Handbook to the Primates
ALLEN'S NATURALIST'S LIBRARY.
Edited by R. BOWDLER SHARPE, LL.D., F.L.S., etc.
A HAND-BOOK
TO THE
PRIMATES.
BY
HENRY O. FORBES, LL.D., F.Z.S., etc.,
DIRECTOR OF MUSEUMS, LIVERPOOL,
Author of "A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago,"
etc., etc., etc.
LONDON:
W. H. ALLEN & CO., LIMITED,
13, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W.
1894-97.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
| VOLUME I. | PAGE |
| ORDER PRIMATES | 1 |
| SUB-ORDER I. LEMUROIDEA | 8 |
| FAMILY I. CHIROMYIDÆ | 14 |
| I. Chiromys, Cuvier | 14 |
| 1. madagascariensis (Gm.) | 14 |
| FAMILY II. TARSIIDÆ | 18 |
| I. Tarsius, Storr. | 18 |
| 1. tarsius (Erxl.) | 20, 286 |
| 2. fuscus, Fischer | 21 |
| FAMILY III. LEMURIDÆ | 22 |
| SUB-FAMILY I. LORISINÆ | 24 |
| I. Perodicticus, Bennett | 26 |
| 1. calabarensis, Smith | 27 |
| 2. potto (Geoffr.) | 28 |
| II. Loris, Geoffr. | 31 |
| 1. gracilis, Geoffr. | 31 |
| III. Nycticebus, Geoffr. | 33 |
| 1. tardigradus (Linn.) | 33, 286 |
| SUB-FAMILY II. GALAGINÆ | 37 |
| I. Galago, Geoffr. | 38 |
| 1. garnetti (Ogilby) | 40 |
| 2. senegalensis, Geoffr. | 41 |
| 3. alleni, Waterh. | 43 |
| 4. demidoffi, Fischer | 44 |
| 5. monteiri, Bartlett | 46 |
| 6. crassicaudata, Geoffr. | 47 |
| II. Chirogale, Geoffr. | 49 |
| 1. milii, Geoffr. | 50 |
| 2. melanotis, Forsyth Major | 51 |
| 3. trichotis, Günth. | 52 |
| 4. crossleyi, Grandid. | 53 |
| III. Microcebus, Geoffr. | 54 |
| 1. minor (Gray) | 55 |
| 2. myoxinus, Peters | 56 |
| 3. smithii (Gray) | 57 |
| 4. furcifer (Blainv.) | 59 |
| 5. coquereli (Grandid.) | 60 |
| IV. Opolemur, Gray | 61 |
| 1. samati (Grandid.) | 62 |
| 2. thomasi, Forsyth Major | 63 |
| SUB-FAMILY III. LEMURINÆ | 64 |
| I. Lemur, Linn. | 65 |
| 1. varius, Is. Geoffr. | 68 |
| 2. macaco, Linn. | 69 |
| 3. mongoz, Linn. | 71 |
| α. rufipes | 72 |
| β. rufifrons | 72 |
| γ. cinereiceps | 72 |
| δ. collaris | 72 |
| ε. rufus | 73 |
| ζ. nigrifrons | 73 |
| η. albifrons | 73 |
| 4. nigerrimus, Scl. | 73 |
| 5. albimanus, Is. Geoffr. | 74 |
| 6. coronatus, Gray | 75 |
| 7. rubriventer, Is. Geoffr. | 76 |
| 8. catta, Linn. | 76 |
| II. Mixocebus, Peters | 78 |
| 1. caniceps, Peters | 78 |
| III. Hapalemur, Is. Geoffr. | 79 |
| 1. griseus (Geoffr.) | 81 |
| 2. simus, Gray | 82 |
| IV. Lepidolemur, Is. Geoffr. | 83 |
| Section A.—Species Majores. | |
| 1. mustelinus, Is. Geoffr. | 86 |
| 2. ruficaudatus, Grandid. | 86 |
| 3. edwardsi, Forsyth Major | 87 |
| 4. microdon, Forsyth Major | 88 |
| Section B.—Species Minores. | |
| 5. globiceps, Forsyth Major | 89 |
