Familiar Colloquies/The Religious Pilgrimage

by Desiderius Erasmus

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THE RELIGIOUS PILGRIMAGE.

Menedemus, Ogygius.

Me. What novelty is this? Don’t I see my old neighbour Ogygius, that nobody has set their eyes on this six months? There was a report he was dead. It is he, or I am mightily mistaken. I will go up to him and give him his welcome. Welcome, Ogygius. Og. And well met, Menedemus. Me. From what part of the world came you 1 for here was a melancholy report that you had taken a voyage to the Stygian shades. Og. Nay, I thank God, I never was better in all my life than I have been ever since I saw you last. Me. And may you live always to confute such vain reports. But what strange dress is this 1 It is all over set off with shells scolloped, full of images of lead and tin, and chains of straw-work, and the cuffs are adorned with snakes' eggs, instead of bracelets. Og. I have been to pay a visit to St. James at Compostella, and after that to the famous virgin on the other side the water in England ; and this was rather a re-visit, for I had been to see her three years before. Me. What ! out of curiosity, I suppose? Og. Nay, upon the score of religion. Me. That religion, I suppose, the Greek tongue taught you.

Og. My wife's mother had bound herself by a vow, that if her daughter should be delivered of a live male child, I should go to present my respects to St. James in person, and thank him for it. Me. And did you salute the saint only in your own and your mother- in-law's name? Og. Nay, in the name of the whole family. Me. Truly I am persuaded your family would have been every whit as well if you had never complimented him at all. But, prithee, what answer did he make you when you thanked him? Og. None at all, but upon tendering my present he seemed to smile, and gave me a gentle nod, with this same scollop shell. Me. But why does he rather give those than anything else? Og. Because he has plenty of them, the neighbouring sea furnishing him with them. Me. O gracious saint, that is both a midwife to women in labour and hospitable to travellers too! But what new fashion of making vows is this, that one who does nothing himself shall make a vow that another man shall work? Put the case that you should tie yourself up by a vow that I should fast twice a week if you should succeed in such and such an affair, do you think I would perform what yon had vowed? Og. I believe you would not, although you had made the vow yourself, for you make a joke of fobbing the saints off. But it was my mother-in-law that made the vow, and it was my duty to be obedient. You know the temper 'of women, and also my own interest lay at stake. Me. If you had not performed the vow what risk had you run? Og. I do not believe the saint could have laid an action at law against me, but he might for the future have stopped his ears at my petitions, or slily have brought some mischief or other upon my family; you know the humour of great persons.

Me. Prithee, tell me how does the good man St. James do, and what was he doing? Og. Why, truly, not so well as by far he used to be. Me. What is the mattery is he grown old? Og. Trifler, you know saints never grow old. No, but it is this new opinion that has been spread abroad through the world is the occasion that he has not so many visits paid to him as he used to have, and those that do come give him a bare salute, and either nothing at all, or little or nothing else; they say they can bestow their money to better purpose upon those that want it. Me. An impious opinion. Og. And this is the cause that this great apostle, that used to glitter with gold and jewels, now is brought to the very block that he is made of, and has scarce a tallow candle. Me. If this be true the rest of the saints are in danger of coming to the same pass.

Og. Nay, I can assure you that there is a letter handed about which the Virgin Mary herself has written about this matter. Me. What Mary? Og. She that is called Maria a Lapide. Me. That is up towards Basil, if I am not mistaken. Og. The very same. Me. You talk of a very stony saint. But who did she write it to? Og. The letter tells you the name. Me. Who did she send it by? Og. An angel, no doubt, who laid it down in the pulpit, where the preacher to whom it was sent took it up ; and to put the matter out of all doubt, you shall see the original letter. Me. Do you know the angel's hand that is secretary to the Virgin Mary? Og. Well enough. Me. By what token? Og. I have read St. Bede's epitaph that was engraven by the same angel, and the shape of the letters are exactly the same; and I have read the discharge sent to St. Aegidius, and they agree exactly. Do not these prove the matter plain enough? Me. May a person see it? Og. You may, if you will damn your soul to the pit of hell if ever you speak about it. Me. It is as safe as if you spoke it to a stone. Og. But there are some stones that are infamous for this, that they cannot keep a secret. Me. If you cannot trust to a stone, speak to a mute then. Og. Upon that condition I will recite it to you ; but prick up both your ears. Me. I have done so.

Og. Mary, the mother of Jesus, to Glaucoplutus sendeth greeting. This is to let you know that I take it in good part, and you have much obliged me in that you have so strenuously followed Luther, and convinced the world that it is a thing altogether needless to invoke saints. For before this time I was even wearied out of my life with the wicked importunities of mortals. Everything was asked of me, as if my Son was always a child, because He is painted so, and at my breast, and therefore they take it for granted I have Him still at my beck, and that He dares not deny me anything I ask of Him, for fear I should deny Him the bubby when He is thirsty. Nay, and they ask such things from me, a virgin, that a modest young man would scarce dare to ask of a bawd, and which I am ashamed to commit to writing.

A merchant that is going a voyage to Spain to get pelf recommends to me the chastity of his kept mistress; and a professed nun, having thrown away her veil in order to make her escape, recommends to me the care of her reputation, which she at the same time intends to prostitute. The wicked soldier, who butchers men for money, bawls out to me with these words, O blessed Virgin, send me rich plunder. The gamester calls out to me to give him good luck, and promises I shall go snips with him in what he shall win.; and if the dice do not favour, I am railed at and cursed because I would not be a confederate in his wickedness. The usurer prays, Help me to large interest for my money, and if I deny them anything they cry out I am no mother of mercy.

And there is another sort of people whose prayers are not properly so wicked as they are foolish. The maid prays, Mary, give me a handsome, rich husband ; the wife cries, Give me fine children ; and the woman with child, Give me a good delivery. The old woman prays to live long without a cough and thirst ; and the doting old man, Send that I may grow young again. The philosopher says, Give me the faculty of starting difficulties never to be resolved; the priest says, Give me a fat benefice; the bishop cries out for the saving of his diocese, and the mariner for a prosperous voyage; the magistrate cries out, Shew me thy Son before I die ; the courtier, that he may make an effectual confession when at the point of death; the husbandman calls on me for seasonable rain, and a farmer's wife to preserve her sheep and cattle. If I refuse them anything, then presently I am hard-hearted. If I refer them to my Son they cry, If you will but say the word, I am sure He will do it. How is it possible for me a lone body, a woman, and a virgin, to assist sailors, soldiers, merchants, gamesters, brides and bridegrooms, women in travail, princes, kings, and peasants? And what I have mentioned is the least part of what I suffer.

