Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology

by William Buckland

CONTENTS

OF THE FIRST VOLUME.

		Page
CHAP. I.	Extent of the Province of Geology	12
II.	Consistency of Geological Discoveries with Sacred History.	18
III.	Proper subjects of Geological Inquiry.	37
IV.	Relation of Unstratified to Stratified Rocks.	39
V.	Volcanic Rocks, Basalt, and Trap.	45
VI.	Primary stratified Rocks.	48
VII.	Strata of the Transition Series.	55
	Remains of Vegetables in the Transition Series.	57
VIII.	Strata of the Secondary Series.	60
IX.	Strata of the Tertiary Series.	67
	Mammalia of the Eocene Period.	70
	Mammalia of the Miocene Period.	77
	Mammalia of the Pliocene Period.	79
X.	Relation of the Earth and its Inhabitants to Man.	82
XI.	Supposed cases of Fossil Human Bones.	86
XII.	General History of Fossil Organic Remains.	89
	Cases of Animals destroyed suddenly.	100
XIII.	Aggregate of Animal Enjoyment increased, and that of Pain diminished by the existence of Carnivorous Races.	105
XIV.	Proofs of Design in the Structure of Fossil Vertebrated Animals.	109
§ i.	Fossil Mammalia—Dinotherium.	109
ii.	Megatherium.	112
iii.	Fossil Saurians.	130
iv.	Ichthyosaurus.	133
v.	Intestinal Structure of Ichthyosaurus and of Fossil Fishes.	147
vi.	Plesiosaurus.	157
vii.	Mosasaurus, or great Animal of Maastricht.	167
viii.	Pterodactyle.	171
ix.	Megalosaurus.	180
x.	Iguanodon.	185
xi.	Amphibious Animals allied to Crocodiles.	191
xii.	Fossil Tortoises or Testudinata.	195
xiii.	Fossil Fishes.	202
	Sauroid Fishes in the Order Ganoid.	208
	Fishes in Strata of the Carboniferous Order.	212
	Fishes of the Magnesian Limestone, or Zechstein.	213
	Fishes of the Muschelkalk, Lias, and Oolite Formations.	214
	Fishes of the Chalk Formation.	216
	Fishes of the Tertiary Formations.	216
	Family of Sharks.	218
	Fossil Spines, or Ichthyodorulites.	220
	Fossil Rays.	221
	Conclusion.	222
CHAP. XV.	Proofs of Design in the Fossil Remains of Mollusks.	224
§ i.	Fossil Univalve and Bivalve Shells.	224
ii.	Fossil Remains of naked Mollusks, Pens and Ink bags of Loligo.	230
iii.	Proofs of Design in the Mechanism of Fossil Chambered Shells.	235
	Mechanical Contrivances in the Nautilus.	238
iv.	Ammonites.	252
v.	Nautilus Sypho and Nautilus Zic Zac.	270
vi.	Chambered Shells allied to Nautili and Ammonites.	273
vii.	Belemnite.	280
viii.	Foraminated Polythalamons Shells. Nummulites. Miliola.	288
CHAP. XVI.	Proofs of Design in the Structure of Fossil Articulated Animals.	291
§ i.	First Class of Articulated Animals.	292
	Fossil Annelidans.	292
ii.	Second Class of Articulated Animals.	292
	Fossil Crustaceans.	292
	Trilobites.	294
iii.	Third Class of Articulated Animals.	305
	A Fossil Arachnidans.	305
	Fossil Spiders.	306
	Fossil Scorpions.	307
	Fourth Class of Articulated Animals.	308
	Fossil Insects.	308
CHAP. XVII.	Proofs of Design in the Structure of Fossil Radiated Animals, or Zoophytes.	312
§ i.	Fossil Echinoderms.	312
	Echinidans and Stelleridans.	313
	Crinoideans.	314
	Encrinites Moniliformis.	317
	Pentacrinites.	325
ii.	Fossil Remains of Polypes.	333
CHAP. XVIII.	Proofs of Design in the Structure of Fossil Vegetables.	339
§ i.	General History of Fossil Vegetables.	339
ii.	Vegetables in Strata of the Transition Series.	345
	Equisetaceæ.	346
	Ferns.	347
	Lepidodendron.	350
	Sigillaria.	352
	Favularia, Megaphyton, Bothrodendron, Ulodendron.	356
	Stigmaria.	358
	Fossil Coniferæ.	363
iii.	Vegetables in Strata of the Secondary Series.	368
	Fossil Cycadea.	368
	Fossil Pandaneæ.	377
iv.	Vegetables in Strata of the Tertiary Series.	380
	Fossil Palms.	385
	Conclusion.	390
CHAP. XIX.	Proofs of Design in the Dispositions of Strata of the Carboniferous Order.	392
XX.	Proofs of Design in the Effect of Disturbing Forces on the Strata of the Earth.	403
XXI.	Advantageous Effect of Disturbing Forces in giving Origin to Mineral Veins.	409
XXII.	Adaptations of the Earth to afford Supplies of Water through the Medium of Springs.	415
XXIII.	Proofs of Design in the Structure and Composition of Unorganized Mineral Bodies.	426
XXIV.	Conclusion.	432

LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.

