254.

  • Galen, works of, translated, 150, 185.
  • Galilee, centre of Jewish learning, 20. ​
    • explored by Esthori Parchi, 205.
  • Gaonim, the, heads of the Babylonian schools, 68.
    • work of, 68-69.
    • literary productions of, 69-71.
    • language used by, 71.
    • "Letters" of, 71-74.
    • religious heads of the Jews of Persia, 72.
    • as writers, 74.
    • Karaite controversies with, 78.
    • works of, collected, 104.
    • analyze the Talmud, 121,
  • Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, historian, 222-223.
  • Gemara. See Talmud, the.
  • Genesis, commentary on, by Saadiah, 94.
  • Geographical literature among the Jews, 200.
  • German Jews, stagnation among, 254.
  • Germany, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
  • Gersonides. See Levi, the son of Gershon.
  • "Glory to the Virtuous," by Luzzatto, 247.
  • Graetz, H., quoted, 21, 168.
  • Grammar, Hebrew, works on, 77, 79, 117.
  • Granada, Jewish literary centre, 112.
  • Greece, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
  • Greek, translation of the Scriptures, 26.
    • used by Josephus, 37.
    • used in the Sibylline books, 39.
    • used among the Jews, 48.
  • Grotius, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, 245.
  • Guarini, influences Luzzatto, 246.
  • "Guide of the Perplexed, The," by Moses Maimonides, 136, 139-141, 142.

  • Habus, Samuel Ibn Nagdela minister to, 103.
  • Hagadab, the poetic element of the Talmud, 47.
  • Hai, the last Gaon, 71.
  • Halachah, the legal element of the Talmud, 47, 55.
  • Halachoth Gedoloth, compilation of Halachic decisions, 73.
  • Haman, a fable concerning, 66.
  • Hassan, the son of Mashiach, Karaite author, 78, 79.
  • "Heart Duties," by Bachya Ibn Pekuda, 190.
  • Hebrew, the, of the Mishnah, 29.
    • used by the Gaonim, 71.
    • the language of prayer, 83.
    • influenced by Kalir, 88.
    • translations into, 145, 146.
    • a living language, 147.
    • studied by Christians, 230.
  • Heilprin, Yechiel, historian, 220.
  • Heine, quoted, 128.
  • "Hell and Eden," by Immanuel of Rome, 182, 181-185.
  • "Higher Criticism," the, father of, 116.
  • Hillel I, parable of, 62.
  • Hillel II, arranges the Jewish Calendar, 48.
  • Hippocrates, works of, translated, 150.
  • Historical works, 33-34.
  • Historical writing among the Jews, 211-212, 213, 217.
  • "History of France and Turkey," by Joseph Cohen, 217.
  • "History of the Jewish Kings," by Justus, 34.
  • "History of the Ottoman Empire," by Elijah Kapsali, 216.
  • Holland, a Jewish centre, 243.
  • Homileties, in the Midrash, 57.
    • in Sheeltoth, 70.
  • "Hope of Israel, The," by Manasseh ben Israel, 208-209, 248.
  • Hosannas, the Day of, hymn for, 89.
  • Huet, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, 245.
  • Huna, Amora, 49-50.

