Geographic Areas Reference Manual/Chapter 5

by the U.S. Census Bureau

Chapter 5

American Indian and Alaska Native Areas

Classification of Areas

The Bureau of the Census tabulates and publishes population and housing census data for several geographic entities that cover areas of American Indian and Alaska Native settlement, collectively termed American Indian and Alaska Native areas (AIANAs). The major types of AIANAs are American Indian reservations and trust lands, tribal jurisdiction statistical areas (TJSAs), Alaska Native Regional Corporations (ANRCs), Alaska Native village statistical areas (ANVSAs), and tribal designated statistical areas (TDSAs). Table 5-1 lists the number and kind of AIANAs in each of the 36 States that include such entities.

American Indian Reservations

American Indian reservations are areas with boundaries established by treaty, statute, and/or executive or court order. The reservations and their boundaries are identified for the Census Bureau by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), an agency in the U.S. Department of the Interior, or by State governments. Federal reservations may cross State boundaries; both Federal and State reservations may cross the boundaries of counties, county subdivisions, and places.^[1] Where lands are claimed by two tribes or are administered jointly, the Census Bureau identifies them as separate geographic entities called joint use areas; it treats joint use areas as distinct entities for data tabulation and presentation. The Census Bureau first began to report data systematically for American Indian reservations in conjunction with the 1970 census. For the 1990 census, the Census Bureau tabulated and published data for 310 reservations.

Trust Lands

Trust lands are real property, held in trust by the Federal Government, that is associated with a specific American Indian reservation or tribe, or, in some cases, individual American Indians. Land held in trust for a tribe is referred to as tribal trust land, and land held in trust for an individual member of a tribe is called individual trust land. Trust lands may be located within a reservation or outside of a reservation; however, the Census Bureau recognizes and tabulates data separately only for the inhabited off-reservation trust lands; on-reservation trust lands are included as part of the reservation. As with American Indian reservations, the trust lands of a tribe or individual may cross State boundaries. Not all Federal reservations have trust lands associated with them, and there are no trust lands recognized for State reservations. The Census Bureau first reported data for tribal trust lands in conjunction with the 1980 census and for individual trust lands in conjunction with the 1990 census. The BIA provided the Census Bureau with maps identifying the trust land boundaries.

Tribal Jurisdiction Statistical Areas

Tribal jurisdiction statistical areas (TJSAs) are delineated by those Federally recognized tribes in Oklahoma that no longer have a reservation. The territory covered by a TJSA contains the American Indian population over which a tribal government has jurisdiction. In situations where two tribal governments claim the same territory, the Census Bureau created a joint use area to represent the geographic overlap, and treated it as a separate TJSA for data presentation purposes. The TJSAs replace the Historic Areas of Oklahoma used in conjunction with the 1980 census (see subsection, “The 1980 Census”).

Tribal Designated Statistical Areas

Tribal designated statistical areas (TDSAs) are geographic entities delineated by Federally and State-recognized tribes without a land base, that is, with no reservation or trust lands. In general, a TDSA consists of (1) territory that contains the American Indian population over which a Federally recognized tribe has jurisdiction or (2) territory within which a State-recognized tribe provides benefits and services to its members. TDSAs must conform to Census Bureau criteria: they cannot overlap onto reservations or trust lands, they cannot cross State lines, and their boundaries must follow established census block boundaries. There are no TDSAs in Oklahoma, where tribal jurisdiction statistical areas (TJSAs) fulfill a similar function as geographic entities for data tabulation and presentation. The Census Bureau recognized TDSAs for the first time in conjunction with the 1990 census.

