Hand-book of Volapük/Use of Conjunctions and Adverbs

by Charles E. Sprague

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THE USE OF CONJUNCTIONS AND ADVERBS.

Since many English words are used both as conjunctions and as adverbs, we group together the principal difficulties of both these parts of speech.

But, as a preposition, has been explained. But, as a conjunction, is ab or sod. Sod is only used after a negativ; it is not this, but (on the contrary) that. Even in this case ab may be used. “Not only —— but also ——,” is expressed by „noe —— soi.“

And, e; before vowels ed is used, though not by all writers. For “both —— and ——” „ä —— ä ——“ is used.

As, like in the same manner as, äs; as, in the capacity of, as. The verb is generally omitted in the latter case. As, since, for the reason that, bi.

Before, as a preposition, has been explained. Before, as a conjunction, is büfo; look before you leap; before as in adverb of time, büfumo; you said that before.

That, as a pronoun, et, etos. That, as a conjunction, has two meanings expressed by dat and das. Dat means, in order that, for the purpose that. Das merely introduces a subordinate sentence as a member of a principal one, as, I said that he would come. The subordinate sentence “he would come” introduced by that, is the object; that shows it to be subordinate.

Though, conjunction, or although, do. Though, adverb, nevertheless, deno.

Also, i, or id before vowels.

Nor, ni. “Neither —— nor ——,” „ni —— ni ——.“

If, provided, if. If, whether, va.

Even if, ifi.

Until, till, conjunction, jüs; as preposition, jü al, jü in, etc.

After, conjunction, na; preposition, pos; adverb, poso.

Or, u, or ud before vowels. “Either —— or ——,” „uf —— ud ——.“

When, conjunction, ven, kü, kelüp; when? kiüp? kitim? when, whereupon, e täno.

Where, conjunction, kö, kelöp; where? kiöp? kiplad?

Yet, referring to time, nog; yet, nevertheless, yed.

There, when unemphatic, is frequently untranslatable, as in the phrases, there is, there are. There is, there are, have quite a different meaning, there being taken in the sense yonder.

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EXERCISE 26.

PENED. 1887 balul 16id. O söl lestimlik! Egetob penedi olik de batul kilsebalid äyela e gälobok levemo das binol in saun gudik e das volapük mekom mostepi so gletik lomü ols. Tefü buks, kelis vilol das olemob, ogolob odelo ini glezif, ed osükob omis. Stadobs valiks gudiko e glidobs oli e famüli olik.

Dear Sir: I request that you will mail me your paper during one year, addressing it as is written below. I send [mail] you one dollar in payment and remain Your friend.

In volapük pladon ladyeki pos subsat, e kimifali pos velib.

In English one places the adjectiv before the noun. In German the accusativ is placed sometimes before the verb.