But I am much less troubled with these concerns now than I have been, for which I would give you my hearty thanks, if this conveniency did not bring a greater inconveniency along with it. I have indeed more leisure, but less honour and less money. Before I was saluted queen of the heavens and lady of the world, but now there are very few from whom I hear an Ave Mary. Formerly I was adorned with jewels and gold, and had abundance of changes of apparel: I had presents made me of gold and jewels; but now I have scarce half a vest to cover me, and that is mouse-eaten too. And my yearly revenue is scarce enough to keep alive my poor sexton, who lights me up a little wax or tallow candle.

But all these things might be borne with, if you did not tell us that there were greater things going forward. They say you aim at this, to strip the altars and temples of the saints everywhere. I advise you again and again to hare a care what you do, for other saints do not want power to avenge themselves for the wrong done to them. Peter, being turned out of his church, can shut the gate of the kingdom of heaven against you: Paul has a sword, and St. Bartholomew a knife. The monk William has a coat of mail under his habit, and a heavy lance too. And how will you encounter St. George on horseback, in his cuirassier's arms, his sword, and his whinyard? Nor is Anthony without his weapon; he has his sacred fire. And the rest of them have either their arms or their mischiefs, that they can send out against whom they please. And as for myself, although I wear no weapons, you shall not turn me out unless you turn out my Son too, whom I hold in my arms. I will not be pulled away from Him; you shall either throw us both out or leave us both, unless you have a mind to have a church without a Christ. These things I would have you know, and consider what answer to give me, for I have the matter much at heart.

From our Stone House, the Calends of

August, the Year of my Son’s Passion,

1524. I, the Stony Virgin, have sub-

scribed this with my own hand.

Me. In truth, this is a very terrible threatening letter, and I be- lieve Glaxicoplutus will take care what he does. Og. He will, if he is wise. Me. But why did not honest James write to him about this matter? Og. Truly I cannot tell, except it is because he is a great way off, and now-a-days all letters are intercepted. Me. But what wind carried you to England? Og. A very favourable wind, and I had made half a promise to the beyond-sea she-saint to pay her another visit within two or three years. Me. What did you go to ask for of her? Og. Nothing new but those common matters, the health of my family, the increase of my fortune, a long and a happy life in this world, and eternal happiness in the next. Me. But could not our Virgin Mary have done as much for you here? She has at Antwerp a temple much more magnificent than that beyond sea. Og. I will not deny that she is able, but one thing is bestowed in one place and another thing in another; whether this be her pleasure merely, or whether she being of a kind disposition, accommodates herself in this to our affections.

Me. I have often heard of James, but, prithee, give me some account of that beyond-sea lady. Og. I will do it as briefly as I can. Her name is very famous all over England, and you shall scarce find anybody in that island who thinks his affairs can be prosperous unless he every year makes some present to that lady, greater or smaller, according as his circumstances are in the world. Me. Whereabouts does she dwell? Og. Near the coast, upon the fui'thest part between the west and the north, about three miles from the sea; it is a town that depends chiefly upon the resort of strangers. There is a college of canons there, to which the Latins have added the name of Regulars, which are of a middle sort between monks and those canons that are called Seculars. Me. You tell me of amphibious creatiires, such as the beavers are. Og. Nay, so are crocodiles too. But trifling apart, I will tell you in three words: in odious cases they are canons, in favourable cases they are monks. Me. You have hitherto been telling rue riddles. Og. Why, then, I will give you a mathematical demonstration. If the pope of Rome should throw a thunderbolt at all monks, then they will be all canons; and if he will allow all monks to marry, then they will be all monks. Me. These are new favours; I wish they would take mine for one.

Og. But to return to the matter in hand. This college has little else to maintain it but the liberality of the Virgin, for all presents of value are laid up; but as for anything of money or lesser value, that goes to the support of the flock and the head of it, which they call the prior. Me. Are they men of good lives? Og. Not much amiss. They are richer in piety than in revenue. There is a clever neat church, but the Virgin does not dwell in it herself, but ipon point of honour has given it to her Son. Her church is on the right hand of her Son’s. Me. Upon His right hand! which way then does her Son look? Og. That is well taken notice of. When He looks toward the west He has His mother on the right, and when He looks toward "the east she is on His left hand. And she does not dwell there neither, for the building is not finished; the doors and windows are all open, and the wind blows through it; and npt far off is a place where Oceanus the father of the winds resides. Me. That is a hard case; where does she dwell then? Og. In that unfinished church that I spoke of, there is a little boarded chapel with a little door on each side to receive visitors. There is but little light to it but what comes from the tapers; but the scent is very grateful. Me. All these things conduce to religion. Og. Nay, Menedemus, if you saw the inside of it you would say it was the seat of the saints, it is all so glittering with jewels, gold, and silver. Me. You set me agog to go thither too. Og. If you do you will never repent of your journey.

Me. Is there any holy oil there? Og. Simpleton, that oil is only the sweat of saints in their sepulchres, as of Andrew, Catherine, &c. Mary was never buried. Me. I confess I was under a mistake; but make an end of your story, Og. That religion may spread itself the more widely, some things are shewn at one place and some at another. Me. And it may be that the donations may be larger, according to the old saying, Many hands will carry off much plunder. Og. And there are always some at hand to shew you what you have a mind to see.

Me. What, of the canons? Og. No, no, they are not permitted, lest under the colour of religion they should prove irreligious, and while they are serving the Virgin lose their own virginity. Only in the inner chapel, which I call the chamber of the holy Virgin, a certain canon stands at the altar. Me. What does he stand there for? Og. To receive and keep that which is given. Me. Must people give whether they will or no? Og. No; but a certain religious modesty makes some give, when anybody stands by, who would not give a farthing if there were no witness of it, or give more than otherwise they would give. Me. You set forth human nature as I have experienced in myself. Og. There are some so devoted to the human nature, that while they pretend to lay one gift on the altar, by a wonderful sleight of hand they steal what another has laid down. Me. But put the case, if nobody were by, would the Virgin thunder at them? Og. Why should the Virgin do that any more than God himself does, whom they are not afraid to strip of His ornaments, and to break through the walls of the church to come at them? Me. I cannot well tell which I admire at most, the impious confidence of those wretches or God’s patience.

Og. At the north side there is a certain gate, not of a church, don’t mistake me, but of the wall that encloses the churchyard, that has a very little wicket, as in the great gates of noblemen, that he that has a mind to get in must first venture the breaking of his shins and afterwards stoop his head too. Me. In truth, it would not be safe for a man to enter in at such a little door. Og. You are in the right of it. But yet the verger told me that some time since a knight on horseback, having escaped out of the hands of his enemy, who followed him at the heels, got in through this wicket. The poor man at the last pinch, by a sudden turn of thought, recommended himself to the holy Virgin that was the nearest to him, for he resolved to take sanctuary at her altar, if the gate had been open. When, behold, which is such a thing as was never heard of, both man and horse were on a sudden taken into the churchyard and his enemy left on the outside of it stark mad at his disappointment.