Table 5-1. American Indian and Alaska Native Areas (AIANAs), by State, in 1990

State Type of AIANA Number Level Alabama American Indian reservation with trust lands 1 Federal Alaska American Indian reservation 1 Federal Alaska Native village statistical areas (ANVSAs) 217 Federal Alaska Native Regional Corporations (ANRCs) 12 Federal Arizona American Indian reservations (four have
associated trust lands; five extend into other States) 23 Federal California
American Indian reservations (three have trust
lands; three extend into other States) 99 Federal Entity consisting only of trust lands 1 Federal Colorado American Indian reservations (one extends
into two other States) 2 Federal Connecticut American Indian reservations 1, 3 Federal, State Tribal designated statistical area (TDSA) 1 State Florida American Indian reservations 4 Federal Entity consisting only of trust lands 1 Federal Tribal designated statistical area (TDSA) 1 State Georgia American Indian reservation 1 State Idaho American Indian reservations (two have trust
lands; one extends into another State) 5 Federal Iowa American Indian reservations (one extends into another State) 2 Federal Kansas
American Indian reservations (one has trust
lands; two extend into another State) 4 Federal Tribal designated statistical area (TDSA) 1 State Louisiana American Indian reservations 3 Federal Tribal designated statistical areas (TDSAs) 4 State Maine
American Indian reservations (one has
associated trust lands) 3 Federal Entity consisting only of trust lands 1 Federal Massachusetts American Indian reservation 1 State


Tribal designated statistical area (TDSA) (this
TDSA was a State-recognized reservation in the
1980 census, but is no longer recognized by the
State; it is now pending Federal recognition as
a reservation) 1 Federal Michigan American Indian reservations (five have
associated trust lands) 8, 1 Federal, State Minnesota American Indian reservations 14 Federal Entity consisting only of trust lands 1 Federal Mississippi American Indian reservation (has associated
trust lands) 1 Federal Montana



American Indian reservations (four
reservations have associated trust lands; one of these
reservations has trust lands that extend into
another State, but has no reservation lands in
that other State) 7 Federal Additional entity consisting of lands identified
as belonging to two reservations 1 Federal Nebraska

American Indian reservations (one reservation
has trust lands; three reservations extend into
another State, and one out-of-State reservation
has trust lands) 5 Federal Tribal designated statistical area (TDSA) 1 State Nevada American Indian reservations (two have associated
trust lands; four extend into other States) 22 Federal New Jersey American Indian reservation 1 State Tribal designated statistical area (TDSA) 1 State New Mexico
American Indian reservations (eight have associated
trust lands; three extend into other States) 26 Federal
Additional entity consisting of lands identified
as belonging to two reservations 2 Federal New York American Indian reservations 8, 2 Federal, State North Carolina American Indian reservation 1 Federal Tribal designated statistical areas (TDSAs) 5 State North Dakota American Indian reservations (two extend into
another State; one reservation has trust lands that
extend into another State, but has no reservation
lands in that other State) 5 Federal Oklahoma American Indian reservation 1 Federal Tribal jurisdiction statistical areas (TJSAs) 15 Federal
Additional TJSAs consisting of lands claimed by
two different tribes 2 Federal Oregon
American Indian reservations (two have trust
lands; one extends into another State) 8 Federal Tribal designated statistical areas (TDSAs) 2 Federal Rhode Island American Indian reservation 1 Federal South Carolina American Indian reservation 1 State South Dakota American Indian reservations (two have associated
trust lands; two extend into another State;
one has associated trust lands that extend into
another State, but has no reservation lands in
that State; there are trust lands associated with
two out-of-State reservations) 9 Federal Texas American Indian reservations 2 Federal Utah American Indian reservations (one has associated
trust lands; three extend into other States) 7 Federal Virginia American Indian reservations 2 State Tribal designated statistical areas (TDSAs) 2 State Washington American Indian reservations (seven have
associated trust lands) 27 Federal Wisconsin American Indian reservations (five have associated
trust lands) 11 Federal Wyoming American Indian reservation 1 Federal

Alaska Native Regional Corporations

Alaska Native Regional Corporations (ANRCs) are corporate entities established under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) of 1972 (Public Law 92-203, as amended by Public Law 94-204) to conduct the business and nonprofit affairs of Alaska Natives. Alaska is divided into 12 ANRCs that cover the entire State, except for the Annette Islands Reserve, which is an American Indian reservation.^[2] The boundaries of the 12 ANRCs were established by the Department of the Interior in cooperation with the Alaska Natives. Each ANRC was designed to include, as far as practicable, Alaska Natives with a common heritage and common interests. The ANRC boundaries were first identified in conjunction with the 1980 census, although there were no data presentations for ANRCs as geographic entities.