| 6. grandidieri, Forsyth Major | 89 |
| 7. leucopus, Forsyth Major | 89 |
| SUB-FAMILY IV. INDRISINÆ | 90 |
| I. Avahis, Jourdan | 94 |
| 1. laniger (Gm.) | 94 |
| II. Propithecus, Bennett | 96 |
| 1. diadema, Bennett | 98 |
| α. sericeus | 99 |
| β. edwardsi | 99 |
| 2. verreauxi, Grandid. | 100 |
| α. deckeni | 101 |
| β. coquereli | 102 |
| 2a. majori, Rothschild | 286 |
| 3. coronatus, Milne-Edwards | 102 |
| III. Indris, Cuv. et Geoffr. | 105 |
| 1. brevicaudatus, Geoffr. | 105 |
| EXTINCT LEMUROIDEA | 110 |
| FAMILY I. MEGALADAPIDÆ | 112 |
| 1. Megaladapis, Forsyth Major | 112 |
| FAMILY LEMURIDÆ | 22, 114 |
| FAMILY ANAPTOMORPHIDÆ | 114 |
| 1. Microchærus, Wood | 115 |
| 2. Mixodectes, Cope | 116 |
| 3. Cynodontomys, Cope | 116 |
| 4. Omomys, Leidy | 117 |
| 5. Anaptomorphus, Cope | 117 |
| FAMILY ADAPIDÆ | 119 |
| 1. Adapis, Cuvier | 120 |
| 2. Tomitherium, Cope | 120 |
| 3. Laopithecus, Marsh | 121 |
| 4. Pelycodus, Cope | 121 |
| 5. Microsyops, Leidy | 122 |
| 6. Hyopsodus, Leidy | 123 |
| SUB-ORDER II.—ANTHROPOIDEA | 123 |
| FAMILY I. HAPALIDÆ | 129 |
| I. Hapale, Illig. | 131 |
| 1. jacchus (Linn.) | 132 |
| 2. humeralifer, Geoffr. | 133 |
| 3. aurita (Geoffr.) | 133 |
| 4. leucopus, Günther | 134 |
| 5. chrysoleuca, Wagn. | 135 |
| 6. pygmæa (Spix) | 135 |
| 7. melanura (Geoffr.) | 136 |
| II. Midas, Geoffr. | 138 |
| 1. rosalia (Linn.) | 138 |
| 2. geoffroyi (Pucher.) | 139 |
| 3. œdipus (Linn.) | 140 |
| 4. labiatus, Geoffr. | 141 |
| 5. rufiventer, Gray | 142 |
| α. mystax, Spix | 142 |
| β. pileatus, Is. Geoffr. | 143 |
| 6. weddelli, Deville | 143 |
| 7. nigrifrons, Geoffr. | 143 |
| 8. fuscicollis, Spix | 144 |
| 9. chrysopygus (Wagner) | 144 |
| 10. nigricollis, Spix | 145 |
| 11. illigeri (Pucher.) | 145 |
| 12. bicolor, Spix | 147 |
| 13. midas (Linn.) | 148 |
| 14. ursulus, Geoffr. | 148 |
| FAMILY II. CEBIDÆ | 150 |
| SUB-FAMILY I. NYCTIPITHECINÆ | 152 |
| I. Chrysothrix, Kaup | 152 |
| 1. usta (Is. Geoffr.) | 154 |
| 2. entomophaga (d'Orb.) | 155 |
| 3. sciurea (Linn.) | 156 |
| 4. œrstedi, Reinh. | 158 |
| II. Callithrix, Geoffr. | 158 |
| 1. torquata (Hoffm.) | 159 |
| 2. cuprea, Spix | 160 |
| 3. amicta (Humb.) | 161 |
| 4. cinerascens, Spix | 161 |
| 5. moloch (Hoffm.) | 162 |
| 6. ornata, Gray | 162 |
| 7. personata, Geoffr. | 163 |
| 8. nigrifrons, Spix | 164 |
| 9. castaneiventris, Gray | 164 |
| 10. melanochir, Neuwied | 165 |
| 11. gigot, Spix | 165 |
| III. Nyctipithecus, Spix | 166 |
| 1. trivirgatus (Humb.) | 168 |
| 2. lemurinus, Is. Geoffr. | 168 |
| 3. rufipes, Sclater | 169 |
| 4. azaræ (Humb.) | 170 |