  • Ibn Roshd. See Averroes.
  • Icabo, character in Samuel Usque's poem, 218.
  • Iggaron, dictionary by David, 79. ​
  • Ikkarim, by Joseph Albo, 141.
  • Immanuel, the son of Salomon, Italian Jewish poet, 179, 180.
    • life of, 180-181.
    • works of, 182-185.
  • Isaac the Elder, Tossafist, 161.
  • Isaac, the son of Asher, Tossafist, 161.
  • Isaac Abarbanel, in Portugal, 225-226.
    • writes commentaries, 226, 227.
    • in Castile, 226.
    • in Naples and Corfu, 226-227.
    • in Venice, 227.
    • as a writer, 227-228.
    • as an exegete, 228, 229.
    • as a philosopher, 229.
  • Isaac Aboab, ethical writer, 192.
  • Isaac Alfassi, Talmudist, 121-122.
  • Isaac Lurya, Kabbalist, 176.
  • Isaac Troki, Karaite author, 81.
  • Isaiah Hurwitz, Kabbalist, 176.
  • Isaiah, the Book of, Abraham Ibn Ezra on, 116.
  • Islam, sects of, 75-76.
  • Israel Baalshem, Kabbalist, 176-177.
  • Israel Isserlein, author of "Responses," 237.
  • "It was at Midnight," by Jannai, 86.
  • Italian Jewish Literature, 178-180, 187.
  • Italy, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
  • "Itinera Mundi," by Abraham Farissol, 206.
  • "Itinerary," by Benjamin of Tudela, 203.

  • Jabneh, See Jamnia.
  • Jacob Ibn Chabib, writer, 192.
  • Jacob Anatoli, translator, 148.
    • patron and friend of, 149.
  • Jacob Asheri, compiler of the Turim, 234, 239.
  • Jacob Weil, author of "Responses," 237.
  • Jacobs, Mr. Joseph, quoted. 65, 66, 156, 158-159.
  • Jair Chayim Bacharach, author of "Responses," 238.
  • Jamnia, centre of Jewish learning, 19-22.
  • Jannai, originator of the Piyut, 86.
    • date of, 87.
  • Japhet, the son of Ali, Karaite author, 78, 79.
  • Jayme I of Aragon, orders a public disputation, 164.
  • Jehuda Halevi, models of, 107.
    • subjects of, 109.
    • prominence of, 126.
    • youth of, 126-127.
    • as a philosopher and physician, 127-128, 139.
    • longs for Jerusalem. 128.
    • on his journey, 128-129.
    • quotation from. 129-130.
    • works of, translated, 148.
  • Jerome, under Jewish influence, 48.
  • "Jerusalem," by Mendelssohn, 256.
  • "Jewish War, The," by Justus, 34.
  • "Jews, The," by Lessing, 256.
  • Jochanan, the son of Napacha, Amora, 46, 47, 51.
  • Jochanan, the son of Zakkai, characterized, 20-21, 24.
    • as a Tanna, 23-24.
  • Jochanan Aleman, Kabbalist, 174.
  • John of Capua, translator, 155.
  • Joseph Ibn Caspi, will of, 196.
  • Joseph Ibn Verga, historian, 218-219.
  • Joseph al-Bazir, Karaite author, 78, 79.
  • Joseph Albo, philosopher, 141.
  • Joseph Cohen, historian, 216-217, 219.
  • Joseph Delmedigo, on Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, 222.
  • Joseph Karo, prohibits the Machberoth, 183.
    • compiler of the Shulchan Aruch, 233.
    • life of, 238-259.
    • See Shulchan Aruch, the.
  • Joseph Kimchi, exegete, 116.
  • Joseph Zabara, poet, 157-158.
    • geographical notes by, 200.
  • Josephus, Flavius, historian, 34-38.
    • works of of, 34.
    • characterized, 35-36. ​
    • champion of Judaism, 36, 37-38.
    • style of, 36-37.
    • language used by, 37.
    • used in "Josippon," 214.
  • Joshua, the son of Levi, Amora, 47.
  • "Josippon," a romance, 214.
  • Judah the Prince, a Tanna, 23, 28-29.
    • characterized, 28-29.
  • Judah Ibn Ezra, anti-Karaite, 214.
  • Judah Ibn Tibbon as a translator, 146, 147.
    • as a physician, 146-147.
  • Judah Ibn Verga, chronicler, 218.
  • Judah Chayuj, grammarian, 101.
  • Judah Chassid, ethical writer, 191.
  • Judah Hadassi, Karaite author, 80-81.
  • Judah Minz, author of "Responses," 237.
  • Judah Romano, school-man, 185.
  • Judaism, after the loss of a national centre, 21.
    • championed by Josephus, 36, 37-38.
    • philosophy of, 77.
  • Justus of Tiberias, historian, works of, 34.

