Glossary of the Mohegan-Pequot Language

by John Dyneley Prince and Frank Gouldsmith Speck

Glossary of the Mohegan–Pequot
Language

 

by

J. Dyneley Prince and Frank G. Speck.

 

---

 

(Reprinted from the American Anthropologist (N. S.), Vol. 6, No. 1,
January–March, 1904)

 

---

 

Lancaster, Pa., U. S. A.
The New Era Printing Company
1904

[Reprinted from the American Anthropologist, Vol. 6, No. 1, Jan.–March, 1904.]

GLOSSARY OF THE MOHEGAN–PEQUOT LANGUAGE

By J. DYNELEY PRINCE and FRANK G. SPECK

There is always something strangely pathetic about a dying language, especially when, like the Mohegan-Pequot idiom, the dialect exists in the memory of but a single living person. Mr Speck has obtained two connected texts and most of the following words and forms from Mrs Fidelia A. H. Fielding, an aged Indian woman resident at Mohegan, near Norwich, Conn., who has kept up her scanty knowledge of her early speech chiefly by talking to herself. The text of a sermon in Mrs Fielding’s dialect has already been published by us with full philological commentary in the American Anthropologist (vol. 5, pp. 193–212). Another shorter text with a similar commentary will soon be published separately by Mr Speck alone.

The following word-list of 446 words and forms were all collected by Mr Speck during the last year at Mohegan, Conn., chiefly from Mrs Fielding, and submitted to Professor Prince in Mrs Fielding’s spelling. In arranging these words into a glossary, all the work of which was done by Professor Prince, it has been thought best for sentimental reasons to adhere to Mrs Fielding’s orthography, imperfect as it is. Her system is undoubtedly that of the few white men and educated Indians who tried to write the Pequot language while it was still a living idiom. The proper pronunciation of each Pequot word as uttered by Mrs Fielding is given in parentheses, in accordance with the following method: Of the vowels, ā = a in “father”; â = aw in “awful”; ē = ay in “may”; ĕ = e in “met”; î = i in “machine”; ĭ = i in “pin”; ō = o in “note”; ŏ = o in “not”; û = u in “rule”; ŭ = u in “but”; ů = oo in “foot.” The apostrophe (’) = a short indeterminate ŭ-vowel. The consonants have the English values, except that g is always hard as in “go’’; final -kw = kwŭ, with a very short final vowel; ñ = nasal n as in French final n; š = sh. The combination ts^y is to be pronounced with a slight palatalization after the sibilant. The inverted comma (‘) indicates a light rough breathing similar to the Arabic medial Ḥe.

Throughout the glossary an attempt has been made to give, so far as possible, the cognates of each Pequot word. Here it should be noted that in Abenaki ô = on with nasal n, as in French mon, and ö = German ö. In Delaware the German system of phonetics followed by Brinton in his Lenâpe Dictionary has been observed. The Natick and Narragansett words are given according to the English system followed by Eliot and Roger Williams,^[1] while the Ojibwe words are to be pronounced with the Italian vowels as given in Baraga’s Otchipwe Dictionary.

Although Mrs Fielding’s dialect of Pequot is in the last stages of decay, as has already been pointed out,^[2] it still retains enough of the original phonetics and grammatical phenomena to enable us to judge very satisfactorily regarding the primitive character of the language.

In the Pequot phonetics we note that the Peq. b generally = N. p, and that the Peq. has an indeterminate consonant ḅ between b and w.^[3] This is probably the sound which Eliot indicated by ff. Furthermore Peq. d = N. t, Peq. g = N. k, and Peq. z = N. s, thus showing the marked tendency of the Pequot to medialization. Perhaps the most striking characteristic of Mrs Fielding’s Pequot is the extraordinary elision of the original l = r = n. Thus, we find moish hen = N. monish; ikekuzoo ‘he works’ shows the same stem as the Abn. aloka; weyungoo = Abn. ulôgua yesterday = N. wunnunkw; zoogeryon rain = Abn. soglon = N. sokenum, etc. This inability on the part of the Pequots to pronounce an l-r sound is even seen in their English loanwords. Thus, beyoti plate; beyungut blanket; beyoum broom. There is no r-sound in Peq., in spite of Mrs Fielding’s repeated use of this consonant in her text as a mere stop consonant (see Am. Anthrop. v, 199). A most curious point in this dialect is the dual pronunciation of some words with either j or hard g. Thus, chawgwan or goggwan what; googernos or goojernos. This perhaps points to a blending in Mrs Fielding’s idiom of two distinct Algonquian linguistic variations, i. e., one which used the j-sound as in Abenaki and Ojibwe, and one which regularly used the hard g as in Peq. woggey for, in order that, = Abn. waji.

This theory that two Algonquian dialects existed in the Mohegan community seems to be further confirmed by the fact that Mr Speck has obtained two slightly varying systems of numerals, the one from Mrs Fielding and the other from an old Mohegan Indian, James H. Rogers. The following comparison of these two systems with the Natick and Narragansett numerals will serve to illustrate this point:

	Mrs Fielding.	Rogers.	Narragansett.	Natick.
one	neqút	nîk’t	nquit	nequt
two	nîs	nîs	neesse	neese
three	ch’wî	ch’wî	nish	nish
four	iâw	iâw	yoh	yaw
five	nîpâu	nîpâ	nepanna	napanna
six	k’dŭsk	nî’kŭdŭs	qutta	nequttatash
seven	nîzŭ'sh	nî'zůsh	enada	nesausuk
eight	ch’wî-ŏ'sk	ch’höns	shwosuck	shawosuk
nine	bōzûkû'kwŏng	bōzûkû'gŏn	paskugit	paskoogun
ten	bâ'ĭŏg	bâ'ĭŏg	piuck	puik

It should be noted in this connection that the Peq. s tends to become š in juxtaposition with another consonant. Thus, squaaw = škwâ woman, and skeesucks = škîzŭks eyes. Two noteworthy cases of metathesis are seen in Peq. geyommon spoon = Abn. amkuôn, and Peq. skeeshu quick = Oj. kejidin.

The original grammatical phenomena are poorly preserved in Mrs Fielding’s idiom. Thus we find the inan. indef. form neweektumun explained by her as meaning ‘I love him.’ This can only mean ‘I love it.’ In another instance (see Weeshawgunsh) she uses the inan. pl. ending -sh where the an. pl. -ug should have been employed. Furthermore, her moods have nearly all disappeared (Cf. yunjunum ‘that he open,’ not a subjunctive at all), but note wombunseyon ‘if I live in the morning,’ a genuine conditional. Other correct forms, however, have been rescued from the wreck. Thus, newotinemong he helps me (Am. Anth., v, 204); newotinemowo I help him, etc. In quonwehige ‘it scares me,’ the n of the 1st p. has been lost, i. e., nequonwehige is the correct form. The preservation of the phonetic infix -t- is also noticeable, as in gertub, q. v., and the imperative suffix -ush is still extant. See s. v. beush.

In vocabulary the Pequot is very close to the Natick and Narragansett, as will be seen from the glossary. It is probable that Naticks, Narragansetts, and Pequots were mutually intelligible without much difficulty. On the other hand, a few Pequot words are traceable only to the Abenaki, and occasionally only an Ojibwe cognate is possible. A very few words are given in the glossary as being without discernible cognates.

Words indicated as Brothertown words were collected by Mr Speck from an old Indian at Mohegan who had lived for some time at Brothertown, near Green Bay, Wisconsin, whither a number of New England Indians, notably Tunxis, Wampanoags, Mohegans, and a few Long Island Montauks emigrated about fifty years ago. As will appear below, these words are merely corruptions of Ojibwe forms.

Our Mohegan-Pequot list should prove a useful supplement to the late James Hammond Trumbull’s Natick Dictionary, to which constant reference has herein been made. In spite of the doubtful character of much of Trumbull’s work, his dictionary is valuable as a list. Mr Speck has rescued from oblivion the remains of what was once the speech of a powerful New England nation, a speech which according to all previous accounts had perished at least sixty years ago! Mrs Fielding is indeed the Dorothy Pentreath of the Mohegan-Pequots, and is quite as deserving of an enduring monument as was the last old woman who spoke Cornish.

Mohegan-Pequot Glossary

Ahupanun come here. Brothertown word. No cognate.

Appece apple (ăpî's). There is no native equivalent for ‘apple’ in Abn. (aples) or D. (apel). The word is not given in ND.

Aque hello (ĕkwî') = Abn. kuai.

Bagenood bag (bā'gĕnûd). A hybrid, the last part of which is cogn. with RW. nutassen hemp-bags; cf. N. nutin to lift up; RW. niutash to take on the back. Same stem as in manodah bag, q. v.

Bahduntah rising, said of the sun geezushg, q. v. (bā'dŭntā). Cogn. with N. nepattuhquonk a stake, pole, from nepadtau stand.

Bahkeder maybe, perhaps (bâkîdŭ'). This is past. The fut. is bâkîmŭ's. Cf. N. paguodche (fut.). Element pa = bah? The separate form is bahke.

Batsha it is come (bâ'châ) = pa + cha, pa being the indefinite particle ‘it is continuing.’ Cf. N. pakodjiteau it is finished (ND. 259).

Beebee evil spirit (bîbî)?

Beed bed (bîd). Eng. loanword.

Beeddunk bedstead (bîdunk) = beed + the loc. ending.

Beesh peas (bîs). Eng. loanword; cf. Abn. pîz.

Beetkuz lady’s dress (bî'tkô'z) = Abn. pitkôzon coat.

Beitar Friday (bîâ'ĭtâ). Here we certainly expect the ḅ which is not present.