Me. And did he give you reason to believe so wonderful a rela- tion? Og. Without doubt. Me. That was no easy matter to a man of your philosophy. Og. He shewed me a plate of copper nailed on the door, that had the very image of this knight that was thus saved, and in the very habit which was then in fashion among the English, which is the same we see in old pictures, which, if they are drawn truly, the barbers and dyers and weavers in those days had but a bad time of it. Me. Why so ? Og. Why, he had a beard like a goat, and there was not a wrinkle in any of his clothes they were made so strait to his body that the very straitness of them made his body the more slender. There was also another plate that was an exact descrip- tion of the chapel and the size of it. Me. Then there was no doubt to be made of it. Og. Under the little wicket there was an iron grate, no bigger than what a man on foot could just get in at; for it was not fit that any horse afterwards should tread upon that place which the former knight had consecrated to the Virgin. Me. And very good reason.

Og. From hence towards the east, there is another chapel full of wonders; thither I went. Another verger received me. There we prayed a little; and there was shewn us the middle joint of a man’s finger. I kissed it, and asked whose relic it was ? He told me it was St. Peter’s. What, said I, the Apostle? He said it was. I then took notice of the bigness of the joint, which was large enough to be taken for that of a giant. Upon which, said I, Peter must needs have been a very lusty man. At this, one of the company fell a laughing. I was very much vexed at it; for if he had held his tongue the verger would have shewn us all the relics. However, we pacified him pretty well, by giving him a few groats.

Before this little chapel stood a house, which he told us, in the win- ter time, when all things were buried in snow, was brought there on a sudden from some place a great way off. Under this house there were two pits brimful, that were fed by a fountain consecrated to the holy Virgin. The water was wonderful cold, and of great virtue in curing pains in the head and stomach. Me. If cold water will cure pains in the head and stomach, in time oil will quench fire. Og. But, my good friend, you are hearing that which is miraculous; for what miracle is there in cold water quenching thirst? Me. That shift goes a great way in this story. Og. It was positively affirmed that this spring burst out of the ground on a sudden at the command of the holy Virgin.

I, observing everything very diligently, asked him how many years it was since that little house was brought thither? He said it had been there for some ages. But, said I, methinks the walls don’t seem to carry any marks of antiquity in them. He did not much deny it. Nor these pillars, said I. He did not deny but those had been set up lately; and the thing shewed itself plainly. Then, said I, that straw and reeds, the whole thatch of it seems not to have been so long laid. He allowed it. Nor do these cross beams and rafters that bear up the roof seem to have been laid many years ago. He confessed they were not. And there being no part of that cottage remaining, said I to him, How then does it appear that this is the very cottage that was brought so far through the air? Me. Prithee, how did the sexton extricate himself out of this difficulty? Og. He presently shewed us an old bear’s skin tacked there to a piece of timber, and almost laughed at us to our very faces for not having eyes to per- ceive a thing that was so plain. Therefore, seeming to be satisfied, and excusing our dulness of apprehension, we turned ourselves to the heavenly milk of the blessed Virgin.

Me. O mother like her Son! for as He has left us so much of His blood upon earth, so she has left us so much of her milk, that it is scarce credible that a woman who never had but one child should have so much, although her child had never sucked a drop. Og. And they tell us the same stories about our Lord’s cross, that is shewn up and down both publicly and privately in so many places, that if all the fragments were gathered together, they would seem to be sufficient loading for a good large ship; and yet our Lord himself carried the whole cross upon his shoulders. Me. And don’t you think this is wonderful? Og. It may be said to be an extraordinary thing, but not a wonderful one, since the Lord, who increases these things according to His own pleasure, is omnipotent. Me. You put a very pious construction upon it, but I ain afraid that a great many such things are forged for the sake of getting money. Og. I cannot think God would suffer any one to put these mockeries upon Him. Me. Nay, when both the mother and Son, Father and Spirit are robbed by sacrilegious persons, they don’t seem to be moved the least in the world, so as to deter wicked persons, so much as by a nod or a stamp, so great is the lenity of the divine being.

Og. This is true, but hear me out. That milk is kept upon the high altar in which Christ is in the middle, and his mother, for respect sake, at his right hand; for the milk represents the mother. Me. Why, is it plain to be seen then? Og. It is preserved in a crystal glass. Me. Is it liquid then? Og. What do you talk of being liquid, when it has been put in above?500 years ago. It is so con- creted, you would take it for beaten chalk tempered with the white of an egg. Me. But why don’t they shew it open? Og. Lest the milk of the Virgin should be defiled by the kisses of men. Me. You say very well, for I believe there are some who put lips to it, that are neither pure nor virgin ones. Og. As soon as the officer sees us, he runs presently and puts on a surplice and a stole about his neck, and falls down very devoutly and worships, and by and by gives us the holy milk to kiss. Then we prostrated ourselves at the lowest step of the altar, and having first paid our adoration to Christ, we applied ourselves to the Virgin in the following prayer, which we had framed beforehand for this very purpose:

“Virgin Mother, who hast merited to give suck to the Lord of heaven and earth, thy Son Jesus, from thy virgin breasts, we desire that, being purified by His blood, we may arrive at that happy infant state of dove-like innocence which, being void of malice, fraud, and deceit, we may continually desire the milk of the evangelical doctrine, until it grows up to a perfect man, and to the measure of the fulness of Christ, whose blessed society thou wilt enjoy for evermore, with the Father and the Holy Spirit. Amen.”

Me. Truly, a devout prayer. But what answer did she make? Og. If my eyes did not deceive me, they were both pleased, for the holy milk seemed to give a leap, and the eucharist seemed to look somewhat bigger than usual. In the meantime the shower of the relics came to us, without speaking a word, holding out such a kind of table as they in Germany that take toll on the bridges hold out to you. Me. In truth, I have oftentimes cursed those craving tables when I travelled in Germany. Og. We laid down some pieces of money, which he presented to the Virgin.

After this, by our interpreter (if I remember right), one Robert Aldridge, a well-spoken young man, and a great master of the English tongue, I inquired as civilly as I could, what assurance he had that this was really the Virgin’s milk. And truly I desired to be satisfied of this with a pious intention, that I might stop the mouths of some impious persons who are used to scoff at all these things. The officer first contracted his brow without speaking a word; thereupon I pressed the interpreter to put the same question to him again, but in the fairest manner that could be, and he did it in so obliging a manner that if he had addressed himself to the mother herself in these terms, when she had but newly lain in, she would not have taken it amiss. But the officer, as if he had been inspired with some enthusiasm, look- ing upon us with astonished eyes, and with a sort of horror, cursing our blasphemous expression, said, What need is there for your putting this question, when you have an authentic record? and had turned us out of doors for heretics, had not a few pence pacified his rage.