  • Kabbala, mysticism, 170.
    • development of, 171.
    • and Christian scholars, 174.
    • the later, 175.
  • Kalila ve-Dimna. See Bidpai, Fables of.
  • Kalir, new-Hebrew poet, 85, 86, 87.
    • date of, 87.
    • style of, 87-88, 107.
    • subject-matter of, 88-89.
    • quotation from, 89-90.
  • Kalirian Piyut, the, 85.
  • Kalonymos, the son of Kalonymos, translator, 149, 185.
    • as poet, 179, 180, 185-186.
  • Kant, and Mendelssohn, 257.
  • Kaphtor va-Pherach, Esthori Parchi, 205.
  • Karaism, rise of, 75-76.
    • a reaction against tradition, 76.
    • defect of, 76.
    • Literary influence of, 77.
    • history of, 80.
    • Rabbinite opposition to, 82.
    • opposed by Saadiah, 91, 92.
  • Kepler, correspondent of David Gans, 220.
  • Kether Malchuth, by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, 110.
    • quotation from, 111-112.
  • Kimchi. See Joseph; Moses; David.
  • Kirkisani, Karaite author, 80.
  • Kodashim, order of the Mishnah, 31.
  • Kore ha-Doroth, by David Conforte, 220.

  • "Lamp of Light, The," by Isaac Aboab, 192.
  • Landau, Ezekiel, author of "Responses," 238.
  • Lavater, and Mendelssohn, 258.
  • "Law of Man, The," by Nachmanides, 166.
  • Lecha Dodi, Sabhath hymn, 239.
  • Lecky, on the scientific activity of the Jews 150.
  • Leon da Modena, historian, 220.
  • Leon, Messer, physician and writer, 187.
  • Leshon Limmudim, by Sahal, the son of Mazliach, 79.
  • "Lesser Sanctuary, The," by Moses Rieti, 186.
  • Lessing, and Mendelssohn, 255-256.
  • "Letter," by Sherira, 70-71, 212.
  • "Letter of Advice, The" by Solomon Alami, 197-198.
  • "Letter of Aristeas," by Azariah di Rossi, 223.
  • "Letters," the, of the Gaonim, scope of, 71-73.
    • style of, 74.
    • geographical notes in, 200.
    • and the "Responses," 234.
  • Levi, the son of Gershon, philosopher, 141.
  • Lexicon, by Sahal, 79.
    • by David, 79.
    • by David Kimchi, 117.
  • Lexicon, Talmudical. See Aruch, 70. ​
  • "Light of God, The," by Chasdai Crescas, 141.
  • "Light of the Eyes, The," by Azariah di Rossi, 220, 223.
  • Literature, Jewish, oral, 21-22.
    • principle of, 23-24,
    • under the influence of Karaism, 77.
    • See Mishnah, the.
  • Liturgy, the, earliest additions to, 83.
    • See Piyut, the.
  • Lorraine, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
  • Lost Ten Tribes, book on, 201.
    • in Brazil, 208.
  • Lucas, Mrs. Alice, translations by, quoted, 63.
  • Lucian, used in "Josippon," 214.
  • Luzzatto, Moses Chayim, Kabbalist and dramatist, 176.
    • ethical work by, 193.
    • as dramatist, 246-247.
  • Lydda, centre of Jewish learning, 20.