Bekedum give up (bîkî'dŭm). Cogn. with Abn. nd-abagidam I void excrement, renounce; D. pakitatamaŭwan to forgive someone, LD. 106 (see Am. Anth. v, 207).

Beksees pig (bî'ksîs). Eng. loanword with dim. -sîs; cf. Abn. piks, showing the s of the Eng. plural.

Bemunt thread (bî'mŭnt) = N. pemunneoht cord, string.

Beowhy flour (bîâ'ŭwî)?

Bercud smoke (bâkŭ'd) = N. pukut; RW. puck; Abn. pekeda smoke.

Beush come, with imv. -sh (bî'ŭš) from √bî come = N. peyâu, Abn. paiô (see Am. Anth. v, 205). In Pequot we find also mŭs nĕ-bîyo I shall come. See Mus and Beyor.

Beyor he is coming (bîgō). See Beush.

Beyoshermeed meat (bîyâ'šămîd). A hybrid, from ḅîyâ'š, a variant of weous meat, q. v. + Eng. meat. Note here the medial ḅ.

Beyoti plate (bîyô'‘tî). Eng. loanword. Note the change of l to y.

Beyoum broom (bîyû'm). Eng. loanword with softened r.

Beyungut blanket (bîyŭ'ngŭt). Eng. loanword. Cf. the Narr. pináquet, also a loanword.

Biog ten (bâ'ĭŏg). Stiles piugg; N. piuk, piog; Long Island payac, paunk. This is a genuine New England numeral. Abn. has mdala and Pass. mtuln ten.

Boddernashah flying (adj. (bōdŭnā'šā). Cogn. with N. ptūeu it flies and with du in Abn. pami-duo he flies.

Boige porridge (bōïj) = N. sebaheg, pottage. See Weousiboige.

Bomkugedoh all the world (ḅô'mkûgî'dă). Ḅom = wom with ḅ; kûgî must be a reduplication of kî earth. See Am. Anth., v, 206, 11.

Bookque dirt blowing (bŭ'k-kwĕ'). Lit. ‘it blows’; N. putau he blows, ND. 227.

Booksha break, lit. he b. (bû'kšâ). Abn. poskwenômuk one b.; RW. pokesha. I connect this with Abn. pask-ha shoot.

Bopoose cat (bôpûs). No cognate.

Bopuquatees little quail (bôpû'‘kwătî's). Stiles papoquateece partridge; N. pahpahkshaas, pohpohkussu; RW. paupook.

Borwesa pretty well (bâ'wî'sâ') with a variant form pā'wî'sî'. This must be a derivative from the N. stem peawe little, seen also in Abn. piūsessit he is little.

Borzugwon one thing, from borzug one (bâ'zûgwů'n) = N. pasuk, psauka; Abn. pazegwon.

Boshkeag gun (bô'škî'g) = RW. peskunch; Abn. paskhigan; Cree paskesiggun. See Bushkwa.

Bosu good-day (bâ'ŭsû'). Plainly a deriv. from Fr. bonjour. Brothertown word.

Boyzug one (bōĭzû'g); see above borzugwon. Cogn. with Abn. pazegwon; Old Alg. pezekw; RW. pawsuok; Oj. paizhik; Cree peyak. Mrs F. wrote the form boyyug in the sermon, perhaps by accident, but it may be an old form seen in Cree peyak?

Bozukukwong nine (bôzûkû'kwŏng) also bôzûkû'gŏn; cf. N. pakugun.

Bumbige a splint which binds a basket (bômbâ'ĭg)?

Bumshork they walk (bŭmšâ'k) = pomushauk; Abn. nb’mosa I walk, etc.

Bungasoo lame (bŭ'ngăsû'). This may be cogn. with N. and RW. qunnukwesu he is lame; cf. Abn. ngwetsidaiwi lamely.

Bunnedwong knife (bŭnî'dwŏng) = RW. punnêtunck; Stiles punneedunk.

Bunneed bonnet (bŭ'nî'd). Eng. loanword.

Ne bushkozeteorsun I fall down (nĭ bŭšköñzîtîâ'sŭn). Also Niantic acc. to Mrs F. Cf. N. penushau, petshaog they fall.

Bushkwa he shoots (bŏšk’wă) = Abn. paskhomuk to shoot. See Boshkeag.

Bushkwa noon (bů'škwâ') = N. puhshequeaen; RW. paushaquaw; Abn. paskua.

B’wachu small (bŏwâ'‘chû) = N. pechean he makes small; Abn. piûsessit he is small.

Bweze pot, chamberpot (bŭwî'z) = N. wiskq a vessel, dish.

Byowhy good-bye (bâ'ïôwâ'ĭ); plainly an Eng. loanword from ‘bye-bye.’

Canakisheun where are you going? (Kānākĭ'shĕŭn.) Brothertown word. From Oj. aka where, ija go.

Canukey private parts (kănŭ'kĭ) must be from the same stem as N. kinukkinum he mixes; cf. N. kenugke among.

Chawgwan what, something (châ'gwŏn). Cogn. with Abn. kagui; Pass. kekw; N. chagwas. Chawgwan is pronounced also gâ’gwăn with hard g. See Am. Anth., V, 205. For its use, cf. chawgwan ne what is that; womme chawgwansh all things.

Chawhog where (châhŏg). I can find no cognate for this. N. uttiyeu; Abn. tondaka where. In Pequot chawhog gertish = where are you going? See s. v. Gertish. Chawhog gerwoochi = whence come you? Chawhog is often suffixed, as gĕtāwî tŭbō' jŏhŏ'g where shall he stay?

Chawsun hard (châ'sŭn). No cognate.

Cheegut weak-fish, Labrus Squeteage (chî'gŭt) = N. checout, chequit, from chohki spotted? (ND. 21).

Cheehs cheese (jîs) with obscured s. Eng. loanword. Cf. Abn. chîz.

Cheeme always (chî'mî), abbrev. for wucheme, q. v. Cf. Abn. majimiwi; N. micheme.

Cheephuggey dreadful, terrible (chîpû'ggĭ) = D. tschipinaquot he is terrible. Same stem as in tschipey spirit (see Jeebi, and Prince in Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., xli, 29).

Cheewee nearly, in chewee bushkwa nearly noon (chî'-wî'). Perhaps cogn. with Abn. paso-jiwi almost.

Cheewhy new (chî'whâî). No cognate.

Chewee three (chĭwî) = N. nishwe; RW. pl. inan. shwinash; Stiles shweh.

Chewee-osk eight (chĭwî'-ŏ'sk). Stiles shwausk; RW. shwosuck; N. shwosuk; Abn. nsôzek.

Choy nose (chŏĭ) = Stiles wuchaun; N. mutchan; Abn. mejôl.

Chuggunce hay (chŭ'gŭns). I think this must be the word for ‘chicken’ and an Eng. loanword. See Kerchush.

Chunche must (chŭ'nchî) = Abn. achowi. This is not in N., where mos = must (see Mus).

Chuncherchee, see Kuncherchee.

Ne chuntum I want (nĕ-chŭntŭm) = N. ahchewontam he desires it.

Ne chuyer I need (nĕ-chû'yŭ); chûwâk they need. See Am. Anth., v, 203, and cf. Chuntum.

Cidi cider (sâ'ĭdâ'ĭ). Eng. loanword; cf. Abn. saidal. Note loss of r in Pequot, represented by l in Abn.

Cochise old man (kûchâ'ĭs) = N. kehchis, pl. -og; Abn. kchayi from k’chi = big, great. Cf. s. v. Gunche.

Cookski sleep, 3 p. (ků'kskĭ). This is a Brothertown word and must be cogn. with N. kussukkoueu he sleeps like a stone.

Corjux boy (kŭjŭ'x). An abbreviated form of muckachucks, q. v.

Cowish go to sleep (kâwîš) = N. koueu; yo cowish sleep here. Cf. D. gauwin; Abn. kawi he sleeps. In cowish the -š is the sign of the imv.

Cuchatung cidi will you have some cider (kŭchŭtŭng sâĭdâĭ) = Abn. k’wajonem you have.

Cuddusk six (kŭdŭsk) = Stiles necquddosk; N. nequttatash.

Cudercum he is sleepy (kŭ'dŭkŭm) = N. kodtukquomunat (partc.); D. ngatungwan = I sleep. The first part of this word contains the Abn. kadawi- wish, desire.

Cudgi it is ready, finished (kŭ'jĭ). This is really a sign of the passive; cf. cudgi wîgătŭ it is already done. I believe cudgi = Abn. kizi sign of the past tense. In N. quoshappu means he is ready; quite a different stem. Cf. cudgi dupkwoh it is already night; cudgi nunchedah it is already sought after, etc. See Nunchedush.

Debe, pl. -ug = evil spirit (dĭbĭ). See Jeebi.

Debecornug hell (dîbîkânâ'g). See Jeebicornug.

Dikwadung drunk (dîkwâ'dŭng). The word occurs also in the form dîkwâ'gyă'n. A difficult word, perhaps cogn. with Abn. wijes-mowinno a drunkard? Cf. Oj. menikweshkid toper. See s. v. Gerkeewoh.

Do and. See Docker.

Dobby can (dâ'bî) = Abn. tabi enough; D. tepi. In N. we find tâpi it is sufficient and tapenum he is able. In Pequot, dobby precedes the verb-form, i. e. dobby ge kedersu can you read?

Docker and (dŏ'kă) = Abn. ta + ka = N. kah and. See Do.

Doddi where (rel. dôdâ'ĭ) = dô + dâĭ = Abn. tali. Dô = Abn. to-ni where, when. For di, cf. Nedi, Yeowdi. The elements of the Abn. toni appear in N. uttiyeu where; Narr. tonati.