Me. But how did you behave yourselves in the interim? Og. Just as if we had been stunned with a cudgel, or struck with thunder; we sneaked away, humbly begging his pardon for our boldness; for so a man ought to do in holy matters. Thence we went to the little chapel, the dwelling of the Virgin Saint. In our way thither an expounder of sacred things, one of the minors, offers himself; he stares upon us as if he had a mind to draw our pictures; and having gone a little farther, another meets iis, staring upon us after the same manner; and after him a third. Me. It may be they had a mind to have drawn your picture. Og. But I suspected far otherwise. Me. What did you imagine then? Og. That some sacrilegious person had stolen some of the Virgin’s vestments, and that I was suspected as the thief, Therefore, having entered the chapel, I addressed myself to the Virgin mother with this short prayer:

“O thou who only of all women art a mother and a virgin, the most happy of mothers and the purest of virgins, we that are impure do now come to visit and address ourselves to thee that art pure, and reverence thee with our poor offerings, such as they are. Oh that thy son would enable us to imitate thy most holy life, that we may deserve, by the grace of the Holy Spirit, to conceive the Lord Jesus in the most inward bowels of our minds, and having once conceived him, never to lose him. Amen.”

So I kissed the altar, laid down some money, and withdrew.

Me. What, did the Virgin hear? Did she give you no nod as a token that she had heard your prayer? Og. As I told you before, it was but an uncertain light, and she stood in the dark at the right side of the altar. And the check of the former officer had made me so dejected that I did not dare to lift up my eyes again. Me. Then this adventure had not a very happy conclusion? Og. Nay, the happiest of all. Me. Nay, now you put me in courage again; for, as your Homer says, my heart was even sunk into my breeches. Og. After dinner we go to church again. Me. How did you dare to do that, being suspected of sacrilege? Og. It may be I was; but I did not suspect myself. A clear conscience fears nothing. I had a great mind to see the record that the shower of the relics had referred us to. Having hunted a great while for it, we found it at last; but it was hung up so high that he must have good eyes that could read it; and mine are none of the best, nor none of the worst. Therefore, not being willing wholly to trust to him in a matter of such moment, I went along with Aldrisius as he read it.

Me. Well ! and were all your doubts removed? Og. I was ashamed of myself that I should doubt of a matter that there was made so plain before one’s eyes, the name, the place, the order of the proceeding in one word, there was nothing omitted. There was one William of Paris, a man of general piety, but more especially religious in getting together the relics of saints all over the earth, he having travelled over a great many countries, and having everywhere diligently searched monasteries and churches, at last arrived at Constantinople (for this William’s brother was a bishop there). When he was preparing to return home, the bishop acquainted him that there was a certain nun that had the Virgin’s milk, and that he would be the happiest man in the world if he could possibly get any of it, either for love or money, or by any other means, for that all the relics he had hitherto collected were nothing compared to that sacred milk. Upon this William never was at rest till he had obtained one-half of this milk, and having gotten this treasure, thought himself richer than Croesus. Me. And very well he might. It was a thing so unexpected too.

Og. He goes straight homeward, but falls sick by the way. Me. Oh, how little trust is to be put in human felicity that it shall be either perfect or long-lived! Og. Finding himself in danger he sends for a Frenchman, a faithful fellow-traveller, and makes him swear secrecy, and then delivers the milk to him upon this condition, “That if he got home, safe he should deposit that treasure on the altar of the holy Virgin that is worshipped at Paris in that noble church that has the river Seine on each side of it, as if itself gave place in reverence to the divinity of the Virgin.” To sum up the matter in few words, William was buried; the other rides post, but he falls sick by the way, and thinking himself past recovery, he delivers the milk to an Englishman that was his fellow-traveller, making him take a solemn oath that he would perform that which he himself was to have done. The one dies, the other takes it and puts it upon the altar in the presence of all the canons of the place, those that at that time were called regulars, as they are yet at St. Genoveve. He obtained half this milk of them and carried it into England, and made a present of it to this beyond-sea place, his mind being moved thereunto by a divine impulse. Me. Truly this story hangs very handsomely together.

Og. Nay, further, that there might not be left the least room to doubt, the very names of the bishops were set down that were authorised to grant releases and indulgences to such as should come to see the milk according to the power to them given, but not without some donation or another. Me. And how far did that power extend? Og. To forty days. Me. But are there days in purgatory? Og. For certain there is time there. Me. But when they have disposed of this stock of forty days have they no more to bestow! Og. No; for there ever and anon arises something for them to bestow, and it is in this quite otherwise than it is with the tub of the Danaides; for though that is continually filling, it is always empty; but in this, though you are continually drawing out, there is never the less in the vessel. Me. But if the remission of forty days were given to a hundred thousand men would every one have so much? Og. Yes, so much. Me. And suppose that they that have received forty days in the morning should ask for forty days more at night, would they have wherewithal to give them? Og. Yes, te^ times over in an hour. Me. I wish I had such a cabinet at home. I would not wish for above three groats if they might be doubled and tripled after that manner. Og. You might as well have wished to be all turned into gold yourself, and as soon have had what you wished for.

But to return to my story, there was one argument added by a man of great piety and candour, which is, that though the Virgin’s milk, which is shewn in many other places, is indeed venerable enough in that it was scraped off from stones, yet this was more venerable than all the rest, because this was saved as it flowed from the Virgin’s breast without touching the ground. Me. But how does that appear? Og. Oh, the nun at Constantinople that gave it said so. Me. It may be she had it of St. Bernard. Og. I believe she had. Me. He, when he was very old, had the happiness to taste milk from the same nipple which the child Jesus sucked, whence I wonder he was not rather called Lactifluous than Mellifluous. But how is that called the Virgin’s milk that did not flow from her breasts? Og. That did flow from her breasts, but dropping upon the stone she sat upon whileshe was giving suck it concreted, and was afterwards by Providence so multiplied. Me. Right. Go on.

Og. These things being over, we were just upon the point of goinw away, but walking about and looking round us to see if there was anything worth taking notice of, the chapel officers come to us again, leering at us. Pointing at us with their fingers, they advance to us, retreat, run backward and forward, nod as if they would fain have said something to us, if they had had courage enough to have done it. Me. And was not you afraid then? Og. No, not at all; but I looked them full in the face very cheerfully, as who should say speak and welcome. At length one of them comes up to me and asked my name. I told it him. He asked me if I was the person that a matter of two years ago set up a votive table in Hebrew letters'? I told him I was. Me. Can you write Hebrew then? Og. No; but they call everything Hebrew that they cannot understand. But by and by, upon calling, as I suppose, came the πρῶτος ὕστερος of the college.