Alaska Native Village Statistical Areas

Alaska Native Villages (ANVs) are tribes, bands, clans, groups, villages, communities, or associations in Alaska that are recognized pursuant to the ANCSA of 1972. The Census Bureau established Alaska Native village statistical areas (ANVSAs) as geographic entities for data tabulation purposes. For the 1990 census, the Census Bureau worked with officials of the nonprofit corporation within each ANRC, as well as with other knowledgeable officials, to delineate boundaries for the settled portion of each ANV. The ANVSAs are located within the ANRCs and do not cross ANRC boundaries. The ANVSAs for the 1990 census replace the ANVs that the Census Bureau recognized in conjunction with the 1980 census.

Background

Censuses Before 1970

The U.S. Government identified American Indian settlement areas as early as the census of 1790. This identification, however, constituted a form of reverse recognition, since the objective was to not include American Indian settlement areas as part of the United States, but rather to exclude such areas from the enumeration process. Enumerators identified such settlements as non-enumeration areas because American Indians living in these settlements (and, later, on American Indian reservations) were not taxed. It was not until 1860 that the Federal census enumerated the American Indian population directly, counting only that portion of the population living outside of reservations (in other words, only those American Indians who were taxable). The American Indians enumerated were included in the general population, without separate recognition as American Indians in the data tabulations and publications.

The 1870 census was the first to include a separate category for Indians on the census schedule. Since the 1870 census, the Census Bureau has increased the types of data collected for American Indians, and instituted special procedures to enumerate them more accurately. The enumeration techniques and demographic classification methods applied to the American Indian and Alaska Native populations, and the recognition of different types of AIANAs, have varied from census to census. In decennial censuses before 1970, the Census Bureau used various enumeration techniques.^[3] There were, however, no geographic programs or special geographic entities (apart from enumeration districts and an occasional CCD) used to collect, tabulate, and publish data for American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts and their settlements.

The 1970 Census

By 1970, government agencies, American Indians, and Alaska Natives all were becoming interested in census data for indigenous population groups. Tribes and native groups had assumed a more active role in self-government, and the agencies responsible for the distribution of State and Federal program monies began using census data to allocate funds.

For the 1970 census, the BIA identified 115 American Indian reservations for which the Census Bureau tabulated and presented data. To identify these entities, the Census Bureau used the reservation boundaries shown on its enumeration maps. In many cases, these reservation boundaries proved to be inaccurate and incomplete; also, map features often were insufficiently detailed within many small reservations and Alaska Native settlements. These shortcomings resulted in inaccurate data tabulations.

The 1980 Census

The 1970 census had demonstrated the inaccuracy of many of the maps and boundaries used to identify American Indian reservations, and for the 1980 census, the Census Bureau worked to improve this information. For the 1980 census, the Census Bureau also made other major geographic improvements to support the collection and tabulation of data for the AIANA populations. It worked with the BIA and State certifying officials to identify the official names of all Federally and State-recognized reservations and to obtain maps of the reservation boundaries. The Census Bureau also worked with officials in Alaska to determine boundaries for the Alaska Native villages.

One other improvement for the 1980 census was the recognition of the Historic Areas of Oklahoma. Oklahoma has a very high percentage of the Nation’s American Indian population, but has only one reservation, the Osage Reservation. Discussions with over 30 tribal governments and organizations led the Census Bureau to delineate a single geographic entity that included all lands associated with former reservations elsewhere in the State.^[4] (The Historic Areas did not extend into urbanized areas or into major cities.)

Geographic Programs for AIANAs in the 1990 Census

For the 1990 census, the Census Bureau expanded the geographic programs for AIANAs. This resulted in an increase in the number of areas eligible to participate in various geographic programs offered to other governmental organizations, and more involvement in the geographic delineations by tribal and Alaska Native officials. Also, for the 1990 census, the Census Bureau designed and introduced the TIGER System, a digital geographic support system and data base containing all the geographic information necessary to take the census.^[5] This new development affected the AIANAs as well as all other geographic entities included in the 1990 census.