Doosetar Tuesday (Dû'sātā).

Dorbe table (dâ'bî). Eng. loanword.

Dorkes turkeys (dâikîs). Loanword, also in D. tschikenum turkey, from Eng. ‘chicken.’ Abn. nahama; N. neyhom = turkey.

Dornups turnips (dânŭ'ps). Eng. loanword.

Dozortar Thursday (Dō'zātā).

Ducksors rabbit (dŭ'ksâs) = Stiles tupsaas; a pure Pequot word. Cf. RW. wautuckques and N. mohtukquasog, pl. rabbits, from a different stem.

Ducksunne he falls down (dŭ'ksŭnî'), perhaps cogn. with N. nu'kshean it falls down. Cf. Abn. pagessin it falls, said of a thunderbolt.

Duckwong mortar (dŭkwâ'ng) = N. togguhwonk; RW. tácunuk; Abn. tagwaôgan; D. tachquahoakan, all from the stem seen in N. togkau he pounds. See Teecommewaas.

Dunker tei what ails you? (dŭn kĕtîâ'ĭ). Dŭn = Abn. tôni what; ke is the 2d pers.; t is the infix before a stem beginning with a vowel, and îâĭ is the verb ‘to be.’ Cf. Abn. tôni k-dâyin? ‘how are you,’ or ‘where are you?’

Dupkwoh night, dark (dŭ'pkwŭ) = Abn. tebokw. Loc. of dŭpkwŭ is dŭpkwŭg.

Een, pl. eenug man (în, î'nŭg) = N. ninnu, seen also in Abn. -winno, only in endings. Cf. Ojibwe inini. Trumbull says, in ND. 292, that N. ninnu emphasizes the 3d pers., and through it the 1st pers. Thus, noh, neen, n’un ‘he is such as this one’ or ‘as I am.’ Ninnu was used only when speaking of men of the Indian race. Missinûwog meant men of other races. See Skeedumbork.

Ewo, Ewash he says, say it; imv. (î'wō, î'wâš). This contains the same stem as Abn. i-dam he says it. Cf. also RW. teagua nteawem what shall I say? In Peq. nĕ-îwō = I say, without the infixed -t.

Gawgwan. See Chawgwan.

Ge, Ger you (ge). This is a common Algonquian heritage. Cf. N. and RW. keen; D. ki; Oj. kĭn; Abn. kia; Pass. kĭl; Micmac keen; etc.

Geeshquddu he is angry (gî'škwŭdŭ) is apparently not equivalent to N. musquantum (acc. to Trumbull from musqui red and -antum a state of mind?). Also Abn. muskwaldam.

Geeshtutush wash thyself (gî'štŭtŭš) = N. kutchissetaush wash thyself; Abn. kaziljômuk.

Geesk day in yougeesk, q. v. (gîsk). See Geesukod.

Geesukod day (gî'z’kŭd) = C. kesukod, RW. keesakat, N. kesuk, Abn. kisgad, D. gischquik.

Geetuzug cattle (gî'tŭzŭg) = RW. netasûog, N. netassu, pl. -og. In Pequot geetus is the singular.

Geezushg sun (gî'zŭ'šg): = RW. kesuckquand the sun as a god; Abn. kizos, D. gischuch. Stiles gives meeun as the sun.

Gei chair (gîâ'ĭ). I believe this is a corruption of Eng. chair.

Gerkewoh drunk (gĕkî'wŭ) = D. kee cakéwus thou art drunk, from Salem Town Records, Lib. B (Trenton, N. J.). The N. cognate is kogkeissippamwaen he is drunk; kakewaŭ, he is mad, crazy, ND. 30.

Germoodu he steals (g’mû'dŭ) = Narr. kamootahick thieves; N. kummuto; Abn. kamodnamuk one steals. See Am. Anth., v, 205.

Gersubertoh it is hot (g’sû'bĕtŏ) = RW. kusópita; Oj. nkijob I am hot in a house; N. kussitau it is hot. See Gersudah.

Gersudah it is hot, said of the weather (g’sû'dă). See Gersubertoh.

Gersug mud (g'sŭ'g) also gersuggayoh it is muddy (g’sŭggāyŏ). This must be cogn. with N. pissag mire, mud, with g for p.

Gertakwish going to (g’tâwî'š); g + t + awi + š. For awi, cf. N. aui he goes, ND. 267. I believe this is cogn. with Abn. kadawi, the sign of the future, where the k- is part of the root and not the second person. The k in gertakwish is nothing but the common Algonquian rough breathing. See Getahwe.

Gertinemong he helps you (g’tĭ'nemŏng). Cf. nîwōtĭ'nemŏng he helps me, Am. Anth., v, 204. The stem is wotine q. v. and cf. RW. kuttannumous he helps thee. In Abn. there is an inherent k, as in kdemoñgalmi help me, where k is not the 2d pers. The N. stem is annumaoh he helps him, which is probably a cognate.

Gertub you stay (g’tŭb). Here k is the 2d pers.; t is the infix before the vowel, and ŭb is the stem. Cf. Abn. wd-abin he stays, sits; N. nuttappin I sit; weetappu he sits with him, etc. In Peq. gĕtā'wĭ tŭbō = he is going to stay, for wutubo = 3d pers.

Gertuhmah he sings (g’tû'mā), pl. gertuhmâk they sing = N. ketuhom he sings. This ketu-gertuh = Abn. kadawi seen in kadawintōdit they who sing. The original stem is evidently seen in N. unnuham he sings. Abn. kadawintōdit really means “those who wish (kadawi) to sing.”

Gertumkish get up (g’tŭ'mkĭsh)! The root is really umki; cf. Abn. ômiki, arise, seen in wd-ômikin; N. omohku he gets up. In Pequot also nĕgĕtŭmkî I arise.

Ne-getahwe I am going (nĕ-gîtâ'wî). See Gertakwish. This is used exactly like the Abn. kadawi; cf. nĕ g’tâwî gîštŭtŭš I am going to wash. Gĕtāwī tŭbō' = he shall stay.

Geyommon spoon (gîyŏ'mŏn) = Abn. amkuôn; C. kunnaum, quonnam.

Gigetooker he talks (gîgĕtů'kŭ) = N. kekwtau he talks, keketwkau he speaks well or is fair spoken.

Gigetookerwong language (gîgĕtů'kĕwŏng) with the regular abstr. ending -wŏng = Abn. ôgan, Pass. -âgun. Cf. N. Indianne unnontwuwaonk, hettuwonk language, from hettuog they talk together.

Goggey depart, get out (gŏgĭ) = Abn. kwajek outside; cf. Am. Anth., v, 204. N. pohguaddit outside; RW. puckquatchick.

Goggwon what (gā'gwŏn) = chawgwan, q. v. Note hard g for j, a frequent occurrence in Pequot-Mohegan.

Goone fallen snow (gûn) = N. kun; D. gûn; but Abn. psôn. See Soojpoh.

Ne-goongertoon I am thirsty (nĕ-gû'ngĕtûn). Cf. N. nukkokutun I thirst.

Goongeyox cock, rooster (gû'ngĕyŏks). I seem to see a cogn. for this strange word in Stiles kohunk a goose? The N. word for ‘cock’ is monshnâmpash. Abn. = ahamô.

Goongoo, pl. goongerwonch stocking (gûngû, -wānch). Stiles cungowuntch a stocking, but this form is plural. RW. caukoanash leggings, inan. pl.; D. gagun.

Goopkwod a cloudy day (gů'pkwŏd). The last element is - kwod day, seen in all the Algonquian idioms. I find no cognate for gůp-.

Gordunch take off, imv. (gâ'dŭ'nsh), cogn. with N. kodtinum he draws off.

Gosh cow, pl. goshenug (gāsh, -enug). Eng. loanword. Cf. Abn. kaoz.

Ne-gowwe I sleep (nĕgā'wĭ) = Abn. kawi; D. gaŭwin; N. koueu. See Cowish.

Gunche big (gŭnk'chî). The k-sound pronounced but not written by Mrs Fielding is interesting, as it shows that this is a reduplication from k’chî big, great (all Algonquian). With gunche, cf. Abn. kwontsî and N. kehshe, in compounds keht, as in Kehtannit the great God.

Gundermon gentleman (gŭ'ndŭmŏn). Eng. loanword, valuable only as showing the Pequot hard g for j.

Gung young. See Gunggumb.

Gunggumb young man (gŭng-gŭ'mb) is plainly a corruption of a form like N. nunkomp youth, from nunk- light + omp = man; seen in RW. skeetomp; Pass. skitap man. See Gung-shquaws.

Gung-shquaws young girl; corr. of N. nunksqua; Abn. nôxkwa. Gungweeksuma somebody whistling (gŭn-gwîksŭmā). This prefix may be an abbreviation for chawgwon? See Gweksu.

Guniush long, inan. pl. (gŭnâ'ĭŭš) = N. qunni, Abn. kweni.

Gushkerchung spirits’ light from punkwood (gŭškĕchŭng). No cognate.

Gwart quart (gwârt). Eng. loanword.

Gweksu he whistles (gwî'ksŭ) = Abn. kîkwso he whistles and kîkwsowôgan whistling. See Gungweeksuma.

Gwunsnog pestle (gwunsnâg) = N. quinahsin, lit. ‘a long stone,’ from qunni + assun. See Sun.

Hoxenug oxen (hŏ'xĕnŭg). Eng. loanword. Cf. Abn. aksen an ox.

Hunggachy handkerchief (hā'ngĕchâĭ). Eng. loanword. Cf. Abn. moswa, from Fr. mouchoir.