Me. What title of dignity is that? Have they not an abbot? Og. No. Me. Why so? Og. Because they do not understand Hebrew. Me. Have they no bishop? Og. None at all. Me. Why so? Og. Because the Virgin is so poor that she has not wherewith to buy a staff and mitre. Me. Have they not so much as a president? Og. No, nor that neither. Me. What hinders? Og. Because a president is a name of dignity and not of holiness, and therefore the colleges of canons reject the name of an abbot, but they willingly allow the name of a president. Me. But this πρῶτον ὕστερον is what I never heard of before. Og. In truth you are but an indifferent grammarian then. Me. I know what Ὑστερόπρωτον is in rhetoric. Og. Why, that is it. He that is next the prior is posterior-prior. You mean a sub-prior.

Og. He saluted me very courteously. He told me what great pains had been taken to read those verses; what wiping of spectacles there had been to no purpose; how often one grave doctor of divinity, and another of law, had been brought thither to expound the table. One said the letters were Arabic, another said they were fictitious ones; but at last they found one that made a shift to read the title. It was written in Latin words and Latin capitals. The verses were Greek in Greek capitals, which at first sigh t looked like Roman capitals. Being requested, I turned the verses into Latin, word for word. They would have given me a reward for this small service, but I positively refused it, affirming that there was nothing so difficult that I would not, with all the readiness in the world, undertake for the sake of the holy Virgin, even if she should command me to carry a letter for her from thence to Jerusalem. Me. What occasion can she have for you to be her letter-carrier that has so many angels for her secretaries and pages?

Og. He pulled out of his pouch a little piece of wood, cut off from the beam on which the Virgin mother stood. The admirable fragrancy of it shewed it to be a thing that was highly sacred. I having received this present in the lowest posture of humility and bare headed, and having kissed it over and over, put it in my pocket. Me. May a person see it? Og. I will let you see it if you will. But if you have eaten or drank to-day, or have had to do with your wife last night, I would not advise you to look upon it. Me. Let me see it; there is no danger. Og. Here it is for you. Me. O happy man art thou that hast such a present! Og. Whether you know it or no, I would not exchange this little fragment for all the gold in Tagus. I will set it in gold, and put it in a crystal case so that it may be seen through it. When this hysteroprotos saw me so religiously transported with that small present, thinking I deserved to have things of greater moment imparted to me, he asked me if I had seen the Virgin’s secrets. That word startled me a little, but I durst not ask him what he meant by the Virgin’s secrets, for in matters so sacred there is danger in a slip of the tongue. I told him I had not seen them, but I had a very great desire to see them. Then I am conducted in as one in an ecstacy. A wax taper or two was lighted, and a little image was shewn me that made no extraordinary figure, neither for magnitude, matter, nor work manship, but of extraordinary virtue. Me. Bulk has no great matter in it as to the doing of miracles. I have seen St. Christopher at Paris, not him of a cartload or of the size of a colossus, but rather of a large mountain; but I never heard he was famous for doing miracles. Og. At the feet of the Virgin there is a jewel that neither the Latins nor Greeks have yet given a name to. The French have given it a name from a toad, because it has the resemblance of a toad in it so lively that no art can match it. And that which is the more miraculous is that it is a very small stone, and the image does not stand out of it, bxit is included in the very body of the stone, and may be seen through it.

Me. Perhaps they may fancy they see the likeness of a toad cut in it, as some fancy they see that of an eagle in the stalk of a brake or fern; and as boys, who see everything in the clouds, as dragons breathing out fire, burning mountains, and armed men fighting. Og. Nay, that you may be thoroughly satisfied in the matter, no living toad ever shewed itself more plainly than that is expressed there. Me. I have been hearing your stories all this while, but I would have you find out somebody else to give credit to yoxir story of the toad. Og. I do not at all wonder, Menedemus, that you are so incredulous; I should not have believed it myself if the whole tribe of divines had asserted it, unless I had seen it with these eyes I say beheld it with these very eyes, and had experienced the truth of it. But methinks you seem not to be curious enough upon these natural rarities. Me. Why so? what, because I will not believe that asses fly. Og. But do you not observe ho.w nature sports herself in imitating the shapes and colours of everything in other things, but especially in precious stones? And also what admirable virtues it has planted in them, which are altogether incredible if common experience did not force us to a belief of them? Prithee, tell me, would you ever have believed without seeing it with your eyes that steel could have been drawn by the loadstone without touching it, or be driven away from it without being touched by it? Me. No, indeed, I never should, although ten Aristotles had taken their oaths of the truth of it.

Og. Well, then, do not say everything is a fable that has not fallen within the compass of your experience. We find the figure of a bolt in a thunder-stone, fire in the carbuncle, the figure of hail and the coldness of it in the hailstone, nay, even though you throw it into the midst of the fire; the deep and transparent waves of the sea in the emerald; the carcinias imitates the figure of a sea-crab, the echites of a viper, the scarites of a gilt head, the theracites of a hawk, the gera nites shews you the figured n,eck of a crane, the segophthalmus shews, the eye of a goat, and some shew that of a hog, and another three human eyes together; the lycophthalmus paints you out the eye of a wolf in four colours, fiery and bloody, and in the middle black encompassed with white. If you open the black cyamea you will find a bean in the middle; the dryites represents the trunk of a tree, and burns like wood; the cissites and narcissites represent ivy, the astrapias darts forth rays of lightning out of the midst of white or blue, the phlegontites shews a flame within that does not come out; in the anthracitis you may see certain sparks running to and fro; the crocias represents the colour of saffron, the rhodites that of a rose, the chalcites of brass, the aietites the figure of an eagle with a white tail, the taos represents a peacock, the chelidonia an asp, the mermecites has the image of a creeping pismire growing within it; the cantharias shews a perfect beetle, and the scorpites admirably deciphers a scorpion. But why should I proceed to recount that which is innumerable, when there is no part of nature, either in elements, animals, or plants, which nature, as it were to sport herself, does not give us some resemblance of in stones? And do you then admire that the form of a toad is represented in the bufonites? Me. I wonder -that nature has so much spare time as to divert herself in drawing -the pictures of everything. Og. It has a mind to exercise the curiosity of mankind, and by that means to keep us from being idle. And yet, as though we were at a loss to know how to pass away our time, we run a madding after buffoons, dice, and jugglers. Me. You say true.

Og. And some persons of credit add, that if you put this toadstone into vinegar it will move its legs and swim. Me. But why is this dedicated to the Virgin? Og. Because she has overcome, trampled upon, and extinguished all uncleanness, malice, pride, avarice, and all manner of earthly desires. Me. Woe to us, then, who carry so much of the toad still in our hearts ! Og. But we shall be pure if we worship the Virgin as we ought. Me. How would she have us worship her? Og. You will perform most acceptable service to her if you imitate her. Me. That is soon said, but not so easily performed. Og. It is hard indeed, but then it is very well worth the pains. Me. Come on, go forwards in what you have begun. Og. Afterwards he shewed me statues of gold and silver. This, says he, is solid gold, and this is only silver gilt. He told me the weight of every one, the price, and the name of the donor.

