Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bateman, William
BATEMAN, WILLIAM (1298?–1355), bishop of Norwich, who is also called, from his birthplace, William of Norwich, was born about 1298. His parents' names were William and Margery. His father was one of the principal citizens of Norwich, having no less than eleven times filled the office of bailiff of the city (Norwich had no mayor till 1403), of which he sat as the representative in the parliament of 1326–7. The future bishop had two elder brothers, both of whom attained eminence. The first-born, Sir Bartholomew Bateman, of Flixton, Norfolk, was knighted by Edward III for his martial prowess in the French wars. The second became an abbot. William, the third son, received his education in his native city, probably in the school attached to the priory of Norwich. Thence he passed to Cambridge, where he devoted himself to the study of canon and civil law, proceeded as doctor of civil law at an early age, and in his thirtieth year was collated by Bishop Ayreminne [q. v.] to the archdeaconry of Norwich, 8 Dec. 1328 (Le Neve, Fasti (ed. Hardy), ii. 479). He was introduced by Ayreminne to the court of Pope John XXII at Avignon. The young civilian's ability soon manifested itself, and the pope endeavoured to bind to himself one who seemed likely to fill an influential place in English politics. By his desire Bateman took up his residence at the papal court, where he rose through various lucrative and dignified offices until finally, in that or the succeeding pontificate, he was appointed auditor of the palace. He is said to have fulfilled the duties of this office with such inflexible justice and solidity of judgment that he was regarded both by the pope and his court as ‘the flower of civilians and canonists’ (Warren's Book; Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, lib. vii. p. 240). He retained the same high reputation with John's successor, Benedict XII (1334), by whose provision he was made dean of Lincoln, which dignity we find him holding in 1340 (Le Neve, ii. 32; Peck, u.s. p. 240). Edward III's wars with France had now begun, and Bateman speedily entered on the long series of diplomatic negotiations which characterised the last decade of his life. Bateman's vigorous mind, business-like habits, and intimate knowledge of law in both its provinces, specially fitted him for diplomatic employment. He was on two occasions despatched from Avignon by the pope to endeavour to effect a reconciliation between the French and English monarchs (Peck, u.s.), and on 20 May 1343 he was empowered, with Hugh Despenser and others, by Edward III to negotiate for a peace with the French ambassadors before Clement VI, the king declaring that he was unable to send a solemn embassage until he had received satisfaction from Philip of Valois for his breaches of the truce. The same year, 19 Dec., the see of Norwich became vacant by the death of Bishop Antony Beke, and Clement gave Bateman the bishopric by ‘provision.’ He was consecrated by the pope at Avignon on 23 May 1344 (Le Neve, ii. 464). A few months after his consecration he was commissioned by the king to present letters to Clement for a final peace, and once more to treat with the ambassadors of Philip before the pope as mediator (Rymer's Fœdera, iii. pt. i. 19). The limits of this article forbid the attempt to particularise all the repeated and for the most part fruitless negotiations, in the prosecution of which the Bishop of Norwich was during the next ten years repeatedly crossing the sea accompanied by other ambassadors. To do this would be to give a summary of the history of the period. Suffice it to say that we find him thus employed on 28 July, 25 Sept., and 11 Oct. 1348; 10 March, 13 April 1349; 15 May 1350; 27 June, 26 July 1351; 19 Feb. 1352; 30 March, 28 Aug., and, finally, 30 Oct. 1354—an embassy in the fulfillment of which he terminated his life (Rymer's Fœd. iii. pt. i. 19, 62, 165, 173, 175, 182, 183, 184, 196, 225, 227, 253, 275, 283, 289). His repeated selection by the king for these difficult and delicate negotiations is an evidence of the confidence reposed in his wisdom, statesmanship, and intimate acquaintance with the tortuous policy of the papal court. On his consecration Bishop Bateman at once carried out a visitation of his diocese with remarkable courage and vigour. He fearlessly asserted his visitatorial authority over the great abbey of St. Edmundsbury. The claim was as strenuously resisted by the abbot. It was an old quarrel, inherited by both parties from their predecessors. It embittered the first three years of Bishop Bateman's episcopate, and brought him into direct collision with the judicial power. He excommunicated the abbot's attorney, who served a process on him. The attorney brought an action against the bishop, who was cast in this as well as in the more important suit with the abbot. A writ of error sued for by the bishop only resulted in the confirmation of the judgment. Bateman, however, stoutly repudiated the authority of a temporal court over spiritual persons, and refused either to pay the fine imposed or to absolve the attorney. His cattle and goods were consequently distrained, his temporalities seized, and his person was threatened with arrest (Rymer's Fœd. iii. pt. i. 118; Bury Registers, apud Blomefield; Hist. Norf. ii. 360). Unwearied in the assertion of his episcopal immunities he appealed to the council called by Archbishop Stratford at St. Paul's, 25 Sept. 1347, against this scandalous invasion of the privileges of the spirituality by the temporal power. How the matter ended appears not to be recorded.