Huzzees horse (hŭzî's). Eng. loanword. Cf. Abn. ases; Pass. ha-as. Eliot has horsesug, pl., but the form nahnaiyeumooadt ‘creature that carries’ occurs in Natick. Cf. D. nanayunges (Heckewelder Correspondence, 402).

Ikekuzoo he works (âĭkî'kŭzû) = Abn. aloka; N. anakausu he works; nuttanákous I work. Here again we have the elided l-n in Pequot. Âĭkî = aloka-anaka.

Ikunzoo work (noun â'ĭkŭnzû'). See Ikekuzoo.

Inchun Indian (ĭ'nchŭn), seen in Inchineen, i. e. Indian man + een, q. v. Eliot has Indian which was no doubt pronounced inchun.

Jeebi spirit (jî'bâ'ĭ) = Stiles chepy; N. chippeog ghosts; Nanticoke tsee-e-p a dead man; Abn. chibai; D. tschipey. All these words come from a stem tsip-chip to separate, i. e. a spirit is something separated from the body. The form debe (dîbî) also occurs in Pequot with an approach to palatalization. See Debe.

Jeebicornug hell (jîbâĭkâ'nŭg). This probably contains the elements jeebi and ohke land, i. e. spirit land. See Debecornug, and cf. Am. Anth., v, 203.

Jeets bird (jîts) = Abn. sîps, with palatalized sibilant and change of p to t. The N. was puppinshaas, from a different stem.

Jocqueen house (jŏ'kwîĕn). This is a most difficult word. In N. chokquog means ‘an Englishman,’ i. e. ‘a knife-man,’ with reference to the sword; cf. Oj. kitchimûkumân ‘big knife’ = ‘English.’ On the other hand, Oj. jaganash ‘Englishman’ seems to be cognate with N. chokquog ‘Englishman.’ I am tempted to see in Pequot jocqueen the word for Englishman, i. e. jog = the element for ‘knife’ = ‘Englishman’ + în ‘man.’ If the word really meant ‘house’ in Pequot according to Mrs Fielding, it meant ‘English house’ as distinct from a wigwam. The regular N. word for house was komuk = Eng. house, but wêtu was the Indian dwelling; cf. nekick my house RW.; Abn. wigwôm; Pass. wigwâm; Oj. wigiwam, all of which words contain the stem wig-wik dwell. Is it possible that jocqueen has this stem in the inverted kwi?—i. e. jo-kwîn? The whole question is doubtful and difficult.

Jonnow near? (jĕnâ'ŭ) is a doubtful word without cognate.

Joshe so much (jāshĕ), as in joshe goone so much snow. Perhaps this is connected with Abn. kasi so much?

Ne joyquatum I am in a hurry (nĕ-jâ'ⁱkwătŭm). This must be cognate with D. schawi immediately; schauwessin he makes haste. I can find no other cognate.

Joyquish be quick (jŏikwĭ'sh) is evidently the imv. of the above.

Juni crazy (jŭnâ'ĭ) seen in juni shquaaw a crazy woman. No cognate.

Junium a crazy man (jŭnâ'ĭŭm). See Juni.

Juwhyyush anything warm, really ‘warm yourself’ (jŭwâ'ĭŭsh) is perhaps cognate with Abn. awazi warm yourself.

Kee dirt (kî) = Abn. kî, akî; N. ohke.

Keedersu he reads (kî'dŭsŭ) = N. ogketam he counts the letters, i. e. reads; Abn. agida count, read.

Keeg ground (kîg), locative of kee, q. v. Cf. Abn. kîk in the earth.

Keenunch carry (kî'nŭnch) = N. kenunnum he bears it.

Ne keowhig I desire, want it (nĕ-kĭō'wĭg). This also means ‘I must.’ This must be the Pequot form of N. quenauat it is lacking, with elision of the l as usual.

Kerchush hay (kŭchŭ'sh). This is the real word for ‘hay,’ cogn. with N. moskeht; C. askusque; Abn. mskikw grass. In kŭch'ŭsh we have a metathesis k-ch = s-k in the other Algonquian words. See Chuggunce.

Kermumpsh ne you look at that (kŭmŭmsh nî) = N. womompsh look down; moneau he looks at him. All these stems are cognate with nam see. See Nawah.

Kiyo wetun cold wind (kâ'ĭyâŭ wîtŭ'n) = Abn. tka; Pass. tke; RW. tahki, tatakki. See Wetun. Kiyo also occurs in kiyo zoogeryon cold rain = Abn. tka zoglon. See Zoogeryon and Tekiyo.

Ne-kŏnŭm. I see. See Nermu.

Kounketoun cider (kŭ'nkĭtůn). See Cidi. Probably cogn. with goongertoon, q. v.

Ger-kub your hat (gĕkŭ'b) must be Eng. loanword from ‘cap.’

Kuncherchee only a little (kŭ'nchĕchî'), also chŭ'nchĕchî' = N. ogguhse; C. ogkusse a little. Kundees leg (kŭndî's). Probably diminutive for N. muhkont; RW. wuhkont his leg; Abn. ukôd his leg.

Kunnung head (kŭ'nŭng). This means also ‘face, appearance.’ No cognate.

Ladees lady (lêdîs). English loanwood.

Ma sign of the past tense, as in ne-ma-mud I did not (mā). It also precedes the verb, as in ma-ne-tish I went. This mā may be an abbrev. of a form like N. mahche it has passed away, which appears in the form mesh; cf. tashin mesh commaug how much have you given? D. matschi already.

Manodah a basket (mānû'dā); n'manodah = my basket. This is really ‘a bag’; N. manud; Stiles munnotgh, probably pl.; Abn. manoda. See Bagenood.

Meech eat it, imv. (mîts^y) = N. meetsu he eats it; RW. metesimmin; D. mitzin in kdapi mitzi have you eaten enough? Abn. n’mitzi.

Meejo he eats it (mî'jŏ), seen in n'meejo I eat it. See above Meech. Also germeechyowon = you eat it; n’meejunne I eat it.

Ger-meesh in ma ne germeesh I did give you (g’mîš). Cf. also mus ne germeesh I will give you. In germeesh, we have the ger of the 2d pers. (q. v.), which always has the precedence in Algonquian, + the root mee give = Abn. √mil seen in n’milgon he gives me. Cf. N. magis give thou; RW. mauks. In Pequot the form meezum ne ‘give me that’ (ne = that) also occurs (mî'zŭm nî) = Abn. mili give me.

Megeeshkuddu he is lazy (mîgîshkůdů'). The root is probably geesh seen in D. gicht-amen he is lazy; cf. Oj. naegatch slowly (?).

Megerchid dung (mî'gĕchîd), undoubtedly cognate with Abn. magwi dung.

Megwon feather, quill (mî'gwŏn) = N. megun, Abn. miguen, D. migun.

Mekegoo he is strong (mî'kîgû) = Abn. mlikigo he is strong, with loss of l in Pequot. Cf. N. menuhki; RW. minikeon strong.

Merdupsh sit down (mŭ'dŭpsh) imv. = RW. máttapsh yoteg sit by the fire; N. nuttappin I sit.

Merkeahwees little boy (mŏ‘kîâ'wîs). The common word is muckachucks, q. v. The first element in merkeahwees seems to be identical with that seen in muckachucks.

Ne merkunum I pick, gather (nĕ-mâ'kŭnŭm) = N. mukkinum he gathers. Seen in Abn. magamôldimuk the place where they gather.

Metoog tree, stick (mĭ'tû'g) = D. mehitt’gus a twig; Stiles a’tucks; N. mehtug. Minshkudawâpû whiskey. Brothertown word. Corr. of Oj. ishkotewabo firewater.

Mishian little rain (mĭshâĭăn). ND. 212 gives mishinnon great heavy rain. Perhaps mishian means a shower, i. e. a heavy but short rain; hence Mrs F.’s definition as ‘little rain.’

Moheeks Mohegan, pl. moheekseenug (mŏhîks-înŭg). This word also appears in the pl. form Muheeganiug (see Am. Anth., v, 193). The word may be derived from makhaak great and hican tide-water (D.). It was first used to denote the Hudson River Mohicans and later applied to itself by the mongrel colony at Mohegan.

Moish hen (mōish) = N. mônish. Here again we note the Pequot elision of the n.

Moishocks chickens (mō'ishāks) dim. of mōish, q. v.

Ne moochina I am sick (nĕmū'chînā'). This is cogn. with N. machinau he is sick; Abn. machina he dies, but note that in Pequot mŭchŭnŭ means he perishes, Am. Anth., v, 206. See Muttianomoh and Muchunu.

Mooskut anus (mû'skŭt), distantly cognate with Abn. wbeskuan his back; cf. N. muppusk back.

Mow he cries, weeps (mâû, sometimes mâwi) = N. mau, C. mou; RW. mauo.

Ne mowe susmo I am coming to meeting (nĕ-mâ'wĭ-sŭsmō). Ne-mowe I go must be cognate with N. ûmû to go; also ûm, ND. 267. See Susmoh.

Moygoowog bad witches (môĭgû'wŏg), perhaps = RW. mannêtu, i. e. maune or manne = moy in Pequot. Cf. D. mallikuwagan conjuration.

M’tarwe much very (m’tâwî).

Muchunu he dies (mŭchŭnŭ) = Abn. machina. See Am. Anth., v, 206 and s. v. Moochina.

Muckachucks boy (mŭ'kăchŭks) = N. mukkatchouks; RW. muckquachucks; Stiles muckachux. See Merkeahwees.

Mud not, no (mŭd) = N. matta, mat; RW. mattuks; D. makhta also shortened to ta in D. This is a cognate with Abn. onda; Pen. anda. Pequot mud is always prefixed to the verb. See Mudder.