I being full of admiration at everything, and congratulating the Virgin being mistress of so much wealth, says the officer to me, Inasmuch as I perceive you are so pious a spectator, I think I should not do fairly by you if I should conceal anything from you, therefore you shall see the greatest privacies the Virgin has. And presently he takes out of a drawer from under the altar a world of admirable things, the particulars of which, if I should proceed to mention, the day would not be long enough; so that thus far the journey succeeded to my wish. I satisfied my curiosity abundantly with fine sights, and brought home with me this inestimable present,; a pledge of the Virgin’s love, given me by herself.

Me. Did you ever make trial of the virtues of this piece of wood? Og. I have. Three or four days ago I, being in an house of entertainment, found a man stark mad, whom they were just going to put into chains; I put this piece of wood privately under his bolster, and he fell into a sound sleep and slept a long time, and when he rose in the morning he was as sober as ever. Me. Perhaps he was not dis tracted but drunk, and sleep commonly cures that distemper. Og. Menedemus, since you love to use raillery, take another subject. It is neither pious nor safe to make sport with saints ; nay, the man himself told me that there was a woman appeared to him in his sleep of an incomparable beauty, that held forth a cup to him to drink* Me. Hellebore, I believe. Og. That is uncertain; but this is certain, that the man recovered his reason.

Me. Did you pass by Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury? Og. No, I think I did not. It is one of the most religious pilgrimages in the world. Me. I long to hear it, if it will not be too much trouble to you. Og. It is so far from that, that you will oblige me in hearing of it. That part of England that looks towards Flanders and France is called Kent; the metropolis of it is Canterbury. There are two monasteries in it that are almost contiguous, and they are both of Benedictines. That which bears the name of Augustine is the ancienter of the two ; that which is now called by the name of St. Thomas seems to have been the seat of St. Thomas the archbishop, where he had led his life with a few monks whom he chose for his companions, as now-a-days deans have their palaces near the church, though separate from the houses of other canons. For, in old time, both bishops and canons were monks, as appears by the manifest vestigia of things.

But the church that is dedicated to St. Thomas raises itself up to wards heaven with that majesty that it strikes those that behold it at a great distance with an awe of religion, and now with its splendour makes the light of the neighbouring palaces look dim, and as it were obscures the place that was anciently the most celebrated for religion. There are two lofty turrets which stand as it were bidding visitants welcome from afar off, and a ring of bells that make the adjacent country echo far and wide with their rolling sound. In the south porch of the church stand three stone statues of men in armour, who with wicked hands murdered the holy man, with the names of their countries Tusci, Fusci, and Betri. Me. Why have such wicked men so much honour done them? Og. They have the same honour done to them that is done to Judas, Pilate, Caiaphas, and the band of wicked soldiers whose images you may see carved upon stately altars; and their names are added that none after them might arrogate to them selves the glory of the fact. They are set there in open sight to be a warning to wicked courtiers, that no one may hereafter presume to lay his hand on either bishops or the possessions of the church. For these three ruffians ran mad with horror of the fact they had committed ; nor had they come to themselves again, had not holy Thomas been implored in favour of them. Me. Oh, the perpetual clemency of martyrs!

Og. When you are entered in, a certain spacious majesty of place opens itself to you, which is free to every one. Me. Is there nothing to be seen there? Og. Nothing but the bulk of the structure, and some books chained to the pillars, containing the gospel of Nicodemus and the sepulchre of I cannot tell who. Me. And what else ? Og. Iron grates enclose the place called the choir, so that there is no en trance, but so that the view is still open from one end of the church to the other. You ascend to this by a great many steps, under which there is a certain vault that opens a passage to the north side. There they shew a wooden altar consecrated to the holy Virgin; it is a very small one, and remarkable for nothing except as a monument of antiquity, reproaching the luxury of the present times. In that place the good man is reported to have taken his last leave of the Virgin, when he was at the point of death. Upon the altar is the point of the sword with which the top of the head of that good prelate was wounded, and some of his brains that were beaten out, to make sure work of it. We most religiously kissed the sacred rust of this weapon out of love to the martyr.

Leaving this place, we went down into a vault underground; to that there belong two showers of relics. The first thing they shew you is the skull of the martyr, as it was bored through; the upper part is left open to be kissed, all the rest is covered over with silver. There also is shewn you a leaden plate with this inscription, Thomas Acrensis. And there hang up in a great place the shirts of hair-cloth, the girdles, and breeches with which this prelate used to mortify his flesh, the very sight of which is enough to strike one with horror, and to reproach the effeminacy and delicacy of our age. Me. Nay, perhaps of the monks themselves. Og. That I can neither affirm nor deny, nor does it signify much to me. Me. You say right.

Og. From hence we return to the choir. On the north side they open a private place. It is incredible what a world of bones they brought out of it, skulls, chins, teeth, hands, fingers, whole arms, all which we having first adored, kissed; nor had there been any end of it had it not been for one of my fellow-travellers, who indiscreetly interrupted the officer that was shewing them. Me. Who was he? Og. He was an Englishman, his name was Gratian Pullus, a man of learning and piety, but not so well affected to this part of religion as I could wish he were. Me. I fancy he was a Wickliffite. Og. No, I believe he was not, though he had read his books; but I do not know where he had them. Me. Did he make the officer angry? Og. He took out an arm having yet some bloody flesh upon it; he shewed a reluctance to the kissing it, and a sort of uneasiness in his countenance: and presently the officer shut up all his relics again. After this we viewed the table of the altar, and the ornaments; and after that those things that were laid up under the altar: all was very rich; you would have said Midas and Croesus were beggars compared to them, if you beheld the great quantities of gold and silver.

Me. And was there no kissing here? Og. No, but my mind was touched with other sorts of wishes. Me. What were they? Og. I made me sigh to think I bad no such relics in my own house. Me. A sacrilegious wish! Og. I confess it, and I humbly begged pardon of the saint before I set my foot out of the church. After this we were carried into the vestry. Good God! what a pomp of silk vestments was there, of golden candlesticks! There we saw also St. Thomas’s foot. It looked like a reed painted over with silver; it hath but little of weight, and nothing of workmanship, and was longer than up to one’s girdle. Me. Was there never a cross?