The same undaunted assertion of his rights was shown in his excommunication of Robert, Lord Morley, the lord-lieutenant of the county, for the crime of poaching on the episcopal manors. Equally unmoved by the entreaties and the threats of the king and the nobles, he compelled the offender to do public penance, by walking with bare head and feet through the streets of Norwich to the cathedral, carrying a huge wax taper, which, after openly confessing his crime and humbly asking absolution, he offered on the high altar (Godwin, De Præsul. (ed. Richardson), ii. 14; Wharton, Anglia Sacra, i. 415). A dispute with the commonalty of Lynn as to certain municipal rights ended in a compromise, the substantial victory remaining with the bishop (Blomefield, ii. 364).
In 1349 England was visited by ‘the black death.’ No part of the country suffered more severely than Norfolk and Suffolk, comprising the diocese of Norwich. The mortality among the clergy was frightful. The annual average of institutions to benefices for the five years from the Lady-days of 1344 and 1349 had been 81. During the year ending Lady-day 1350 the number amounted to 831. The number of clergy swept away in the diocese of Norwich alone cannot be set at less than 2,000. The bishop's brother, Sir Bartholomew Bateman, died in this year, and presumably of the plague. During the whole of this time of pestilence Bishop Bateman remained unflinchingly at his post, never leaving his diocese for a single day, often instituting as many as twenty clergy at once. Till the plague was stayed he travelled through his diocese, never staying long in one place, and ‘followed by the troops of clergy who came to be instituted to the benefices vacated by death. So many parishes being left without incumbents, there was a fear lest the supply of clergy should be inadequate to the draught upon it. Bishop Bateman applied to Pope Clement VI for direction, who issued a bull authorising him to ordain sixty young men two years under the canonical age, a permission of which he availed himself to a very small extent’ (Jessopp, Diocesan Hist. Norwich, pp. 118–21).