  • Machberoth, by Immanuel of Rome, 182-185.
  • Maggid, familiar of Joseph Karo, 239.
  • Maharil, collection of Customs, 238.
  • Maimonides, Moses, the forerunner of, 95.
    • youth of, 134-135.
    • activities of, 135-136.
    • disinterestedness of, 136.
    • attacks on, 137, 141.
    • prominence of, 137-138.
    • as a philosopher, 138-141, 142, 151.
    • works of, translated, 148.
    • and Nachmanides, 163.
    • studied by Spinoza, 250.
  • Mainz, Rashi at, 122.
  • Majorca, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.
  • Manasseh ben Israel, and the Lost Tribes, 208-209, 243, 247-248.
    • political activity of, 244, 248.
    • life of, 244.
    • attainments and friends of, 245.
    • activities of, 247.
    • as a pamphleteer, 248-249.
    • and Spinoza, 250.
  • Manetho, historian, and Josephus, 36.
  • Massechtoth, tractates of the Mishnah, 31.
  • "Maximes of the Philosophers," by Charizi, 189.
  • Mebo ha-Talmud, by Samuel Ibn Nagdela, 104.
  • Mechilta, a Midrashic work, 57.
  • Megillath Taanith, See "Scroll of Fasting, The."
  • Meir, a Tanna, 23, 27-28.
    • characterized, 27-28.
    • fables by, 64.
  • Meir of Rothenburg, poet, 131, 235-237.
    • writer of "Responses," 235.
  • "Memorial Books," historical sources, 216.
  • Menachem, the son of Zaruk, grammarian, 100, 101, 123.
  • Mendelssohn, Moses, antagonized by Ezekiel Landau, 238.
    • life of, 258.
    • objects to the separation of culture and religion, 254.
    • service of, to Judaism, 254-255.
    • and Lessing, 255-256.
    • style of, 257.
    • and Lavater, 258.
    • translates the Pentateuch, 258-259.
    • circle of, 259.
    • influence of, 259-260.
  • Menorath ha-Maor, by Isaac Aboab, 192.
  • Meör Enayim, by Azariah di Rossi, 220.
  • Meshullam of Lunel, patron of learning, 146, 147.
  • Messiah, the, Joshua on, 47.
  • Messilath Yesharim, by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 193.
  • Metre, in Hebrew poetry, 84.
  • Michlol, by David Kimchi, 117.
  • Midrash, the, characterized, 55-57.
    • poetical, 56, 57.
    • popular homileties, 57.
    • works called, 57-58.
    • style of, 58-59.
    • proverbs in, 59-60.
    • parables in, 60-64. ​
    • beast fables in, 64-67.
    • and the Piyut, 86, 88-89.
    • used by Rashi, 123, 124.
  • Midrash Maggadol, a Midrashic work, 58.
  • Midrash Rabbah, a Midrashic work, 58.
  • Mikdash Meät, by Moses Rieti, 186.
  • Minhag, established by the Gaonim, 69.
  • Miphaloth Elohim, by Abarbanel, 229.
  • Mishnah, a paragraph of the Mishnah, 31.
  • Mishnah, the, origin of, 22.
    • principle of, 24.
    • compiled by Rabbi, 28.
    • contents and style of, 29-31.
    • divisions of, 31.
    • development of, 43. See Talmud, the.
    • date of, 52.
    • Sherira, on, 70.
    • Maimon's commentary on, 135.
    • commentary on, 206.
    • personified, 239.
  • Mishneh Torah. See "Strong Hand, The,"
  • Moed, order of the Mishnah, 31.
  • Mohammedanism assumed by the Maimon family, 135.
  • Moreh Nebuchim, See "Guide of the Perplexed, The."
  • Moses, teachings of, summarized, 140.
  • Moses of Leon, author of the Zohar, 172, 173.
  • Moses, the son of Chanoch, founds a school at Cordova, 97.
  • Meses, the son of Maimon. See Maimonides, Moses.
  • Moses Ibn Ezra, and the Scriptures, 107, 109.
    • life of, 112-113.
    • quotation from, 113-114.
    • hymns of, 114.
    • Charizi on, 114.
  • Moses Ibn Tibbon, translator, 148.
  • Moses Alshech, homiletical writer, 230.
  • Moses Kimchi, grammarian, 117.
  • Moses Minz, author of "Responses," 237.
  • Moses Rieti, poet, 186-187.
  • Mysticism, an element of religion, 169-170.
    • in Judaism, 170.