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Plate
1.	Synoptic View of the leading Phenomena of Geology.[1]
2.	Jaws of fossil Didelphys and Dinotherium.
3.	Restoration of Pachydermata of Mont Martre.
4.	Skeletons of Pachydermata from Mont Martre.
5.	Entire Skeleton, and parts of another Skeleton of Megatherium. (Double Plate.)
6.	Teeth and caudal Vertebra of Megatherium.
7.	Ichthyosaurus Platyodon.
8.	Ichthyosaurus Communis, and Ichthyosaurus Intermedius.
9.	Ichthyosaurus Tenuirostris.
10.	Head, Eyes and Skin of Ichthyosaurus, &c.
11.	Head, Teeth, and Sections of Jaws of Ichthyosaurus.
12.	Paddles and Vertebræ of Ichthyosaurus.
13.	Ichthyosaurus inclosing Coprolite.
14.	Ichthyosaurus inclosing Scales of Fishes in Coprolite.
15.	Various forms of Coprolites and spiral Intestines.
15'.	Cololite, or fossil Intestines.
16.	Restoration of Plesiosaurus Dolichodeirus, and nearly entire Skeleton of the same.
17.	Front of Plesiosaurus Dolichodeirus.
18.	Head and Sterno-costal Acres of Plesiosaurus Dolichodeirus.
19.	Plesiosaurus Macrocephalus, and lower jaw of Plesiosaurus.
20.	Head of Mosasaurus from Maestricht.
21.	Pterodactylus Longirostris.
22.	Pterodactylus Crassirostris and Brevirostris, (Double Plate.)
23.	Jaw and Teeth of Megalosaurus.
24.	Teeth and Bones of Iguanodon and Iguana.
25.	Crocodilean Remains from the Lias and Oolite.
25'.	Fossil Crocodileans and Chelonian.
26.	Footsteps on Red Sandstone near Dumfries.
26'.	Footsteps on Red Sandstone at Hessberg, (Double Plate.)
26".	Hind footstep of Chirotherium on Sandstone from Hessberg.
26‴.	Footsteps of some unknown Reptile on Sandstone from Hessberg.
26a.	Several species of Ornithichnites on Sandstone in the valley of the Connecticut, (Double Plate.)
26b.	Ornithichnites Giganteus, on Sandstone from Connecticut.
27.	Scales, Jaw, and Teeth, of fossil Fishes.
27a.	Recent and fossil Sauroid Fishes.
27b.	Fish from the Coal Formation of Saarbriick.
27c.	Fish from the Oolite Formation.
27d.	Jaws, Teeth, and Spine of Recent and Fossil Sharks.
27e.	Teeth on the Palate of Acrodus nobilis.
27f.	Teeth of Ptychodus polygyrus.
28.	Pens and Ink Bag of recent and fossil Loligo.
29.	Fossil Pens and Ink Bags of Loligo, from the Lias.
30.	Large fossil Pen of Loligo, from the Lias.
31.	Nautilus Pompilius with its animal; and Rhyncholites.
32.	Chambers and Siphuncle of Nautilus Hexagonus.
33.	Chambers and Siphuncle of Nautilus Striatus.
34.	Animal of Nautilus Pompilius.
35.	Exterior of Ammonites Obtusus.
36.	Chambers and Siphuncle of Ammonites Obtusus.
37.	Various forms of Mechanism to strengthen Ammonites.
38.	Lateral view of Ammonites Heterophyllus.
39.	Longitudinal view of Ammonites Heterophyllus.
40.	Ammonites Henslowi; A. Nodosus; A. Sphaericus, and A. Striatus.
41.	Chambers of Ammonites Giganteus.
42.	Chambers and Siphuncle of Nautilus and Ammonite.
43.	Nautilus Sypho, and N. Zic-Zac.
44.	Chambered Shells allied to Nautilus and Ammonite.
44'	Illustrations of the Genus Belemnosepia.
44".	Ink Bags of Belemnosepia.
45.	Trilobites and recent animals allied to them.
46.	Various forms of Trilobites.
46'.	Fossil Scorpions from the Coal formation in Bohemia.
46".	Fossil Limulus, Arachnidans, and Insects.
47.	Apiocrinites, and Actinociinites.
48.	Fragment of a Lily Encrinite, Encrinites Moniliformis.
49.	Stem of Encrinites Moniliformis dissected.
50.	Body of Encrinites Moniliformis dissected.
51.	Briarean Pentacrinite, from the Lias at Lyme Regis.
52.	Recent and fossil Pentacrinites.
53.	Briarean Pentacrinite from the Lias, (Double Plate.)
54.	Recent Corals with their Polypes.
55.	Fossil Tree (Lepidodendron Sternbergii) from a Coal mine in Bohemia.
56.	Remains of Plants of extinct families, from the Coal formation.
56a.	Highly magnified sections of Coniferæ.
57.	Remains of a subterranean Forest on the coast of Dorset.
58.	Cycas Revoluta producing Buds.
59.	Zamia Pungens, and sections of recent Zamia and Cycas.
60.	Trunk and transverse section of Cycadites Megalophyllus.
61.	Trunk and sections of Buds and Petioles of Cycadites Microphyllus.
62.	Sections of Petioles of recent and fossil Cycadeæ.
63.	Fossil fruit of Podocarya, and reoent Pandaneæ, (Double Plate.)
64.	Remains of fossil Palms, from Tertiary strata.
65.	Sections illustrating the structure and disposition of Coal basins.
66.	Sections illustrating the Silurian and Carboniferous systems; and part of the Newcastle Coal field.
67.	Sections illustrating the origin of Springs, and the disposition of Metallic Veins.
68.	Sections showing the cause of the rise water in Artesian Wells in the Basin of London.
69.	Sections illustrating the Theory of Artesian Wells.
	Total number of Plates 87. Total number of figures 705.

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1. Besides 120 figures of Plants and Animals, this Plate represents 30 kinds of Sedimentary Deposits, and 8 varieties of Unstratified Rocks; it also shows the dispositions of intruded Dikes, Metalliferous Veins, and Faults.