A variety of organizations and sources were involved in building the TIGER data base. In the early 1980s, the Census Bureau contacted tribal officials to obtain up-to-date map feature information for some of the larger reservations. Such feature update information was solicited from many organizations at that time, and was a necessary basis for the polygon structure of the TIGER data base. For a more detailed discussion, see Chapter 11, “Census Blocks and Block Groups.”

Planning, Preparation, and Outreach

Throughout the 1980s, the Census Bureau consulted with an advisory committee on American Indian and Alaska Native issues—one of four minority advisory committees formed to provide advice and counsel to the Census Bureau on key issues for the decennial census. In addition, the Census Bureau formed an American Indian and Alaska Native Task Force, made up of staff members whose primary mission was to improve the enumeration of, and to further outreach to, these populations. Both the advisory committee and the task force were instrumental in bringing about one of the major improvements that the Census Bureau made for the enumeration of the AIANA populations in the 1990 census—the Tribal Liaison Program. Although not a geographic program, per se, the Tribal Liaison Program gave American Indian tribal liaisons the chance to review the reservation and trust land boundaries that the Census Bureau intended to recognize for the 1990 census. For Alaska, there was a comparable program—the Alaska Native Village Liaison Program.

In 1985 and 1986, the Census Bureau sponsored 12 regional meetings for the American Indian and Alaska Native communities. Participants included staff from the BIA, the departments of Health and Human Services (HHS), Education, Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and representatives of local community-based organizations and tribal governments. The purpose of the meetings was to solicit input for 1990 plans and receive recommendations concerning three key decennial census issues affecting the American Indian and Alaska Native community: geographic area identification, census outreach and promotion, and the 1990 census questionnaire content.

Each regional meeting included a geographic presentation tailored to the unique needs and geographic situation of the AIANA populations in that part of the United States. As a result of holding these regional meetings, Census Bureau staff became more aware of the importance of geographic issues affecting American Indian and Alaska Natives. In addition, these meetings led tribal and village officials to recognize their critical role in helping the Census Bureau to identify and delineate geographic entities for the 1990 census.

Boundary Review

The delineation of boundaries for American Indian and Alaska Native areas poses unique challenges for the Census Bureau. This is particularly true of legally or governmentally defined entities such as reservations and trust lands, the most important geographic units for the tabulation and presentation of decennial census data for the American Indian populations. The Census Bureau obtains boundaries for Federally recognized reservations and trust lands from the BIA, which certifies the accuracy of the boundaries depicted for these entities. One recommendation for the 1990 census was to have the tribes review the reservation/trust land boundaries. To implement this suggestion, the Census Bureau and the BIA signed a memorandum of understanding for the purpose of achieving a more inclusive exchange of boundary information between the two agencies and the tribal authorities. This agreement provided the framework for the Tribal Review Program.

The Tribal Review Program for Reservations and Trust Lands

The Census Bureau inserted the 1980 census geographic information for American Indian reservations and trust lands (geographic codes and boundaries) into the TIGER data base, and then made corrections, changes, and additions using information provided by the Tribal Review Program. Under the Tribal Review Program, the BIA delivered boundary information for Federally recognized reservations and off-reservation trust lands (both individual and tribal).^[6] The Census Bureau supplied copies of computer-plotted maps to the BIA for each reservation and trust land area. These maps were produced after the Census Bureau had conducted a boundary review in two phases.

In the first phase of the Tribal Review Program, the Census Bureau obtained maps of the new boundaries from the certifying agencies (the BIA and the appropriate State authorities) or sought confirmation from these authorities that the boundary locations had not changed since January 1, 1980. The Census Bureau then sent these maps to the respective tribal governments. The tribal officials reviewed the maps and contacted the BIA or the State certifying official if they found problems with the boundaries. After working with tribal officials to resolve such problems, the certifying agency or official then recertified the boundary and sent the corrected information to the Census Bureau.