Og. I saw none. There was a gown shewn; it was silk, indeed, but coarse and without embroidery or jewels, and a handkerchief, still having plain marks of sweat and blood from the saint’s neck. We readily kissed these monuments of ancient frugality. Me. Are these shewn to everybody? Og. No, certainly, ray good friend. Me. How then did you come to have such credit with them, that none of their secrets were concealed from you? Og. I had some acquaintance with the reverend prelate, William Warham, the ai'chbishop, and he recommended me. Me. I have heard he was a man of great humanity. Og. Nay, if you knew the man, you would take him for humanity itself. He was a man of that learning, that candour of manners, and that piety of life, that there was nothing wanting in him to make him a most accomplished prelate.

From hence we were conducted up higher; for behind the high altar there is another ascent as into another church. In a certain new chapel there was shewn to us the whole face of the good man set in gold, and adorned with jewels; and here a certain unexpected chance had near interrupted all our felicity. Me. I want sadly to hear what mischievous matter this was. Og. My friend Gratian lost himself here extremely. After a short prayer, he says to the assistant of him that shewed us the relics, Good father, is it true, as I have heard, that Thomas, while he lived, was very charitable to the poor? Very true, replies he, and began to relate a great many instances of his charity. Then, answers Gratian, I do not believe that good inclination in him is changed, unless it be for the better. The officer assented. Then, says he again, if this holy man was so liberal to the poor when he was a poor man himself, and stood in need of charity for the support of his own body, do you not think he would take it well now, when he is grown so rich and wants nothing, if some poor woman having a family of children at home ready to starve, or daughters in danger of being under a necessity to prostitute themselves for want of portions, or a husband sick in bed, and destitute of all comforts; if such a woman should ask him leave to make bold with some small portion of these vast riches for the relief of her family, taking it either as by consent, or by gift, or by way of borrowing? The assistant making no answer to this, Gratian being a warm man, I am fully persuaded, says he, that the good man would be glad at his heart, that when he is dead he could be able to relieve the necessities of the poor with his wealth. Upon this the shower of the relics began to frown, and to pout out his lips, and to look upon us as if he would have eaten us up; and I do not doubt but he would have spit in our faces, and have turned us out of the church by the neck and shoulders, but that we had the archbishop’s recommendation. Indeed I did in some measure pacify him with good words, telling him that Gratian did not speak this from his heart, but had a droll way with him, and also laid down a little money.

Me. Indeed, I exceedingly approve of your piety. But I sometimes seriously think of it, how they can possibly excuse themselves from being guilty of a fault who consume such vast sums in building, beautifying, and enriching churches, setting no bound to their expenses. I allow that there ought to be a dignity in the sacred vestments, the vessels of a church, agreeable to the solemn service, and would have the structure of it to have a certain air of majesty; but to what purpose are so many golden fonts, so many candlesticks, and so many images? To what purpose is such a profusion of expense ujxni organs, as they call them? Nor are we, indeed, content with one pair. What signify those concerts of music, hired at so great an expense; when in the meantime our brothers and sisters, Christ’s living temples, are ready to perish for hunger and thirst!

Og. There is no man, either of piety or wisdom, but would wish for a moderation in these matters; but since this error proceeds from a certain extreme of piety, it deserves some favour, especially when we reflect, on the other hand, on the contrary errors of others, who rob churches rather than build them up. They are commonly endowed by great men and monarchs, who would employ the money worse in gaming or war. And, moreover, if you take anything away from the church, in the first place it is accounted sacrilege; and in the second place, it shuts up the hands of those who had an inclination to give; and besides, it is a temptation to rapine. The churchmen are rather guardians of these things than masters of them. And lastly, I had rather see a church luxuriant with sacred furniture, than as some of them are, naked and sordid, more like stables than churches. Me. But we read that the bishops of old were commended for selling the sacred vessels and relieving the poor with the money. Og. And so they are commended at this day; but they are only commended; for I am of the mind, they neither have the power nor the will to follow the example.

Me. But I hinder your narration; I now expect to hear the conclusion of your story. Og. Well, you shall have it, and I will be very brief. Upon this, out comes the head of the college. Me. Who was he, the abbot of the place? Og. He wears a mitre, and has the revenue of an abbot he wants nothing but the name; he is called the prior, because the archbishop is in the place of an abbot; for in old time every one that was an archbishop of that diocese was a monk.

Me. I did not matter if I was called a camel, if I had but the revenue of an abbot. Og. He seemed to me to be a godly and prudent man, and not unacquainted with the Scotch divinity. He opened us the box in which the remainder of the holy man’s body is said to rest. Me. Did you see the bones? Og. That is not permitted, nor can it be done without a ladder. But a wooden box covers a golden one, and that being craned up with ropes, discovers an inestimable treasure. Me. What say you? Og. Gold was the basest part. Everything sparkled and shined with very large and scarce jewels, some of them bigger than a goose’s egg. There some monks stood about with the greatest veneration. The cover being taken off, we all worshipped. The prior, with a white wand, touched every stone one by one, telling us the name in French, the value of it, and who was the donor of it. The principal of them were the presents of kings. Me. He had need to have a good memory. Og, You guess right, and yet practice goes a great way, for he does tkis frequently.

Hence he carried us back into a vault. There the Virgin Mary has her residence; it is something dark; it is doubly railed in and encompassed about with iron bars. Me. What is she afraid of? Og. Nothing, I suppose, but thieves. And I never in my life saw anything more laden with riches. Me. You tell me of riches in the dark. Og. Candles being brought in we saw more than a royal sight. Me. What, does it go beyond the Parathalassian virgin in wealth? Og. It goes far beyond in appearance. What is concealed she knows best. These things are shewn to none but great persons or peculiar friends. In the end we were carried back into the vestry. There was pulled out a chest covered with black leather; it was set upon the table and opened. They all fell down on their knees and worshipped. Me. What was in it? Og. Pieces of linen rags, a great many of them retaining still the marks of the snot. These were those, they say, that the holy man used to wipe the sweat off from his face and neck with, the snot out of his nose, or any other such sort of filth which human bodies are not free from.

Here again my Gratian behaved himself in none of the most obliging manners; for the gentle prior offered to him, being an Englishman, an acquaintance, and a man of considerable authority, one of the rags for a present, thinking he had presented him with a very acceptable gift; but Gratian unthankfully took it squeamishly in his fingers, and laid it down with an air of contempt, making up his mouth at it as if he would have smacked it. For this was his custom, if anything came in his way that he would express his contempt to. I was both ashamed and afraid. Nevertheless the good prior, though not insensible of the affront, seemed to take no notice of it; and after he had civilly entertained us with a glass of wine, dismissed us, and we went back to London.