| 5. felinus, Spix | 170 |
| SUB-FAMILY II. PITHECIINÆ | 173 |
| I. Brachyurus, Spix | 174 |
| 1. melanocephalus (Humb.) | 175 |
| 2. rubicundus, Is. Geoffr. | 176 |
| 3. calvus, Is. Geoffr. | 177 |
| II. Pithecia, Geoffr. | 182 |
| 1. monachus, Humb. and Bonpl. | 182 |
| 2. pithecia (Linn.) | 185 |
| 3. satanas (Hoffm.) | 186 |
| 4. chiropotes (Humb.) | 187 |
| 5. albinasa, Is. Geoffr. | 188 |
| SUB-FAMILY MYCETINÆ | 189 |
| I. Alouatta, Lacép. | 192 |
| 1. seniculus, Linn. | 192 |
| 2. nigra (Geoffr.) | 195 |
| 3. beelzebul (L.) | 197 |
| 4. ursina (Humb.) | 198 |
| 5. villosa (Gray) | 199 |
| 6. palliata (Gray) | 202 |
| SUB-FAMILY CEBINÆ | 204 |
| I. Cebus, Erxl. | 204 |
| 1. hypoleucus (Humb.) | 207 |
| 2. lunatus, F. Cuv. | 208 |
| 3. flavus, Geoffr. | 208 |
| 4. monachus, F. Cuv. | 209 |
| 5. fatuellus (Linn.) | 211 |
| 6. variegatus, Geoffr. | 211 |
| 7. cirrifer, Geoffr. | 212 |
| 8. robustus, Kuhl. | 212 |
| 9. annellatus, Gray | 213 |
| 10. albifrons (Humb.) | 213 |
| 11. capucinus (Linn.) | 215 |
| 12. vellerosus, Is. Geoffr. | 217 |
| 13. flavescens, Gray | 217 |
| 14. chrysopus, F. Cuv. | 218 |
| 15. subcristatus, Gray | 218 |
| 16. capillatus, Gray | 219 |
| 17. azaræ, Rennger | 219 |
| 18. fallax, Schl. | 220 |
| II. Lagothrix, Geoffr. | 220 |
| 1. lagothrix (Humb.) | 222 |
| 2. infumatus (Spix) | 223 |
| III. Brachyteles, Spix | 224 |
| 1. arachnoides (Geoffr.) | 226 |
| IV. Ateles, Geoffr. | 227 |
| 1. variegatus, Wagner | 231 |
| 2. geoffroyi, Kuhl | 233 |
| 3. rufiventris, Scl. | 236 |
| 4. paniscus (Linn.) | 237 |
| 5. marginatus, Kuhl | 239 |
| 6. ater, F. Cuv. | 241 |
| 7. grisescens, Gray | 242 |
| 8. fusciceps, Gray | 242 |
| 9. cucullatus, Gray | 243 |
| 10. vellerosus, Gray | 244 |
| FAMILY CERCOPITHECIDÆ | 249 |
| SUB-FAMILY CERCOPITHECINÆ | 252 |
| I. Papio, Erxl. | 253 |
| 1. maimon (Linn.) | 258 |
| 2. leucophæus (F. Cuv.) | 260 |
| 3. doguera (Pucher. and Schimp.) | 262 |
| 4. porcarius (Bodd.) | 263 |
| 5. babouin (Desm.) | 265 |
| 6. anubis (F. Cuv. and Geoffr.) | 266 |
| 7. thoth (Ogilby) | 268 |
| 8. ibeanus, Thomas | 269 |
| 9. sphynx (Geoffr.) | 269 |
| 10. hamadryas (Linn.) | 272 |
| 11. langheldi, Matschie | 275 |
| II. Theropithecus, Is. Geoffr. | 276 |
| 1. gelada (Rüpp.) | 276 |
| 2. obscurus, Hengl. | 278 |
| III. Cynopithecus, Is. Geoffr. | 280 |
| 1. niger (Desm.) | 281 |
| VOLUME II. | PAGE |
| SUB-FAMILY CERCOPITHECINÆ (continued), | 1 |
| IV. Macacus, Lacép., | 1, 213 |
| 1. inuus (L.), | 4, 213 |
| 2. arctoides, Is. Geoffr., | 8 |
| 3. rufescens, Anders., | 11 |
| 4. maurus, F. Cuv., | 11 |