Ne mud my brother (nĕmŭ'd) = N. wematoh his brother; neemat my brother.

Mudder no (mŭ'dŭ). This is exactly equivalent to N. matta.

Muddorpoh he curses (mŭdâ'pâ). Seen in muddorpohwor he speaks evil. With -wo, -wa, cf. Abn. -ona’wa; Pass. aduwe speak. Mud in these compounds = mutshe bad, Am. Anth., v, 205. N. mattanumau he curses him; Abn. majalmukwzo, machdonkat he curses. Mudjog goone the snow is gone (mŭjā'g gûn). Mŭjā'g = verb ‘to go’; RW. mauche, Abn. môji.

Mud-shquonu dull (mŭd-shkwŏ'nŭ), lit. ‘not sharp.’ See Shquonu.

Muggayahsha breathing hard (mŭgăyā'shā), a combination of muggayoh big, q. v. + N. nashauonk breath, from nahnasha he breathes; Abn. nasa he breathes, nasawan breathing.

Muggayoh big (mŭgā'yō) = N. mogki ‘great’ used in comparison. This N. mogki appears in the well-known word mugwump = N. mogewomp a great man, a captain. Cf. D. machweu large; Abn. mahsihômuk one makes large.

Mukus shoe (mŭ'kŭs, pl. -unsh) = mokus, pl. -enash; Stiles muckasons; Abn. m’kezenal; Pass. m’kussenul.

Mundetar Monday (mondĕtā). Eng. loanword.

Mundonog heaven (mŭndŏnâ'g), from Mundo God, q. v., a very difficult compound. See Am. Anth., v, 203.

Mundu God (mŭwŭ'ndō) = Stiles mundtu; N. manit; D. manitto; RW. manittowock, pl.; Abn. madahôdo, from the same stem ‘devil.’

Muneesh money (mŭnî'sh). Eng. loanword. Cf. Abn. môni.

Mus sign of the future (mŭs). In N. mos means ‘must.’ Eliot has mos and pish, both for ‘shall’ or ‘will,’ but he distinguishes between them, saying that mos is obligatory and pish the pure future. RW. has moce in mocenaneepeeam I shall come, and mesh. In Pequot mus is prefixed to the verb form, as mus ne beyoh I am coming (mŭs nĕ-bîyo).

Muskerzeets beans (mŭškĕzî'ts) = Stiles mushqissedes; but N. tuppuhkwamash; Abn. tebakwal from quite a different stem.

Mutahga he dances, pl. mutahgahk (mŭtā'gā) = RW. ahque matwâkesh do not dance; mattwakkaonk they are dancing, perhaps the war dance? Cf. RW. matwan enemy. I do not believe there is any connection here between “enemy” and “dance.”

Ne mutchetum I spoil it (nĕ-mŭ'tchîtŭm), from mutchi bad; Abn. maji. See Mutchi, Mutsher.

Mutchi bad (mŭchî) = Abn. maji, N. matche.

Mutsher it is spoiled, bad, said of eggs (mŭchŭ). See Mutchi.

Muttianomoh sick (mŭtâ'ĭănōmō) = mud + tâĭă'nŭ he is not in health. See Nooger.

Muttoumbe pack-basket (mutû'mb) = Abn. and Pen. madôbe. This is the original of the Canada-English expression ‘thump-line,’ referring to the rope passing over the forehead of the carrier, by means of which these baskets are borne.

Muttudiazoo he is ugly, hideous (mŭtŭdi̧ā'zû). The first element is mut bad, from mutchi. The word is compounded of mut + ŭdia + zu. The middle element udia is cognate with N. uttae wofully, the same stem seen in Abn. n-udaldam I am sorry. The ending -zu is the regular reflexive, seen in Abn. akwamalso he is sick.

Muttywowog good many (mŭtîwâ'wâg), from same stem as N. muttae many. Cf. M’tarwe.

Nâgum he, she, it (nâ'gŭm) = Pass. nĕgŭm; N. nâgum (Eliot and C.); D. neka, nekama; Abn. ag’ma. See Am. Anth., v, 206.

Ne nawah I saw him (nĕ-nā'wā), same stem as Abn. namiô he sees him; N. naum, Pass. nim'iu he sees him. See Nermu. Nawah really means ‘know.’

Ne I (nî, or before verb-stems nĕ). This is a common Algonquian heritage. Cf. N. neen; Abn. nia; Pass. nil; D. nin; Oj. nin, etc. See Ge.

Ne demonstr. pronoun ‘that’ (nî) = N. ne; Abn. and Pass. nî. See Nish.

Nebeech woods (nĕbî'ch) occurs with loc. ending -ug. I believe Mrs F. is wrong in this word’s meaning. Nebeech can only mean ‘lake’ and not ‘forest.’ Cf. Abn. nebes lake and especially N. nipisse lake.

Nedi there (nî'dâ'i) = Abn. ni-dali with elision of l. See Am. Anth., v, 204. The N. word for ‘there’ was na-ut in that place, with loc. ending ut = ŭk, ŭnk in the other Algonquian dialects.

Nees two (nîs) = N. neese; Abn. nîs; Stiles naeze, neese.

Neesweek fortnight (nîswîk). A hybrid from nees, q. v. and Eng. ‘week.’

Negunne gone first, really before (nî'gŏnî') = N. negonuhkau he goes before; Abn. nikônta; Pass. nikani before, in front. Abn. negôni also means ‘old,’ ‘aforetime.’ In Pequot I find the form negun-neesh go before, used as the imv. of a verb.

Neitsissimoŭ tobacco (nîtsi'simû). Brothertown word. Corr. of Oj. assema.

Nekânis my brother (nĕkâ'nĭs), a Brothertown word, taken from Oj. nikanisi my brother.

Nenequdder never, ever (nînîkwŭ'dŭ) is cognate with Abn. nikwôbi now.

Nenertah that is mine (nî'nā‘tā'). This stands for nî = 1st pers. + na that + the demonstrative element -ta. Cf. nî gĕtā that is thine, and see Wotoheesh. N. nuttaihe = it is mine.

Nepow five (nŭpâŭ') = Stiles nuppau; N. and RW. napanna.

Nequt one (nĕkwŭ't) = N. nequt; RW. nquit; Stiles nuquut; Moh. ngwittah (Edwards); Pass. neqt; D. ngutti. Ne nermu I see (nĕ-nā'můñ). This really means ‘I see him.’ Cf. nawah and Abn. n’namiô I see him; Pass. n’nim'io; N. nâum; RW. kunnunnous I saw you. The form nawah, q. v., is probably a by-form of this stem. The m seems to be inherent in Algonquian dialects of the eastern coast. Cf. also D. nemen. The form nĕkŏnŭm ‘I see’ looks suspiciously like the demonstrative ne + kenaum, 2d pers.?

Nerpo he dies (nŭpâ') = Abn. nebowi, n’bowôgan death. Cf. N. nuppuwonk death and nuppu he dies.

Nerternees my daughter (nötönîs) = N. wut-taun-oh his daughter; Oj. nin-daniss; Abn. nd-osa ‘my daughter’ is clearly a distant cognate from the same stem.

Ne netun I desire, want (nĕ-nĭtŭ'n) = N. kodtantum he desires.

Nezush seven (nî'zŭ'sh). Stiles has nezzaugnsk; N. nesausuk tahshe; D. nischasch. It looks as if nezush were a Mohican form, owing to the D. nischasch which it resembles more closely than the N. E. forms. The Narr. had another stem to denote this numeral, i. e. enada seven.

Nichie my brother (nĭchî'). Brothertown word = Abn. nijia my brother.

Nish inan. pl. ‘those’ (nîsh), pl. of ne that, q. v. The N. has ne, pl. inan. nish.

Nob in the following compounds = the word given by Stiles as naubut and has the meaning of multiplying and also of adding: Nobnebiog twenty (nābnîbâ'ĭog); Stiles piugg naubut piugg ten + ten; see Biog. Nobnebozukukwong nineteen; see Bozukukwong. Nobnechewee thirteen; see Chewee. Nobnecheweeosk eighteen; see Chewee-osk. Nobnecuddusk sixteen; see Cuddusk. Nobnenees twelve; see Nees. Nobnenepow fifteen; see Nepow. Nobnenequt eleven; see Nequt. Nobnenezush seventeen; see Nezush. Nobneyow fourteen; see Yow. Nobnenebozukukwong twenty-nine; note the double ne; I do not understand these forms; see Bozukukwong. Nobnenechewee twenty-three; see Chewee. Nobnenecheweeosk twenty-eight; see Chewee-osk. Nobnenecuddusk twenty-six; see Cuddusk. Nobnenenees twenty-two; see Nees. Nobnenenepow twenty-five; see Nepow. Nobnenenequt twenty- one; see Nequt. Nobnenenezush twenty-seven; see Nezush. Nobneneyow twenty-four; see Yow.

Ner nohwa I know (nĕ-nā'wā) = N. waheau he knows, nuwateo I know. See ND. 285. Cf. Abn. n’wawawinôwô I know him. See Nawah.

Noodasha not enough (nû'dāshā) is perhaps equivalent to N. noadt afar off = Abn. nôwat? Nooger tianer how are you? (nû'gŭtâĭă'nŭ) = N. nuhqeu so far as, so much. I believe nooger contains the same element as that seen in Abn. paakui-nogw-zian how are you?

Norner my grandmother (nâ'nŭ'). Is this cognate with D. ohum grandmother? The N. has ukummes which is well known in Oj. nokomis my grandmother. See Oogernos.