One important outcome of this appalling calamity was the foundation in the following year, 1350, by Bishop Bateman of the college at Cambridge, to which, as a mark of his special devotion to the blessed Trinity, he gave the name of Trinity Hall. The bishop's object in this foundation, which was designed solely for students of canon and civil law, was to recruit the thinned ranks of the clergy of his diocese with men trained in those studies. For this purpose he became possessor of a hostel which had been purchased by John of Crawden, prior of Ely, as a place to which the monks of his house might retire for study, giving them in exchange six rectories in his diocese. His intention had been to found a master and twenty fellows, besides scholars, who were each to say a prescribed office, ‘De Trinitate,’ on rising and going to bed, always to speak Latin, to dispute three times a week on some point of canon or civil law, and have the Holy Scripture read aloud during meals. The royal charter of foundation bears date 20 Nov. 1350. Bateman's death in 1355 prevented the full accomplishment of his scheme. At that time the body consisted only of the master, three fellows, and two scholars. A license for building a chapel was given by the bishop of Ely on 30 May 1352, to which the founder bequeathed vestments, jewels, and plate. In the list of books given by the bishop to his new college theology is represented only by a small Bible, together with a Compendium and a Recapitulation of the Bible, all the rest being books of canon or civil law. His own private library, however, reverting to the college after his death, was more adequately furnished with theological works. Two years previously, 1348, a clergyman of Bateman's diocese, Edmund Gonville, rector of Terrington, had obtained license from Edward III to found a college for twenty scholars in honour of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin. Gonville died before his foundation had been fully established, and had he not named Bishop Bateman as his executor the whole design would probably have collapsed. Bateman carried out Gonville's scheme as a second founder, though with some important changes in its character, 21 Dec. 1351. He removed the college to its present site, near his earlier foundation, and substituted for Gonville's statutes a selection from those of Trinity Hall, by which the requirement of an almost exclusively theological training was abolished. On 17 Sept. 1353 Bateman, as founder of the two societies, ratified an agreement of fraternal affection and mutual help between them ‘as scions of the same stock,’ the precedence, however, being assigned to the members of Trinity Hall, ‘tanquam fratres primogeniti’ (Warren's Book; Mullinger's Hist. of Univ. of Cambridge, i. 246; Cooper's Memorials of Cambridge, i. 99). Bateman's interest in the university of Cambridge, in which in his own words he had ‘received the first elements of learning, and, though undeservedly, the doctor's degree,’ had been shown at an earlier period by a gift of 100l. (equal to 1,500l. of our present money), as a sum from which members of the university might borrow on pledges up to 4l. Such donations were at that period not at all rare (Caius's Hist. Acad. 133; Cooper's Memorials, i. 100).
The last year of Bateman's busy life was marked by no less than three of those diplomatic missions on which he had so often, and on the whole so fruitlessly, crossed the Channel. He was again commissioned, 30 March 1354, with Clinton, earl of Huntingdon, and others, to negotiate a final peace with France (Rymer's Fœd. iii. pt. i. 275); and again, on 28 Aug. of the same year, to treat with the French ambassadors before the pope (ibid. p. 283). But Edward's terms were refused by the French king. Once again, and for the last time, 30 Oct., Bishop Bateman set out on his familiar journey, accompanied by Henry, duke of Lancaster, and Michael Northburgh, bishop of London, to treat before the pope concerning the king's castles and lands in France (ibid. p. 289). The negotiations were prolonged. The new year found the commissioners still at Avignon. The delay was fatal. A sudden sickness, popularly attributed to poison, attacked the bishop, and he died on the festival of the Epiphany, 6 Jan. 1355. He was buried before the high altar of the cathedral at Avignon, the patriarch of Jerusalem officiating, and the whole body of cardinals attending the obsequies with the exception of one detained by illness (Robert of Boston, Chron. Angl. inter Scriptor. Petroburg. p. 135). Trinity Hall still preserves their founder's cup and cover of silver-gilt, bearing his arms. An image of the Trinity in a tabernacle, silvergilt, given by him to the high altar of Norwich Cathedral, as well as a smaller one, shared the fate of superstitious images at the Reformation (Wharton, Angl. Sacr. i. 414). Of the two mezzotint portraits of Bishop Bateman, that by J. Faber in his series of Founders (1714) is entirely a fancy production. That by W. Robins (c. 1781), according to Warren's Book, was taken from an impression of his episcopal seal.
[De Vita et Morte Willielmi Bateman, apud Peck, Desiderat. Curios. lib. vii. pp. 239–42; Warren's Book, MS. at Trinity Hall; Godwin, De Præsul. (ed. Richardson), ii. 14; Wharton's Angl. Sacr. i. 414; Blomefield's Hist. of Norfolk, ii. 359 sq.; Rymer's Fœdera, vol. iii. pt. i.; Mullinger's University of Cambridge, i. 239–47; Cooper's Memorials of Cambridge, i. 99–101; Masters's Hist. of C. C. C., by Lamb, p. 29; Jessopp's Hist. of Dioc. of Norwich, pp. 117–23.]