In the second phase of the Tribal Review Program, tribal officials identified any remaining concerns about the boundaries and submitted them directly to the Census Bureau. The process continued until mid-1989 when the Census Bureau produced the first set of computer-derived maps showing the American Indian reservation and trust land boundaries. The Census Bureau sent these maps, called the Tribal Review Maps, to the tribes for approval and one more opportunity for correction. The Census Bureau then took the responsibility for presenting that revision/correction to the BIA or the State certifying official, and, upon certification, changing the boundary in the TIGER data base.

The Tribal Review Program was very successful in improving the accuracy of the reservation and trust land information used for the 1990 census. It identified 310 reservations: 298 Federally recognized and 12 State-recognized. Four of the Federally recognized reservations consisted of trust land areas that had certified boundaries, thereby defining entities equivalent to a reservation for decennial census purposes; 52 other Federally recognized reservations had tribal and/or individual trust lands associated with them.

American Indian Areas in Oklahoma

The Historic Areas of Oklahoma delineated for the 1980 census resulted in data tabulations for many tribes linked to one large geographic area. This was an improvement over past censuses, but both the Oklahoma tribes and the Census Bureau wanted to develop a better approach for the 1990 census, one that associated tribes with appropriate smaller geographic areas. To meet this need, the Census Bureau developed the Tribal Jurisdiction Statistical Area (TJSA) Program. To implement this program, the Census Bureau worked with individual tribes or groups of tribes (excluding the Osage Tribe, which has a reservation) to delineate boundaries defining the area associated with their jurisdiction. There were 17 TJSAs delineated for the 1990 census.

The TJSA boundaries had to follow the boundaries of census blocks; that is, they had to conform either to physical features or to the boundaries of other governmental or administrative entities. There were no minimum population or housing requirements for an area to qualify as a TJSA. Territory in an urbanized area could be included in a TJSA. One geographic constraint was that a TJSA could not extend outside the State. As a result, some tribes in northeastern Oklahoma chose not to participate because they wanted to include territory in neighboring States within their TJSA. Territory claimed by two different tribes was identified separately as a joint use area in the 1990 census data tabulations.

Statistical Areas for Tribes With No Land Base

Some Federally and State-recognized tribes do not have a legally established land base. However, these tribes often have an area that has customarily been associated with, or influenced by, their tribe. To identify this area of tribal influence, the Census Bureau established a new geographic entity, the tribal designated statistical area (TDSA). Throughout the Nation (except in Alaska and Oklahoma), the Census Bureau worked directly with tribes not having a land base to establish boundaries for 19 TDSAs. The criteria for TDSAs are very similar to those for TJSAs: a TDSA cannot extend onto a Federally or State-recognized reservation or trust land, it cannot cross a State line, and its boundaries must follow census block boundaries.

Alaska Native Areas

The Census Bureau also worked to improve the delineation of geographic entities with concentrations of Alaska Native populations. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), another agency in the U.S. Department of the Interior, is the Federal agency responsible for information regarding the boundaries for areas resulting from the ANCSA of 1972; these include the ANRCs and the Alaska Native village corporations known as Alaska Native villages (ANVs). Because the ANRCs were established to conduct both the business and nonprofit affairs of Alaska Natives, the corporations divided their functions into two corporate entities: the business or profit corporation, and the nonprofit organization, whose purpose was to conduct the sociocultural functions of the corporation. The ANRCs requested that the Census Bureau work directly with the nonprofit corporations for all 1990 census geographic programs.

Using a BLM source map, the Census Bureau plotted the ANRC boundaries onto a set of the U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS) 1:250,000-scale maps, which it then used to improve and correct the 1980 ANRC boundaries in the TIGER data base. (In unpopulated areas, the ANRC boundaries had been generalized during 1980 census mapping operations.) To verify the accuracy of the ANRC boundaries in the TIGER data base, the Census Bureau implemented a review process similar to the second phase of the Tribal Review Program.

Alaska Native villages often include thousands of acres of land used by Alaska Natives for hunting and fishing. The Census Bureau worked with ANRC officials to delineate areas of concentrated settlement (where people lived most of the year) for purposes of data tabulation and presentation. The boundaries had to follow physical features or nonvisible boundaries of other governmental or administrative entities. Because these boundaries usually do not represent the legal limits of the ANV set up by the ANCSA, the Census Bureau considers the ANVSAs to be statistically defined entities.