Nornung my mother (nâ'nŭ'ng). I can find no cognate. Abn. has nigawes; Pass. nigwus; RW. nokas; D. okasu his mother. The Oj. ninga ‘my mother’ is nearest to nornung.

N’shuh he kills (n’shŭñ). Cf. N. nushau; RW. niss; Abn. w’nihlô he kills, murders him. The Abn. form is only distantly cognate, if at all.

Nuk yes (nŭk) also nŭks. Stiles gives nux which Exp. Mayhew states was really pronounced nukkies in two syllables. RW. also has nŭk. See Nye.

Nunchedush go after, imv. (nŭ'nchĭdŭsh). I find in N. natinneham he seeks after. Is this cognate?

Nunebishkoot bad (nûmbâ'ĭshkŭt), an error for noombishkoot. This is cognate with Abn. eskawai; i. e. âĭshkŭ = eska-wai.

Nuppe water (nŭpî) = N. nippe; Abn. nebî; Stiles manippêno have you no water?

Nutteah dog (nā'‘tîŭ') pl. nutteahsug (nā‘tîŭ'sŭg). This is pure Pequot; see De Forest p. 491, where the doubtful form ndijau ‘dog’ is given as coming from the Hudson River Mohican. In N., however, we find anum; RW. ayum; D. allum; Abn. alemos; Pass. ul‘mûs, all cognates together.

Nye yes (nâĭ). See Nuk.

Obbud he is, he being (ă'bŭd) = Abn. abit where he sits. Cf. N. appit where he sits, from appu.

G-Oogernos thy grandfather (gû'jĕnŏs). The pronunciation gû'gĕnŏs with hard g is also given by Mrs F. This form makes me suspect a relationship with the Oj. kokummes thy grandmother = D. muchomes; Abn. mahom. See Norner.

Oopsgs hair (ûpsks). I do not believe that this word means ‘ hair,’ but ‘back’; cf. N. uppusk ‘his back,’ from muppusk, ND. 70. In N. ‘hair’ is meesunk; RW. wesheck his hair. The Abn. wdupkuan-al, pl. ‘hairs’ from mdup head; N. muppuhkuk. This is a different stem.

Oosh his father (ûsh) = N. ushoh his father, literally ‘the one from whom he comes’; see Wochi. Cf. D. ooch and see Am. Anth., v, 209.

Orneeks given by Mrs F. as ‘mouse,’ but probably the equivalent for any rodent; cf. N. wonogq a hole, burrow; Abn. wôlakw a hole. The word is pronounced â'niks. The last part of the word -iks may be cognate with Abn. wôbikwsos mouse. See Squonneeks.

Orseed river (â'si'd). I can find no cognate here.

Orwon who, someone (â'wŏn) = N. howan; Abn. awani; Pass. wen; Pen. aweni; D. auwenen; Oj. awenen.

Papoose child, baby (pâ'pûs) = RW. papoos; Stiles puppous; N. papeases. The word is evidently a reduplication of pea ‘little,’ seen in Abn. piusessit he is little.

Peormug fish, pl. (pî'âmâ'g). This must mean ‘a little fish,’ i. e. pî + âmâg. Cf. N. mogke-amaugq-ut ‘great fishes,’ where amaugq = fish. See the next.

Peormug chaw to fish (pî'âmâ'g châ). The N. form for ‘fishermen’ is negomácheg; RW. aumáchick. For amag, cf. Abn. nd-aman I fish; RW. aumaui he fishes.

Piskut penis (pĭ'shkŭt). No cognate.

Ger-poonch you shut (g’pû'nsh). The stem is pûn N. ponum; imv. ponsh put thou. Abn. nbonumun I put it. In Pequot also the imv. pûûnŭnch ‘put it’ occurs. Peq. n’pŭnŭm = I laid down something.

Posher light rain, drizzle (pāshā). No cognate.

Poyantum he starves (pō'yŏ'ndŭm), probably a distant cognate with N. paskanontam he is starving? See Yundum.

Puddeench arms, inan. pl. (pŭdî'nsh) = RW. wuppittênash his arms; N. muhpit arm; Abn. upedin his arm.

Ne puddum I hear (nĕpŭdŭm) also wopuddumun he hears, Am. Anth. v, 206. This is identical with Abn. podawazina let us take counsel. Cf. D. pendamen he hears. The N. for ‘hear’ is nutam = Abn. nodam from another stem.

Quahaug clams (kwāhâ'g) = RW. poquauhock; Stiles pouhquahhaug, piquaughhaug, clams. This is the round clam = Venus Mercenaria. Note that Mrs F.’s form has lost the p-prefix.

Quinnebaug long pond (kwĭ'nĕbâ'g) = Abn. kwenôbagak from kweno long + baga water, pond, only in composition. In N. the ending pog-paug has the meaning ‘water,’ ‘lake’ in composition.

Quddum he swallows (kŭ'dŭm). In N. we find qusséashk he swallows; Abn. kwazilômuk one swallows. See Quddung.

Quddung throat (kŭ'dŭng) = N. mukqutunk throat; RW. quttuck.

Quggey he tries (kŭ'gî) = N. qutchehtam he tries; Abn. n’gwagwaji I will try.

Ne qunna I catch (nê-kŭ'nŭ) = N. tohqunau mosquoh he catches a bear; D. achquoanan he catches with a net. Quogquish run, imv. (kwā'gkwĭsh) = Stiles koquish; RW. quogquish, quogqueu he runs.

Quojug out of doors (kwā'jŭg) = N. po-quadche outside; RW. puckquatchick; Abn. kwajemiwi; Minsee quotschemink.

Ger-quommush he will bite you (gŭkwŏ'mŭsh). In Oj. I find nin takwange bite. Is this a cognate? Kwange = quom?

Quonwehige it frightens me (kwôñwîhâĭg) must be cogn. with N. queihtam he fears. The Pequot form should have n-prefix; thus, ne-quon-wehige, to denote the 1st pers.

Quotstumpsh taste, imv. (kwůtstŭ'msh) = N. quetchtam he tastes. The -p- in Mrs F.’s form is unnecessary. Cf. also in Pequot ne qutshtumun (nĕ-kŭchtŭmŭn) I taste some, with the definite ending -un.

Qutshetush wash yourself, inv. (kŭchîtŭsh) = N. kutchissitau he washes himself; kutchissumwush wash thyself; D. kschieche; Abn. kazebaalômuk one washes.

Qutsug lice (kŭ'tsŭg). This in N. was yeuhquog. Kuts in N. = a cormorant!

Sabashah it melts (săbā'shā) = N. sabohteau it melts, from sabae it is soft.

Sebood anus (sèbû'd). I find this also in the River Mohican word šepûtî preserved by James Harris of Kent, Conn. It has as its cognate D. saputti.

Seebois a little brook (sî'bōî's) = N. sepuese a little river, with dim. ending -eese, is.

Seeboog brook (sî'bûg). This is really a pl. = rivers. Cf. N. sepuash, inan. pl.; Abn. sibo-al.

Sedush feet, inan. pl. (sî'dŭsh and sî'dŭnsh) = N. musseet; Stiles cuszeet thy foot ; Abn. mezid.

Seguish come in! (sŭgwĭ'sh). No cognate, unless it is connected with shquond door, entrance, which is probable. See Shkwund.

Ne sewortum I am sorry (nî sîwâ'‘tŭm) = Abn. n’siwa‘tum.

Shenee that (shĕnî'). The last element is the demonstr. nî, but I cannot find sh- anywhere.

Shkook snake (shkŭk) = N. askuk; RW. askug; Stiles skoogs. Speck found shkook in the mouth of a Poospatuck Indian near Bellport, L.I. Cf. Abn. skog; D. achgook.

Shkunsh bones (shkŭnch), inan. pl. of shkun = N. muskon, pl. muskonash; D. wochgan; Abn. uskan.

Shkwund door (shkwŭnd) = N. squont, squontam; RW. squontáumuck at the door; D. esquande. Anthony says this means ‘the threshold’; rather than ‘the door.’ This harmonizes with seguish, q. v. The Peq. loc. is shkwŭndâ'g. Shmokerman white man (shmō'kĕmŭn). A Brothertown word = Oj. kitchimůkĕmân big knife.

Shpuck meat (shpŭk). A Brothertown word, with no cognate. All other Algonquian idioms have wias in some form. See Weous.

Shquaaw woman; pl. shquaauwsuk (shkwâ) = N. squaas; C. eshqua; RW. squaws. The forms are undoubtedly connected with the D. ochqueu; Oj. ikwe and Pass. Micmac ēpît. The meaning of the stem was the prepuce. I see in Mohican pghainoom the same stem inverted, which appears also in Abn. pehanum; N. penomp virgin. There is of course no connection between Abn. pehanum and Fr. femme, as Trumbull thought.

Shquawsees a little girl (shkwâsîs) = Narr. squahsees; D. okhquetschitsch.

Shquonu sharp (shkwŏ'nŭ) = Abn. skuahigen it is sharp. Cf. also N. kēna, kēneh; D. kihneu, kihnsu.

Skeedumbork people (shkî'dŭmbâk) = N. woskétomp; RW. skeetomp; Pass. skîtap. The ending -omp, -ap appears as -âpe in D. and as ôba in Abn. See Am. Anth., v, 203.

Skeeshu quick (shkîshu) = Oj. kejidin.

Skeesucks eyes (shkî'zŭks) = N. muskezuk, muskezuk my eye; RW. wuskeesucks his eyes; Stiles skeezucks; Abn. msizukw eye, face.

Skunx skunk (shkŭnks) = Josselyn squnck; Abn. segôgw; Oj. shikaug, hence Chicago ‘place of skunks.’ The Pequot of Stiles was ausowush, from a different stem.