  • Nachmanides, Moses, Talmudist, 160-168.
    • on the French Rabbis, 160, 162.
    • as a poet, 162.
    • gentleness of, 163.
    • in a disputation, 163-164.
    • in Palestine, 165.
    • as an exegete, 165-168.
    • teacher of, 171.
    • will of, 195.
    • Nahar, poet, 109.
  • "Name of the Great Ones, The," by Chayim Azulai, 220.
  • Naples, Abarbanel in, 226.
  • Nashim, order of the Mishnah, 31.
  • "Nathan the Wise," by Lessing, 256.
  • Nathan, the son of Yechiel, lexicographer, 121.
  • Nehardea, centre of Jewish learning, 44.
  • Nehemiah Chayun, Kabbalist, 176.
  • New-Hebrew as a literary language, 83.
  • New-Hebrew poetry, and the Scriptures, 107.
    • characteristics of, 108-109.
    • after Jehuda Halevi, 130-131, 132.
    • See also Piyut.
  • Nezikin, order of the Mishnah, 31.
  • Nicholas, monk, translator, 150.
  • "Novelties," Notes on the Talmud, 234.
  • Numco, character in Samuel Usque's poem, 218.

  • Obadiah of Bertinoro, Rabbi of Jerusalem, 206.
  • Omar, forbids Jews to enter Jerusalem, 205.
  • Onkelos, See Aquila.
  • Orach Chayim, part of the Shulchan Aruch, 239, 240. ​
  • "Order of Generations, The," by Yechiel Heilprin, 220.
  • "Order of the Tannaim and Amoraim," 212.
  • Orders of the Mishnah, 31.
  • Origen, under Jewish influence, 48.

  • Pablo Christiani, convert, and Nachmanindes, 161.
  • Palestine, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
    • the Maimon family in, 135.
    • explored, 204-205.
    • open to Jews, 205-206.
  • Parables, in the Midrash, 60-61.
    • examples of, 62, 63.
  • Parallelism of line, in the Scariptures, 108.
  • Passover, hymn for, 86.
  • "Path of Life, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, 239, 240.
  • "Path of the Upright, The," by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 193.
  • Penso, Joseph Felix, dramatist, 246.
  • Pentateuch, the, translated, 27, 247, 258.
    • as viewed by Meir, 27.
    • commentary on, 166-168, 230.
    • See also Scriptures, the.
  • Perakim, chapters of the Mishnah, 31.
  • Perez of Corbeil, Tossafist, 161.
  • "Perfection," by David Kimchi, 117.
  • Persia, the Jews of, independent, 72.
    • See also Babylonia.
  • Pesikta, a Midrashic work, 58.
  • Petachiah of Ratisbon, traveller, 204.
  • Phædo, or the Immortality of the Soul," by Mendelssohn, 257.
  • Philo, on Judaism, 38.
  • Philosophy, Jewish, created by Saadiah, 91, 95.
  • Pico di Mirandola, and the Kabbala, 174.
  • Piyut, the, characteristics of, 83-84.
    • two types of, 84-85.
    • Kalirian, 85.
    • Spanish, 85.
    • creator of, 85-86.
    • by Samuel Ibn Nagdela, 105.
    • in Italy, 186.
  • Poetry. See New-Hebrew poetry; Piyut.
  • Poland, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
  • Porphyry, on the Book of Daniel, 48.
  • Prayer-Book, the, compiled by Amram, 70.
    • arranged by Saadiah, 95.
  • Prester John, Eldad on, 203.
  • "Prince and Nazirite," Abraham Ibn Chisdai, 154-155.
  • Provence, the Spanish Piyut in, 85.
    • Jewish learning in, 146.
  • Proverbs, in the Midrash, 69-60.
    • quoted, 59.
  • Psalms, the, and new-Hebrew poetry, 104-105, 108.
    • mysticism in, 169, 170.
  • Ptolemy, works of, translated, 149, 185.
  • Pumbediths, centre of Jewish learning, 44, 72.
  • "Purim Tractate, The," by Kalonymos, 185-186.
  • Pygmies, the, discovered by Tobiah Cohen, 209.