Me. What need was there for that when you were not far from your own shore? Og. I was not, but I industriously shunned that shore, it being more infamous for cheats and rapines than any rocks are for shipwrecks. I will tell you what I saw in my last passage that way. There was a pretty many of us upon the shore of Calais, who were carried thence in a chaloupe to a large ship. Among the rest there was a young Frenchman that was poor and ragged, and they demanded twopence for his passage, for so much they will have if they carry you but a boat’s length. He pleaded poverty. They in a frolic would needs search him, and having pulled off his shoes they find ten or twelve pieces of silver between the soles. They took the money, laughed at him to his face, and bantered the Frenchman as a cheat into the bargain. Me. What did the fellow do then? Og. What should he do but lament his misfortune?

Me. Do they do these things by authority? Og. By the same authority that they steal the baggage of a guest in his inn, or take his purse upon the road, if they find an opportunity. Me. It is very strange that they dare to commit such villainy before so many wit- nesses. Og. They are so used to it that they think they do well in it. There were many in the great ship who looked on, and some English merchants in the boat who grumbled at it, but to no purpose. They boasted of it as a piece of wit in catching the Frenchman in his roguery. Me. I would hang up those coast .thieves, and laugh at them, and banter them at the gallows. Og. Nay, both shores abotind with such fellows. Hence I make this improvement, If the little thieves dare to do thus, what will their masters do? So that I had rather for the future go ever so far about than that shortest way. And besides, as the descent to hell is easy but the return is difficult, so the entrance of this shore is not very easy, and the getting out of it very difficult.

There were at London some skippers belonging to Antwerp, so I determined to take passage with them. Me. Are the skippers of that country any better than others? Og. I confess, as an ape will always be an ape, so a skipper will always be a skipper; but if you compare them to those that live upon the catch, they are angels. Me. I shall remember it, if I ever have a mind to visit that island. But go on again, I have led you out of the way.

Og. In our journey to London, not far] from Canterbury there is a narrow, hollow, steep way, and a cragged, steep bank on either side, so that you cannot escape it, for there is no other way to go. Upon the left hand of that way there is a little cottage of old mendicants. As soon as they espy a man on horseback coming, one of them runs out and sprinkles him with holy water, and then offers him the upper leather of a shoe, with a brass ring to it, in which is a glass, as if it were some gem. Having kissed it, you give a small piece of money. Me. In such a way I had rather meet with a cottage of old mendicants than a gang of lusty footpads,

Og. Gratian rode on my left hand, next to this cottage; he was sprinkled with holy water, and took it pretty well; but upon presenting the shoe he asked what was meant by that? This, says the poor man, was St. Thomas’s shoe. Gratian fell into a passion, and turning to me said, What would these brutes have? "Will they make us kiss the shoes of all that have been good men? Why do they not as well give us their spittle and the other excrements of their bodies to kiss? I pitied the poor old man, and comforted him, being sorrowful, by giving him a little money. Me. In my opinion Gratian was not angry altogether without a cause. If these shoes and slippers were preserved as an argument of moderation in living I should not dislike it, but I think it a piece of impudence to thrust slippers, and shoes, and stockings upon any one to be kissed. If any one shall do it of their own free choice, from a great affection to piety, I think they deserve to be left to their own liberty.

Og. Not to dissemble, I think those things had better be let alone; but in those matters that cannot be mended on a sudden, it is my way to make the best of them. In the meantime my mind was delighted with this contemplation, that a good man was like a sheep and a wicked man like a hurtful beast. A viper, indeed, cannot bite when it is dead, yet it is infectious by its stink and corruption. A sheep, while it lives, nourishes us with its milk, clothes us with its wool, and enriches us by its increase; when it is dead it supplies us with leather, and is every part of it fit to be eaten. In like manner, men that are furious and devoted to this world while they live are troublesome to all persons, and when they are dead are a disturbance to those that are alive, with the noise of the bells and a pompous funeral, and sometimes to their successors at their entering upon their possessions, by causing new exactions. But good men make themselves profitable in all respects to the whole world, As this saint, while he was alive, by his example, his doctrine, and admonitions invited to piety, comforted the friendless, succoured the needy, so now he is dead he is in some sort more useful. He built this magnificent church, and advanced the authority of the priesthood all over England; and now, after all, this fragment of his shoe maintains a conventicle of poor men.

Me. That, indeed, is a very pious contemplation; but I wonder, since you are of this mind, that you never went to see St. Patrick’s den, of which the people say so many prodigious things that I can scarce think likely to be true. Og. Nay, there is no report of it can be so prodigious but that the thing itself exceeds it. Me. Why, then, did you ever enter into it? Og. Yes, I have ferried over a lake truly Stygian, and descended into the very jaws of Avernus, and seen all that is done in hell. Me. You will bless me if you shall not think much to relate it. Og. I think this preface of our discourse has been prolix enough. I am going home to give order to get supper ready, for I have not dined yet.

Me. Why have you had no dinner? Is it ripon a religious account? Og. No, but oxit of spite. Me. What, do you spite your belly? Og. No, but unconscionable victuallers who, although they serve you with what is not fit to be eaten, make no scruple of demanding for it an unreasonable price. This is the way that I revenge myself on them. If I am in hope of a good supper, either at an acquaintance’s or at an eating-house, that is anything tolerable, my stomach fails me at dinner. If fortune throws in my way a dinner such as I like, then my stomach fails me at supper-time. Me. And are you not ashamed to be so stingy and sneaking? Og. Believe me, Menedemus, in such cases as this those that make use of their modesty employ it to a wrong use. I have learned to keep my bashfulness for other purposes. Me. I do even long for the remainder of your story, and therefore expect me at supper, and there you may tell it more at leisure. Og. In truth, I give you thanks for taking the freedom to invite yourself, when many who are invited with earnestness will not accept of it; but I will thank you over and over if you shall sup at home to-night, for my time will be taken up in congratulating my family. But I have advice to give you that will be more commodious for us both. Do you provide a dinner at your house for me and my wife to-morrow, and I will proceed in my story till supper-time, till you shall say you have your bellyful; and if you are contented so, we will not leave you at supper neithei*. What, do you scratch your head? Do you but make provision, and I will give you my word we will come without fail.

Me. I like stories best gratis. However, come, I will provide a dinner for you, but it shall be an unsavoury one if you do not make it relishing with your stories. Og. But hark ye, have not I set you a-gog to go on pilgrimages? Me. Perhaps you may by that time you have finished your relation, but as I find myself at present I have enough to do to travel my Roman stations. Og. Roman ones, you who never saw Rome? Me. I will tell you after that manner I walk about my house, I go to my study, and take care of my daughter’s chastity; thence I go into my shop and see what my servants are doing, then into the kitchen and see if anything be amiss there; and so from one place to another, what my wife and what my children are doing, taking care that every one be at his business. These are my Roman stations. Og. But St. James would take care of these things for you. Me. The Holy Scriptures enjoin me to look after them myself, but I do not find any text to leave them to the saints.