There were 217 ANVSAs delineated for the 1990 census. There was no minimum population size for an ANVSA. Moreover, the ANV boundaries were not constrained by other geographic entities in the census hierarchy; an ANVSA could be located inside or outside of an incorporated place or census designated place (CDP), or it could straddle a place boundary. Often, the ANVSAs had the same boundary as a CDP or city of the same name. No ANVSA boundary crossed an ANRC boundary and there were no ANVSAs on the Annette Islands Reserve, an American Indian reservation.

Other Geographic Programs

In addition to the initiatives discussed above, the Census Bureau sought to make tribal officials aware of other 1990 census programs and solicited their help in proposing and constructing small-area geographic entities for the tabulation and presentation of 1990 census data by AIANA. These other programs included the following:

Block numbering areas and block groups

The Block Numbering Area and Block Group (BNA/BG) Program allowed local participation in the delineation of small-area geographic entities. To be eligible to participate, a reservation had to include at least 1,000 inhabitants or at least 500 dwelling units (the minimum number needed to define two BGs), and these had to be located on a single contiguous piece of territory. For reservations extending in more than one county, each county portion with at least 1,000 inhabitants or at least 500 dwelling units was eligible. These size criteria limited the number of tribes that could participate.

Census tracts

The Census Bureau also urged tribes in metropolitan and more populous counties to participate in the Census Tract/BG Program. (For details, see Chapter 10, “Census Tracts and Block Numbering Areas.”) The tribal leaders could, if they so desired, become active members of the Census Statistical Areas Committees, which are local data user groups made up of planners, educators, local government officials, and others interested in census tracts and other small-area geographic entities. (For details, see Chapter 3, “Local Census Statistical Areas Committees and Other Local Assistance.”)

Census blocks

The delineation of census blocks for the 1990 census offered another program in which the tribes could become involved. Within BNAs, census tracts, and BGs, the Census Bureau assigns a three-digit census block number to each polygon formed by the intersection of geographic features. (For details, see Chapter 11, “Census Blocks and Block Groups.”) In preparation for the 1990 census, the Census Bureau provided an opportunity for State governments to identify block boundaries as part of its preparations to meet the requirements of Public Law 94-171. (For details, see Chapter 14, “Voting Districts.”) At the same time, the Census Bureau provided an opportunity for American Indian tribes to suggest visible geographic features that they would like to have used as census block boundaries, a process called the Block Definition Project (BDP). Participants in both the P.L. 94-171 program and the BDP had to identify, during a visit to one of the Census Bureau’s 12 regional offices, the visible block boundaries they wanted held. In spite of this constraint, for tribal officials who participated, the BDP provided an opportunity to have input into the TIGER data base and to learn what geographic features would appear on the 1990 census maps for their reservations.

Census designated places

Still another 1990 geographic program of interest to American Indian and Alaska Native communities was the Census Designated Place (CDP) Program. CDPs are population concentrations that function as a community, are locally recognized as such, but are not legally incorporated. To recognize the significance of unincorporated communities located on American Indian reservations, the Census Bureau lowered the minimum population size for such CDPs to 250 people for the 1990 census. This provision applied to reservations in the coterminous 48 States.^[7]

In Alaska, communities often are very small, and several families sometimes constitute a settlement that functions economically and socially as a community with a cohesiveness characterized by larger places in other States. To account for these conditions, the minimum population size for CDPs in Alaska is 25 people.