| 5. fuscatus, Blyth, | 13 |
| 6. leoninus, Blyth, | 14 |
| 7. nemestrinus (L.), | 16 |
| 8. silenus (L.), | 18 |
| 9. assamensis, McClell., | 20 |
| 10. rhesus (Audeb.), | 22 |
| 11. lasiotis, Gray, | 25 |
| 12. tcheliensis, Milne-Edw., | 26 |
| 13. sancti-johannis (Swinh.), | 28 |
| 14. cyclops, Swinh., | 28 |
| 15. cynomologus (L.), | 31 |
| 16. pileatus (Shaw), | 33 |
| 17. sinicus (L.), | 35 |
| V. Cercocebus, Geoffr., | 36 |
| 1. fuliginosus, Geoffr., | 37 |
| 2. collaris, Gray, | 38 |
| 3. æthiops (L.), | 39 |
| 4. albigena, Gray, | 40 |
| 5. aterrimus, Oudem., | 40 |
| 6. galeritus, Peters, | 41 |
| VI. Cercopithecus, Erxl. | 41 |
| Group I.—Cercopitheci rhinosticti | 44 |
| 1. petaurista (Schreb.) | 44 |
| 2. signatus, Jentink | 45 |
| 3. erythrogaster, Gray | 46 |
| 4. buettikoferi, Jentink | 47 |
| 5. martini, Waterh. | 47 |
| 6. ludio, Gray | 48 |
| 7. melanogenys, Gray | 49 |
| 8. stampflii, Jentink | 50 |
| 9. schmidti, Matschie | 50 |
| 10. nictitans (L.) | 51 |
| 11. erythrotis, Waterh. | 52 |
| 12. cephus (L.) | 53 |
| Group II.—Cercopitheci chloronoti | 54 |
| 13. cynosurus (Scop.) | 55 |
| 14. sabæus (L.) | 56 |
| 15. werneri, Geoffr. | 58 |
| 16. callitrichus, Is. Geoffr. | 58 |
| 17. pygerythrus, F. Cuv. | 60 |
| 18. tantalus, Ogilby | 62 |
| Group III.—Cercopitheci erythronoti | 63 |
| 19. patas (Schreb.) | 63 |
| 20. pyrrhonotus, H. and E. | 64 |
| 21. rufo-viridis, Geoffr. | 65 |
| Group IV.—Cercopitheci melanochiri | 66 |
| 22. mona (Schreb.) | 66 |
| 23. albigularis (Sykes) | 67 |
| 24. boutourlinii, Gigl. | 69 |
| 25. campbelli, Waterh. | 70 |
| 26. samango, Sundev. | 71 |
| 27. labiatus, Geoffr. | 72 |
| 28. opisthostictus, Scl. | 72 |
| 29. stairsi, Scl. | 73 |
| 30. moloneyi, Scl. | 74 |
| 31. neglectus, Schl. | 75 |
| 32. leucampyx (Fischer) | 75 |
| Group V.—Cercopitheci auriculati | 76 |
| 33. grayi, Fraser | 77 |
| 34. pogonias, Bennett | 78 |
| 35. nigripes, Du Chaillu | 78 |
| 36. wolfi, Meyer | 79 |
| Group VI.—Cercopitheci barbati | 79 |
| 37. diana (L.) | 79 |
| 38. palatinus, Wagn. | 81 |
| 39. brazzæ, Milne-Edw. | 81 |
| Group VII.—Cercopitheci trituberculati | 82 |
| 40. talapoin, Erxl. | 82 |
| SUB-FAMILY SEMNOPITHECINÆ | 83 |
| I. Colobus, Illig. | 85, 214 |
| 1. verus, Van Bened. | 87 |
| 2. rufomitratus, Peters | 88 |
| 3. kirki, Gray | 89 |
| 4. ferrugineus (Shaw) | 91 |
| 5. satanas, Waterh. | 93 |
| 6. ursinus, Ogilby | 93 |
| 7. vellerosus (Is. Geoffr.) | 94 |
| 8. angolensis, Scl. | 96 |
| 9. guereza, Rüpp. | 97 |
| 10. caudatus, Thomas | 98 |
| II. Semnopithecus, F. Cuv. | 100, 214 |
