Goodell v. Koch (282 U.S. 118)/Opinion of the Court
This cause presents the same question as respects the return for taxation of community income of a husband and wife, citizens of Arizona, as was presented in No. 15 (Poe v. Seaborn, 282 U.S. 101, 51 S.C.t. 58, 75 L. Ed. 239) affecting spouses who are citizens of the State of Washington.
Here Koch and his wife filed separate returns for 1927 each returning one-half of the community income; the Commissioner of Internal Revenue assessed a deficiency on the theory that Koch alone should have returned the entire income; Koch paid under protest, and brought suit against the Collector in the District Court to recover the sum so paid. The Collector demurred. Judgment went for plaintiff. The Collector appealed to the Circuit Court of Appeals, which certified questions to us. This Court ordered the entire record sent up. 281 U.S. 704, 50 S.C.t. 462, 74 L. Ed. 1128.
What we said in No. 15 applies here, if under the law of Arizona, the wife's interest in community property is, in legal effect, the same as the Washington.
The Collector asserts that the Arizona law of community property closely resembles that of California (cf. U.S. v. Robbins, 269 U.S. 315, 46 S.C.t. 148, 70 L. Ed. 285); but concedes that in many respects its provisions are similar to those of the law of Washington.
We have examined the statutes [1] and authorities cited, and have concluded that they present no significant differences from the Washington system. In La Tourette v. La Tourette, 15 Ariz. 200, 137 P. 426, 428, Ann. Cas. 1915B, 70, it was said: 'The law makes no distinction between the husband and wife in respect to the right each has in the community property. It gives the husband no higher or better title than it gives the wife. It recognizes a marital community wherein both are equal.' As in Washington, each spouse has unlimited testamentary power over his or her interest in the community, and upon failure to exercise it, such interest passes to the descendants of the decedent.
The Arizona Supreme Court has likened the community to a partnership. Forsythe v. Paschal, 34 Ariz. 380, 271 P. 865. The husband as agent may not act in fraud of his wife's rights, and if he attempts to do so, she has a remedy in the courts. Gristy v. Hudgens, 23 Ariz. 339, 203 P. 569.
Enough has been said to show that our conclusion in No. 15 holds here, and that the wife has such equal interest in community income as to entitle her to treat one-half thereof as her income, and file a separate return therefor under sections 210(a) and 211(a) of the Revenue Act of 1926 (44 Stat. 21, 26 USCA §§ 951 note, 952 note).
Perhaps we ought also to note that what is said in No. 15 with respect to executive construction and legislative history applies in this case.
For the reasons above given, and more fully stated in the opinion in No. 15, the judgment of the District Court is affirmed.
The CHIEF JUSTICE and Mr. Justice STONE took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
Notes
[edit]- ↑ The applicable provisions (cited from the Revised Statutes of 1913 (Civil Code) which were in force in 1927) are Title 6, Pars. 403-405, 865-869, 1102. Title 8, Pars. 2058-2062. Title 32, Pars. 3848-3856, 3865-3869, 3881-3886. Act of February 10, 1921, Ariz. Session Laws, Regular, c. 7, p. 6. Act of March 17, 1919, Arizona Session Laws, Regular, c. 65, p. 98.
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