Economic Development in Denmark Before and During the World War

by Harald Westergaard

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

IN DENMARK

Before and During the World War

BY

HARALD WESTERGAARD

PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL SCIENCE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN

OXFORD : AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

London, Edinburgh, New York, Toronto, Melbourne, Cape Town, Bombay

HUMPHREY MILFORD

1922

PRINTED IN ENGLAND
AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

CONTENTS
	PAGE
Note by the Director	v
Introduction	1
Early German Influence in Denmark	2
Early Condition of the Danish Peasants	3
Condition of the Peasants in the Eighteenth Century	4
The Guild System of the Eighteenth Century	7
Social Developments of the Nineteenth Century	9
The Rise of the Lower Classes	11
The Free Constitution of 1849	16
Social and Economic Developments in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century	19
Beginnings of the Danish Labour Movement	22
Development of the Labour Movement	23
Employers' Associations	26
The Commission of 1875	28
Beginnings of Social Insurance	30
The Commission of 1885 and the Development of Social Insurance	31
Development of Accident Insurance	38
Development of Old-Age Pensions	42
Invalid Insurance	46
Care of Widows and Orphans	48
Care of Consumptives	49
Care of Unemployed	50
Labour Exchange	55
Factory Legislation in the Last Fifty Years	56
Further Development of Social Legislation	62
General Results of Social Legislation	64
Development of Agriculture	66
Development of the Co-operative Dairies	69
Further Development of the Co-operative Movement	72	Condition of the Agricultural Labourer	76
Change of Conditions caused by the War	80
Legislative Measures rendered necessary by the War	82
Recent Social Legislation	88
Economic Changes caused by the War	91
Recent Fiscal Measures	94
Effect of Recent Fiscal Measures	97
Summary and Conclusion	99
INDEX	103