| 1. barbii (Blyth) | 102 |
| 2. pileatus, Blyth | 103 |
| 3. entellus (Dufr.) | 104 |
| 4. schistaceus, Hodgs. | 107 |
| 5. priamus (Blyth) | 108 |
| 6. hypoleucus, Blyth | 110 |
| 7. johni (Fischer) | 111 |
| 8. cephalopterus (Zimm.) | 112 |
| 9. sabanus, Thomas | 116 |
| 10. hosii, Thomas | 117 |
| 11. thomasi, Collett | 119 |
| 12. everetti, Thomas | 120 |
| 13. cruciger, Thomas | 121 |
| 14. ursinus (Blyth) | 122 |
| 15. obscurus, Reid | 123 |
| 16. holotephreus, Anders. | 124 |
| 17. germaini, Milne-Edw. | 124 |
| 18. maurus (Schreb.) | 125 |
| 19. femoralis, Horsf. | 126 |
| 20. rubicundus, S. Müll. | 128 |
| 21. natunæ, Thomas and Hartert | 129 |
| 22. phayrii (Blyth) | 131 |
| 23. rutledgii, Anderson | 133 |
| 24. frontatus, S. Müll. | 133 |
| 25. nemæus (L.) | 134 |
| 26. nigripes, Milne-Edw. | 135 |
| 27. melanolophus (Raffl.) | 136 |
| 28. mitratus (Esch.) | 137 |
| 29. roxellanæ, Milne-Edw. | 139 |
| III. Nasalis, Geoffr. | 140 |
| 1. larvatus (Wurmb.) | 140 |
| FAMILY SIMIIDÆ | 143 |
| I. Hylobates Illig. | 148, 216 |
| 1. agilis, F. Cuv. | 151 |
| 2. leuciscus (Schreb.) | 154 |
| α. leuciscus (Schreb.) | 154 |
| β. concolor, Schl. | 155 |
| 3. leucogenys, Ogilby | 158 |
| 4. lar (L.) | 159 |
| 5. hoolock, Haslan. | 161 |
| 6. hainanus, Thomas | 164 |
| 7. syndactylus (Desm.) | 166 |
| II. Simia, L. | 170, 217 |
| 1. satyrus, L. | 170, 217 |
| III. Gorilla, Is. Geoffr. | 180 |
| 1. gorilla (Wyman) | 180 |
| IV. Anthropopithecus, Blainv. | 187, 217 |
| 1. troglodytes (L.) | 194 |
| 2. calvus (Du Chaillu) | 199 |
| FAMILY HOMINIDÆ | 203, 218 |
| I. Homo, L. | 203 |
| 1. sapiens, L. | 203 |
| α. Ethiopian Race | 207 |
| β. Mongolian Race | 207 |
| γ. Caucasian Race | 208 |
| EXTINCT ANTHROPOIDEA | 209 |
| FAMILY HAPALIDÆ | 210 |
| I. Hapale, Illig. | 210 |
| 1. grandis, Lund | 104, 210 |
| FAMILY CEBIDÆ | 210 |
| Sub-Family Nyctipithecinæ: | |
| I. Protopithecus, Lund | 210 |
| 1. brasiliensis, Lund | 210 |
| II. Callithrix, Geoffr. | 210 |
| 1. chlorocnomys, Lund | 210 |
| 2. primæva, Lund | 210 |
| Sub-Family Mycetinæ: | |
| III. Alouatta, Lacép. | 210 |
| 1. ursina (Humb.) | 210 |
| Sub-Family Cebinæ: | |
| IV. Cebus, Erxl. | 210 |
| 1. macrognathus, Lund | 210 |
| 2. fatuellus (L.) | 210 |
| 3. cirrifer, Geoff. | 210 |
| V. Homunculus, Amegh. | 211 |
| 1. patagonicus, Amegh. | 211 |
| VI. Anthropops, Amegh. | 211 |
| 1. perfectus, Amegh. | 211 |
| FAMILY CERCOPITHECIDÆ. | |
| Sub-Family Cercopithecinæ: | |
| I. Papio, Erxl. | 212 |
| 1. sub-himalayamus (Meyer) | 212 |
| 2. falconeri (Lydekker) | 212 |
| 3. atlanticus, Thomas | 212 |