  • Questions and Answers," decisions, 73.

  • Rab. See Abba Areka.
  • Rabba, the son of Nachmani, Amora, 51.
  • Rabbi. See Judah the Prince.
  • Rabbinical schools, in Babylonia, 44.
  • Rabina, Amora, compiler of the Talmud. 51, 52.
  • Ralbag. See Levi, the son of Gershon.
  • Ramban. See Nachmanides, Moses.
  • Rashbam. See Samuel ben Meir.
  • Rashi (R. Shelomo Izchaki), importance of, 119.
    • style of, 119-120.
    • characteristics of, 120-121.
    • life of, 122.
    • as an exegete, 123-124. ​
    • descendants of, 124, 161.
  • Rava, Amora, 51.
  • Rembrandt, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, 245.
  • Renaissance, the, and Italian Jewish literature, 178, 182, 184, 187.
  • Renan, on the students of Averroes, 148.
  • "Responses," on religious subjects, 234-235, 237-238.
  • Reuchlin, Johann, and the Kabbala, 174.
  • Rhyme, in Hebrew poetry, 84.
  • "Rod of Judah, The," by the Ibn Vergas, 218-219.
  • Rokeach, by Eleazar of Worms, 191.
  • "Royal Crown, The," by Solomon Ibn Gebirol, 110.
    • quotation from, 111-112.