Skwishegun head (skĭ'shĕgŭn). Brothertown word. The nearest to this is Oj. oshtigwan his head. The connection is doubtful.

Ge soojepoog neck (g’sû'jĕpûg). This is really ‘your neck.’ Cf. N. mussittipuk; RW. sitchipuck, wussittipuk his neck, pl. = -anash.

Soojpoh snow falling (zû'tspō and sû'jpō) = Stiles souch’pon; RW. sochepuntch when it snows; Abn. pson with metathesis. See Goone.

Ne sookedung I urinate (nĕsû'kĭdŭng) = Abn. ngade-sugi I want to urinate; N. noh sagkeet he who urinates. From the same stem as Abn. sognem he pours out; N. sokinnum.

Sooktash succotash (sů'ktăsh) = RW. msickquatash corn (pl.) boiled whole; msukquttahhaš things (inan.) beaten to pieces, from sukquttaham he beats.

Soome too much (sû'mî) = N. wussaume; C. wussomme; Abn. uzômi; D. wsami.

Ne sosunne I am tired (nĕ-sâ'sŭnĭ) ; also gĕsâ'sŭnĭ 2d pers., and sâ'sŭnĭ 3d pers., Am. Anth., v, 207. Cf. RW. nissowanishkaumen; Abn. n’zao‘to I am tired. The Pequot form is a reduplication of N. sauunum he is tired.

Squayoh red (skwâ'ĭō); N. = musqui, msqui; RW. msqui; Abn. mkui; D. machkeu. Stiles gives a curious form with p, i. e. mes’piou. Squayoh has lost its m-.

Squonneeks red squirrel (skwânî'ks); Stiles shenneague and m’ushanneege; RW. anequs. See Orneeks. In Abn. anikwses = a striped squirrel. The old word was probably pronounced with r as is so often the case, i. e. squorreeks. The first syllable is from squayoh red, q. v.

Sugatuck negro (sŭ'gătŭk). Probably pl., i. e. sukit he who is black + uk. In RW. sucki is black = Abn. mkazawit a black man. See Suggayoh.

Suggayoh adj. black (sŭgā'yõ). See Sugatuck.

Sun stone (sŭ'ĕn) =N. hassun; D. achsin; Abn. sen; Pass. s’n.

Sunjum sachem (sŭ'njŭm) = Narr. saunchim; Stiles sunjum; N. sachim, from which the Eng. sachem. Cf. Abn. sô'gmô; D. sakima.

Sunkatiddeyork stingy ones (sŭ'nkātĭdĭyâ'k) pl. = RW. sunnukehteau he crushes, sunnuchig a crushing instrument. Cf. Abn. nesekekenemen I press it. The same idiom prevails in colloquial English when one speaks of a ‘close’ man.

Susmoh meeting (sŭ'smō). No cognate.

Tah heart (tā) = N. metah, nuttah my heart; D. (Heckewelder) wdee his heart; Moh. (Edwards) utoh his heart.

Tahbut ne thanks (tâ'bŭt nî); Lit. thanks for that = nî. Cf. N. tabuttantam he is thankful; C. kuttabotomish I thank you, from tapi enough, sufficient + antam, denoting a mental condition. It literally means ‘to be satisfied.’ The same idiom prevails in Arabic and Turkish ana memnûn (Ar.), memnûnim (Tk.) I am content, i. e. thank you.

Ger-tee you do (gĕtî). Same stem as in Abn. kizi-t-o he does; N. wuttussen he does so.

Teecommewaas a family name (t’kŭ'mwās). This name is said to mean ‘striker’ and probably correctly. Cf. N. togku he strikes, and see s. v. Dukwang. I cannot explain the ending -waas.

Tekiyo cold (t’kâ'ĭyō) = Abn. tka; Pass. tke; RW. taquonck autumn. Note RW. tupu frost with p for k. See Kiyo.

Tete rap-rap, used in a story to indicate the sound of knocking (tî-tî).

Tianer. See Nooger (tâĭă'nŭ).

Ne-tiatum I think (nĕ-tâĭă'tŭm) probably for taiantum. Cf. the N. -antum, denoting a state of mind, as in N. nuttenantamun I think it; in Abn. ndelaldam. See Yertum. Tiondees liar (tâ'ĭŏndî's), probably connected with taiantum?

Ner-tishor I went (nĕtĭ'shā) ; the last part is evidently au = go, ND. 267–8, perhaps = N. ussishau he hastens.

Tordus potatoes (tâ'dŭs). Cf. Abn. padates. Eng. loanwords.

Towug ears (tâ'ŭwŭg) = N. mehtauog; Stiles kuttuwaneage your ears, from wahteau he perceives. Cf. Abn. watawagwit; D. whittawack.

Tuddum he drinks (tŭ'dŭm) = N. wuttâttam he drinks; wuttattash drink thou, imv.

Tugerneeg bread (tŭ'gĕnîg) = RW. petukqueneg.

Tuggung axe (tŭ'gŭng) = N. togkunk, lit. ‘a striker’ from same stem as teecommewaas, q. v.; also see Duckwong.

Tulepas turtle (tû'lĭpās) = Abn. tolba; Old Abn. turebe. This stem is not in Natick.

Ne tumersum I cut (nĕ-tŭ'mĕsŭm) = N. tummussum he cuts it off. Same stem as tamahigan an axe (Abn.).

Tummoung a pipe (tŭmŭ'ng) = Stiles wuttummunc: Abn. wdamon tobacco.

Umbusk medicine (ŭmbŭ'sk). Cogn. with N. moskeht; RW. maskit? Or does umbusk contain the root for water (nuppe, q. v.), as in Abn. nbizonal medicines.

Umki. See Gertumkish.

Umsque blood (umskwe) = RW. mishque; N. musquehonk. This word contains the stem ‘red.’ Cf. D. mehokquish bloody.

Un is the definite ending in verbs, as in Pequot nepuddumun I hear it, but nepuddum simply ‘I hear.’ Cf. Abn. n’wajonem I have, but n’wajonemen I have it.

Undi then (ŭndâ'ĭ). See Am. Anth., v, 207.

Ungertug dark, cloudy (ŭ'ngŭtŭg) = RW. mattaquat; N. matokqs cloud.

Ungooze pray, not in N. (ŭngûz). Note 2d pers. g’ŏngû'z, Am. Anth., v, 206. Cf. Abn. winawoñz-wigamigw a house of prayer; D. wundangunsin he prays for him.

Unkshoh he sells (ŭ'nkshā) = Abn. onkohlômuk one sells.

Unkupe rum (ŭnkŭpî') = Abn. akwbi; N. onkuppe strong drink.

Wahbayoh windy (wâbâ'yō) = N. waban wind. See Wetun. In N. we find waapu and waabeu the wind rises.

Wahsus bear (wâ'sûs) = Abn. awasos; Pen. awesos; N. mosq. Stiles gives a word from an entirely different stem; viz., ahawgwut.

Webut his tooth (wî'bŭt) ; RW. weepit; N. weepit his tooth; Stiles meebut, the original form = Abn. wibidal teeth; D. wipit. Weechu he laughs (wî'chû). No cognate.

Weegwasun good-morning (wîgwâ'sŭn). This is the common Mohegan-Pequot salutation. It probably means ‘may you live happily’ from the root wig. I do not understand weegwasun as it is given by Mrs F. Not in Natick.

Weekchu he is handsome (wîk’chû). Same stem as wîktŭm. See Ne weektumun.

Weeksubahgud it is sweet (wîksŭbâ'gŭd). Cf. Weekchu. See N. wekon sweet.

Ne Weektumun I love someone (nĕ-wî'ktŭmŭn). From the same stem as Abn. n’wigiba I would like, really ‘I love it.’

Weeshawgunsh they are hairy (wî'shâgŭnsh). This seems to be an inan. pl. It should be wishagunuk. Note Mrs Fielding’s monstrous combination weeshawgunsh wŏnnŭxâg hairy whiteman. Cf. N. uweshaganu.

Ne weeshkernum I make a bed (nĕ-wî'shkŭnŭm). This is partly connected with N. kukenaume he puts in order, i. e. kunu = the last part of weeshkernum. The weesh may be for wuleesh good, well. In Abn. walitebahlômuk one arranges.

Weewachermunch corn (wîwā'chĕmŭnch) = N. weatchimin; Stiles wewautchimins. The -sh in this word is the inan. pl.

Wegatuh it is done (wî'gătŭ). No cognate.

Wegoo it is clear (wîgû) = Abn. ulîgo.

Wegun good (wîgŭn) = Abn. ulîgun; RW. wunnêgan; D. wuli; Pass. uli, etc. Wegun dupkwoh ‘good-night’ is an undoubted Anglicism.

Wegun tah good day (wîgŭn tā'). Tah is probably an Eng. loanword from ‘day.’

Wejeesh his hand (wĭjĭ'sh) = RW. wunnuntch his hand; Abn. melji hand.

Wemoo light, not dark (wî'mû). Has this anything to do with wemooni?

Wemooni it is true (wîmûnâi) = N. wonnomwan he speaks the truth; Abn. wawidwogan truth; Del. wulamoc he speaks truly. Mrs. F.’s form should be wenoomi.

Wenai old woman (wĭnâi) = Stiles wenyghe; Abn. winasosis.

Weous meat (wî'ůs) = N. weyaus; Abn. wiûs; D. ojos.

Weousiboige soup (wî'ŭsĭbō'ĭj). Cf. N. sobaheg porridge, from saupæ soft. See Boige.

Ne wesuck chawsun this bed is hard (nî wî'sŭk châ'sŭn). Does the D. gechgauwiwink contain the root of wesuck?