1990 Census Data for AIANAs

The Census Bureau releases several series of printed reports that are grouped under three broad titles: 1990 Census of Population and Housing (CPH), 1990 Census of Population (CP), and 1990 Census of Housing (CH). The following publication series contain data for AIANAs:

CPH-1	Summary Population and Housing Characteristics
CPH-4	Population and Housing Characteristics for Congressional Districts of the 103rd Congress
CPH-5	Summary Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics
CP-1	General Population Characteristics
CP-1A	General Population Characteristics for American Indian and Alaska Native Areas
CP-2	Social and Economic Characteristics
CP-2-1A	Social and Economic Characteristics for American Indian and Alaska Native Areas
CP-3	Population Subject Reports
CH-1	General Housing Characteristics
CH-1-1A	General Housing Characteristics for American Indian and Alaska Native Areas
CH-2	Detailed Housing Characteristics
CP-2-1A	Detailed Housing Characteristics for American Indian and Alaska Native Areas

Data items, geographic coverage, and presentation format vary with each report series. For instance, the CPH-1 series, Summary Population and Housing Characteristics, contains 100-percent data issued in a U.S. Summary report, and individual reports for each State and statistically equivalent entity. Reports contain several important items of data for the AIANA populations. Tables 17 and 18 of the individual reports provide selected population and housing characteristics for AIANAs within the State, as well as land area for each reservation and trust land in square kilometers and square miles. Appendix G of each report consists of page-size maps of the State showing counties, county subdivisions, AIANAs, and places.

Of particular interest are two publications in the Population Subject Reports series, American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts in the United States, and Characteristics of American Indians by Tribe and Language for Selected Areas. These reports provide cross-tabulations of selected population and housing characteristics. The AIANA data also are available on computer tape as part of the Summary Tape File (STF) series: The STF 1 files (STF 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D); the STF 2B and 2C; the STF 3A and 3C; and the STF 4B and 4C. Some of these STFs are available on compact disc—read-only memory (CD-ROM). Another computer tape and CD-ROM product that includes population data and housing unit counts for AIANAs is the Public Law 94-171 (Redistricting) Data File.

For more detailed information about the data products listed above, the reader should consult the following series of figures that appear in many of the Census Bureau’s publications and users’ guides:

Figure 1.	1990 Census Content
Figure 2.	1990 Census Printed Reports
Figure 3.	1990 Census Summary Tape Files
Figure 4.	Other 1990 Census Data Products

This set of figures appears in many of the Census Bureau’s 1990 census publications. For instance, it constitutes Appendix F, “Data Products and User Assistance,” in the CPH-1 series. It also appears in Chapter 5, “Data Products,” in the 1990 Census of Population and Housing Guide, Part A. Text (CPH-R-1A) as well as in the 1990 Census of Population and Housing brochure, Tabulation and Publication Program.

Notes and References

1. Figure 2-1 in Chapter 2 of the Geographic Areas Reference Manual depicts the relationship of American Indian reservations to other census geographic entities.
2. A thirteenth, nongeographic, ANRC was established for Alaska Natives who are not permanent residents of the State and who chose not to enroll in one of the 12 ANRCs; there are no decennial census data products for this ANRC.
3. For instance, there were special enumeration procedures used in the 1910, 1930, and 1950 censuses, but none in the 1920, 1940, and 1960 censuses. The interested reader can consult Frederick G. Bohme’s 200 Years of U.S. Census Taking: Population and Housing Questions, 1790–1990, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC, 1989.
4. Apart from the Osage Reservation, the tribal governments in the State have jurisdiction over their tribal members, but their associated reservations were dissolved by the Federal Government during the two- to three-year period preceding the statehood of Oklahoma in 1907.
5. The TIGER (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing) data base (often called the TIGER File) is the set of computer files at the heart of the TIGER System. This computer data base contains all the geographic information representing roads, boundaries, and other geographic features along with their attributes (names, address ranges, geographic codes, and other information). The TIGER System includes, in addition to the TIGER data base, the computer software, procedures, and control systems necessary to update and use the TIGER data base.
6. The Tribal Review Program did not include ANVSAs, TDSAs, or TJSAs because these entities, defined solely for statistical purposes, were established during cooperative programs between the Census Bureau and tribal or village officials. These programs did not involve the authorities the Census Bureau relies on for certifying the accuracy of American Indian legal boundaries; that is, the BIA and State agencies.
7. Various minimum population sizes for CDPs apply throughout the United States: 2,500 people for CDPs in urbanized areas (except in Hawaii), 1,000 people for CDPs outside of urbanized areas (except in Hawaii and Alaska), and 300 people for CDPs in Hawaii (see Chapter 9, “Places”).