  • Saadiah, Gaon, 70, 91-97.
    • activities of, 91, 95.
    • opposes Karaism, 92, 94.
    • translates the Scriptures, 93, 94.
    • style of, 93.
    • conflict of, with the Exilarch, 95.
    • arranges a prayer-book, 95.
    • as a philosopher, 95-96, 139.
    • works of, translated, 148.
  • Sabbatai Zevi, and the Kabbala, 175.
    • opponents of, 238.
  • Sacred Letter, The," by Nachmanides, 165.
  • Safed, Kabbalist centre, 175.
  • Sahal, the son of Mazliach, 77-78.
  • Salman, the son of Yerucham, Karaite author, 78.
  • Salonica, Kabbalist centre, 175.
  • "Salvation of his Anointed," by Abarbanel, 229.
  • "Samson," by Luzzatto, 246.
  • Samuel, Amora, 47-48, 51.
    • astronomer, 48.
  • Samuel, the son of Chofni, Gaon and author, 71.
  • Samuel ben Meir, exegete, 124.
  • Samuel Ibn Nagdela, Nagid and minister, 103.
    • as a scholar, 104.
    • as a poet, 104-105.
  • Samuel Ibn Tibbon, translator, 147, 148.
    • son-in-law of, 148.
  • Samuel Usque, poet, 217-218.
  • Scientific activity of the Jews, 151.
  • Scot, Michael, friend of Anatoli, 149, 151.
  • Scriptures, the, translated into Greek, 26.
    • commentaries on, 77, 79, 128, 229.
    • translated into Arabic, 91, 93, 94.
    • translations of, in the synagogues, 94.
    • and new-Hebrew poetry, 107-108.
    • characteristics of the poetry of, 108.
    • addresses of parents to children in, 194.
    • See also Pentateuch, the.
  • Scroll of Fasting, The," contents, character, and purpose of, 40-41.
  • Sedarim, order of the Mishnah, 31.
  • Seder ha-Doroth, by Yechiel Heilprin, 220.
  • Sefer Dikduk, by Sahal, the son of Mazliach, 79.
  • Sefer ha-Chassidim, ethical work, 191.
  • Sefer ha-Galui, by Saadiah, 93.
  • Sefer ha-Kabbalah, by Abraham ihn Daud, 213-214.
  • Sefer Yetsirah, by Saadiah, 95.
    • Kabbalistic, 175.
  • Seleucid era, the, abolished, 238.
  • Selichoth, elegies, Zunz on, 215-216.
  • Sepphoris, centre of Jewish learning, 20.
  • Septuagint, the, style of, 26.
  • Seville, Jewish literary centre, 112.
  • Shaaloth u-Teshuboth, decisions, 73.
  • Shalsheleth ha-Kabbalah, by Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, 220.
  • Shebet Jehudah, by the Ibn Vergas, 218-219.
  • Sheeltoth, by Achai, 69-70.
  • Sheloh, by Isaiah Hurwitz 176.
  • Shelomo Izchaki, See Rashi. ​
  • Sherira, Gaon and historian 70-71.
  • Sheshet family, writers of "Responses," 237.
  • "Shields of the Mighty, The," by Abraham de Porta Leone, 220.
  • Shiites, the, Mohammedan sect, 75.
  • Shilte ha-Gibborim, by Abraham de Porta Leone, 220.
  • Shulchan Aruch, the, publication of, 232.
    • scope of, 232-233.
    • sources of, 233-234.
    • parts of, 239-240.
    • value of, 241.
  • Sibylline books, the Jewish, 38-40.
    • on the Jewish religion, 38-39.
    • language of, 39.
    • quotations from, 39, 40.
  • Siddur, the, compiled by Amram, 70.
  • Sifra, a Midrashic work, 57.
  • Sifre, a Midrashic work, 57.
  • Simlai, Amora, 47, 48.
  • Simon, the son of Lakish, Amora, 46.
  • Simon, the son of Yochai, alleged author of the Zohar, 172.
  • Solomon the son of Adereth, writer of "Responses," 235.
  • Solomen Ibn Gebirol, and the Scriptures, 107.
    • subjects of, 109.
    • life of, 109-110.
    • works of, 110.
    • quotations from, 111-112,
    • works of, translated, 148.
  • Solomon Ibn Verga, chronicler, 218.
  • Solomon Alami, ethical writer, 197-198.
  • Solomon Alkabets, poet, 239.
  • Solomon Molcho, and the Kabbala, 175, 207.
  • Song of Songs, the, and new-Hebrew poetry, 107.
  • Spain, Moorish, the centre of Jewish learning, 96-97.
  • Spanish-Jewish poetry. See New-Hebrew poetry.
  • Spanish Piyut, the, 85.
  • Speyer, Rashi at, 122.
  • Spinoza, Baruch, influenced by Chasdai Crescas, 141.
    • philosopher, 243, 244, 249-251.
    • life of, 250-251.
    • works of, 251.
  • Steinschneider, Dr., on Jewish translators, 144.
  • "Stone of Help, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, 240.
  • Strabo, used in "Josippon," 214.
  • "Strengthening of Faith, The," by Isaac Troki, 81.
  • "Strong Hand, The," by Moses Maimonides, 136-137, 139, 232.
  • "Strong Tower, The," by Luzzatto, 246.
  • Sunnites, the, Mohammedan sect, 75.
  • Sura, centre of Jewish learning, 44, 72.
    • Saadiah at, 91, 96.
  • Synhedrion, the, at Jamnia, 19-20.