Ne wesukwon I hurt myself (nĕ-wîsögwŏn) = N. woskheau he hurts him; nuwoskhit I am hurt; D. wissachgissi it hurts me. Wetun wind (wî'tŭn) = Stiles wuttun; Oj. notine; Old Algonquian lootin (Lahontan).

Weyon tongue (wî'yŭn) = N. menan; wenan his tongue; D. (Heckewelder) wilanu; Abn. wilalo his tongue.

Weyongoo yesterday (wîyŭngû') = Abn. ulôgua; N. wunnonkw. D. ulaque.

Weyoun moon (wîyûn) = Stiles weyhan, a pure Pequot word.

Weyout fire (wî yû't) = Stiles yewt; RW. yoteg, loc.; Pass. skwut, Abn. skweda, Oj. ishkote. The N. wood is nut from the same stem.

Wezerwong his name (wî'zĕwŏng) = Abn. wizowongan; kdeliwizi you are named; N. and RW. wesuonk. See Am. Anth., v, 209.

Whee wheat (hwî). Eng. loanword.

Ne wheezig I am afraid (nĕ-wî'zĭg) = RW. wesassu he is afraid.

Wichenah when rel. (wĭchî'nă). Same stem as Abn. chiga; D. tschinge when?

Wĭgwō'mūn come in the house. A Brothertown word. A deriv. from wigwom house.

Wishbium get out, avaunt! (wĭshbâĭ'ŭm) = partly from RW. sawhush; C. sohhash; Abn. saosa go out.

Wochi from (wûchâ'ĭ) = Abn. uji; RW. wuche; N. wutche; Moh. ocheh.

Wodgianum he has (wājĭā'nŭm) = Abn. wajônem. Cf. RW. nummache I have.

Woggey for so that (wŏ'gĭ) = Abn. waji; N. wutche also yeu wajeh for this.

Ne wohter I know (nĕ-wâ'‘tŭ) = N. waheau he knows; Abn. n’wawawinôwô; RW. nowantum I understand. D. nawa = he knows.

Wombayoh white (wŏmbâ'ĭŏ) = Abn. wômbi; Pass. wâbi; N. wompi, Stiles wumbiow; Long Island wampayo; D. wape.

Wombeyoh he is coming (wŏmbî'yō) = wu + bîyo = N. peyau. See Beyor.

Womme all (wâmî) = D. wame; RW. wameteâgun all things; N. wame. See Wonjug.

Wompshauk geese (wâ'mpshâ'k) = Abn. wôbtegua the white goose; C. wompohtuck.

Wonjug all people (wŏ'njŭg), pl. of womme, q. v. See Am. Anth., v, 207.

Wonnux white man (pl. -ug) = Stiles waunnuxuk Englishmen. This word is a derivative from howan = Peq. orwon, q. v., ‘someone.’ Cf. in Abenaki awanoch ‘a Canadian Frenchman,’ originally simply ‘someone coming from yonder,’ i. e. awani uji. Wonsartar Wednesday (wŏ'nsătā'). Eng. loanword.

Woodqunch wood for the fire (wů'dkwŭnch) = N. wuttuhqun; RW. wuttuckquanash put wood on the fire.

Woojerwas a fly (wû'gŭwâs and wû'jŭwâs) = N. uchaus; Abn. ujawas; D. utscheuwes.

Woosgwege book (wů'shgwîg) = N. wussukwhonk, from wussukhum he writes.

Woostoh he made (wů'stŭ). This is simply the same as Abn. uji-to he makes it out of something. See Wochi.

Woot mouth (wůt) = N. muttoon; Stiles cuttoneage; Abn. mdon; D. wdon his mouth.

Woothuppeag pail, bucket (wû'tŭpî'g). No cognate.

Wormunch eggs, inan. pl. (wâ'mŭnsh) = N. woanash; C. wouwanash; Abn. wôwanal; D. wahh.

Worwhodderwork they shout (wâ'wŏdŭwâ'k). No cognate.

Wōtĭ'nĕ help; cf. nĕwōtĭ'nĕmŏng he helps me = N. kuttannumous I help you. In Pequot the forms nĕwōtĭ'nĕmōwŭ ‘I help him,’ and wōtĭ'nĕmōwŭ he helps him, occur; see Am. Anth., v, 204.

Wotoheesh it is his (wŏtŏhî'sh) = wo + t + o + sh, inan. pl. = N. wuttaihe as in nen-wuttaiheuh I am his.

Wotone go to a place (wŏtŏnî) = D. aan; N. au.

Ner-wotshor I went (nĕ-wŏ'tshā). This must mean ‘I went from.’ See Wochi.

Woumbunseyon if I live in the morning (wŏmbûnsîyôñ) = Abn. wôban + Peq. seyon if I am.

Wunx fox (wŭnks) = Stiles awaumps; N. wonkqussis; Abn. wôkwses.

Wusgwosu he writes (wů'skŭsû') = N. wussukhon he writes; RW. wussuckhosu he is painted. See Woosgwege.

Wůskŭsû' ‘writing’; noun.

Wutugapa it is wet (w’tůgăpā') = N. wuttogki it is wet; Stiles wuttugw it is wet; Abn. udagkisgad wet weather. I think this w’tugapa means ‘ it would be’ (-pa = Abn. -ba would be; suffix of the conditional).

Wutugayow it is wet (w’tůgāyō).

Wycojomunk O dear me (wâĭkŭjō'mŭnk). No cognate.

Yeowdi here (yû'dâ'ĭ) = Abn. yu dali; N. yeuut, with loc. -ut.

Yertum he thinks, a thought (yŭ' ‘tŭm). Cf. Tiatum. This word is probably cognate with the stem seen in N. anantum; Abn. laldamen he thinks it, i. e. yu^ctumantum, aldam to be in a state of mind. See p. 16 on l-n-r. Yokeg parched corn (yôkîg) = N. nuhkik; RW. nokehick Indian corn parched and beaten.

Yonokwasu sewing (yō'nâkwāsû') = N. usquontosu he is sewing.

Yots rat (yŏts). Eng. loanword.

You this (yû) Abn. yu; N. and RW. yeu. Cf. Pequot you dupkwoh this night; you geesk today.

Youmbewe early morning (yûmbō'wĭ) = yu + mbi or inbi + wi. The root is seen in N. mautompan; RW. mautabon ‘early morning’ and the ending -wi appears in Abn., e. g. spôzowiwi ‘early in the morning.’

Youmbewong again (yû'mbĕwong) = yu + inbi + wong = N. wonk; D. woak ‘and’ ‘repetition.’ See Am. Anth., v, 208. Inbi or mbi may mean ‘time.’

Yow four (yâ'ŭ) = Abn. iaw; N. yau; Stiles yauuh.

Yukchawwe yonder (yŭ'kchāwî') = N. yo, ya yonder. Perhaps the first part of the word is cognate with D. ika yonder.

Yundum he is hungry; gĕyŏndŭm you are hungry. See Piantum.

Yunjanunpsh open, imv. (yŭ'njānŭ'msh). Is this cogn. with N. woshwunnum sqount open the door? This yunjum probably = Abn. tondana open, imv., D. tenktschechen tonquihillen open. In Peq. yunjon = he opens; subjunctive yunjonum that he open, not really a subjunctive.

Zeeshkunus milk (zî'shkŭnŭs), a difficult word. Stiles gives nuzaus a baby, a sucker. This -zaus may be cogn. with zeesh here? Perhaps the word should be nuzeeshkunus with prefixed n? There is no D. cogn. for milk ; they say mellik. In N. milk = sogkodtunk, from sogkodtungash teats.

Zeewombayoh blue (zî'wŏmbâ'ĭō). In N. see = unripe. Zeewombayoh may mean ‘an unripe white’? I can find no parallel.

Ne zermuksun I lie down (nĕzŭmŭ'ksŭn). Cogn. with N. summa'gunum he stretches out.

Zob tomorrow (zâb) = N. saup; RW. sauop; Abn. saba; Pass. sepaunu.

Zoogeryon rain, it rains (zû'gŭyŭn) = Abn. soglon, from sognem he pours. Cf. N. sokanon; RW. sokenum it pours forth; D. sokelan rain.

Zotortar Saturday (zâ'tātā). Eng. loanword.

Zunatar Sunday (zů'nātā). Eng. loanword.

Zungwatum anything cold (zŭngwā'tŭm), lit. ‘it is cold.’ See Tekiyo. Cf. N. sonqui it is cold; RW. saunkopaugot cold water. The same stem is seen in Abn. wesguinôgana mzena he has a cold with a cough.

---

1. The Natick u represented in Eliot’s writings by the horizontal figure 8 (ꝏ) I have indicated simply by u.
2. American Anthropologist, 1903, vol. 5, p. 210
3. The following abbreviations are used: Abn. = Abenaki; C. = Josiah Cotton, Vocabulary of the Massachusetts (or Natick) Indian Language, Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., ser. 3, II, 1830; D. = Delaware; LD. = Lenâpe Dictionary, by D. G. Brinton; N. = Natick or Massachusetts; ND. = Natick Dictionary, by James Hammond Trumbull, 1903; Oj. = Ojibwe; RW. = Roger Williams, Key into the Language of America; Stiles = Ezra Stiles, A Vocabulary of the Pequot Language obtained by President Stiles in 1792 (copy in the library of the Bureau of American Ethnology). The signification of the other abbreviations used is obvious. The Abenaki and Passamaquoddy material used in this article comes from Professor Prince’s collections. The Natick words are from Trumbull’s ND., the Narragansett from RW., the Delaware from Brinton’s LD., and the Ojibwe from Baraga’s Otchipwe Dictionary.