  • "Table Prepared," See Shulchan Aruch, the.
  • Tables of Alfonso, in Hebrew, 221.
  • Tachkemoni, by Charizi, 131-132, 183.
  • Talmud, the, commentary on the Mishnah, 43.
    • language of, 44.
    • two wocks, 44.
    • the teachers of, 44.
    • character of, 45, 50, 53.
    • the two aspects of, 47.
    • and Rab and Samuel, 47-48, 51.
    • influences traceable in, 50-51.
    • compilation of, 51-52.
    • beast fables in, 64-67.
    • lexicon of, 70.
    • and the Piyut, 86.
    • commentary on, by Rashi, 120.
    • geographical notes in, 200.
    • Notes on, 234.
  • Talmud, the Babylonian, 44.
    • the larger work, 44.
  • Talmud, the Jerusalem, 44.
  • Tam of Ramern, Tossafist, 161.
  • Tanchuma, a Midrashic work, 58.
  • Tannaim, the, teachers of the Mishnah, 22. ​
    • four generations of, 23.
  • Targum Onkelos, Aramaic translation of the Pentateuch, 27.
  • Tarshish, by Moses Ibn Ezra, 114.
  • "Teacher of Knowledge, The," part of the Shulchan Aruch, 239-240.
  • Teharoth, order of the Mishnah, 31.
  • Teshuboth. See "Letters," the; "Responses," the.
  • "Theologico-Political Tractate," by Spinoza, 244, 251.
  • Tiberias, centre of Jewish learning, 20.
  • Todros Abulafia, Kabbalist, 171.
  • Toledo, Jewish literary centre, 112.
    • cosmopolitanism of, 126.
  • "Topaz, The," by Moses Ibn Ezra, 114.
  • Torah, the. See Pentateuch, the.
  • Tossafists, the, French Talmudists, 160-161.
  • Tossafoth, Additions, 161.
  • "Touchstone, The," by Kalonymos, 185.
  • Tractates of the Mishnah, 31.
  • Tradition, the Jewish, investigated at Jamnia, 21.
    • Sherira on, 70.
    • reaction against, 76.
    • See Mishnah, the.
  • Translations, value of, 144.
    • made by Jews, 144-145, 146, 149-151, 153-154, 155-156.
  • "Travels," by Petachiah of Ratisbon, 204.
  • Troyes, Rashi at, 122.
  • "Two Tables of the Covenant, The," by Isaiah Hurwitz, 176.
  • Tyre, Jehuda Halevi in, 129.

  • Usha, centre of Jewish learning, 20.

  • "Valley of Tears, The," by Joseph Cohen, 218, 219.
  • Venice, Abarbanel in, 227.
  • Vindiciæ Judeorum, by Manasseh ben Israel, 244, 249, 258.
  • "Vineyard," the. See Jamnia.
  • Vossins, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, 245.

  • "Wars of the Jews, The," by Josephus, 34.
    • the language of, 37.
  • "Wars of the Lord, The," by Gersonides, 141.
  • "Wars of the Lord, The," by Salman, the son of Yerucham, 78.
  • Wessely, N. H., pedagogue, 210.
  • "Wolf and the two Hounds, The," fable, 65.
  • "Wolf at the Well, The," fable, 65.
  • "Work of Tobiah, The," by Tobiah Cohen, 209.
  • Worms, Rashi at, 122.

  • Yad Hachazaka. See "Strong Hand, The."
  • Yalkut, collected Midrashim, 58.
  • Yedaiah Bedaressi, writer, 191-192.
  • Yeshuoth Meshicho, by Abarbanel, 229.
  • Yoreh Deah, part of the Shulchan Arnch, 240.
  • Yuchasin, by Abraham Zacuto, 216.

  • Zabara, satirist, 127.
  • Zacut, Moses, dramatist, 246.
  • Zeëna u-Reëna, homiletical work, 230.
  • Zeira, Amora, 46.
  • Zemach, the son of Paltoi, Gaon and lexicographer, 70.
  • Zemach David, by David Gans, 220-221.
  • Zeraim, order of the Mishnah, 31.
  • Zevaoth. See Ethical Wills.
  • Zicarco, character in Samuel Usque's poem, 218.
  • Zion, odes to, by Jehuda Halevi, 109, 129-130.
  • Zohar, the, Kabbalistic work, 172-174.
    • style and language of, 172-173.
    • contents of, 173-174.
    • Christian ideas in, 174.
    • importance of, 175.

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