| II. Oreopithecus, Gerv. | 212 |
| 1. bambolii, Gerv. | 212 |
| III. Macacus, Lacép. | 1, 213 |
| 1. sivalensis, Lydekker | 213 |
| 2. priscus | 213 |
| 3. inuus, Gervais | 4, 213 |
| 4. florentinus, Cocchi | 213 |
| 5. suevicus, Heding. | 213 |
| 6. trarensis, Pomel | 213 |
| IV. Dolichopithecus, Depéret | 214 |
| 1. ruscinensis, Depéret | 214 |
| V. Mesopithecus, Wagn. | 214 |
| 1. pentelici, Wagn. | 214 |
| Sub-Family Semnopithecinæ: | |
| I. Colobus, Illig. | 85, 214 |
| 1. grandævus, Fraas. | 214 |
| II. Semnopithecus, F. Cuv. | 100, 215 |
| 1. monspessulanus, Gerv. | 215 |
| 2. palæindicus, Lydekker | 215 |
| FAMILY SIMIIDÆ | 215 |
| I. Pliopithecus, Gerv. | 215 |
| 1. antiquus, Gerv. | 215 |
| 2. chantrei, Gerv. | 216 |
| II. Hylobates, Illig. | 148, 216 |
| 1. leuciscus (Schieb.) | 216 |
| III. Dryopithecus, Lartet. | 216 |
| 1. fontani, Lartet. | 217 |
| IV. Simia, L. | 170, 217 |
| 1. satyrus, L. | 170, 217 |
| V. Anthropopithecus, Blainv. | 188, 217 |
| 1. sivalensis (Lydekker) | 217 |
| FAMILY HOMINIDÆ | 218 |
| I. Homo, L. | 218 |
| GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE PRIMATES | 225 |
| ALPHABETICAL INDEX | 265 |
LIST OF PLATES.
* Additional plates taken from 2nd. edition (1896)
| VOLUME I. | ||
| I. | —Aye-Aye | Chiromys madagascariensis. |
| II. | —Spectral Tarsier | Tarsius tarsius. |
| III. | —Javan Slow-Loris | Nycticebus tardigradus. |
| IV. | —Allen's Galago | Galago alleni. |
| V. | —Black-eared Mouse-Lemur | Chirogale melanotis. |
| VI. | —Smith's Dwarf-Lemur | Microcebus smithii. |
| VII. | —Red-ruffed Lemur | Lemur ruber. |
| VIII. | —Grey Gentle-Lemur | Hapalemur griseus. |
| IX. | —White-footed Sportive-Lemur | Lepidolemur leucopus. |
| X. | —Woolly Avahi | Avahis laniger. |
| XI. | —Coquerel's Sifaka | Propithecus coquereli. |
| XII. | —Endrina | Indris brevicaudatus. |
| *XIII. | —White-footed Marmoset | Hapale leucopus. |
| XIII. | —Geoffroy's Tamarin | Midas geoffroyi. |
| XIV. | —Red Titi | Callithrix cuprea. |
| XV. | —Red-footed Douroucouli or Night-Monkey | Nyctipithecus rufipes. |
| XVI. | —Bald Uakari | Brachyurus calvus. |
| XVII. | —White-nosed Saki | Pithecia albinasa. |
| XVIII. | —Red Howler | Alouatta senicula. |
| XIX. | —Smooth-headed Capuchin | Cebus monachus. |
| *XXI. | —The Bonneted Capuchin | Cebus subcristatus. |
| XX. | —Humboldt's Woolly-Monkey | Lagothrix lagothrix. |
| XXI. | —Variegated Spider-Monkey | Ateles variegatus. |
| XXII. | —Drill | Papio leucophæus. |
| *XXV. | —Celebean Black Baboon | Cynopithecus niger. |
| VOLUME II. | ||
| XXVI. | —St. John's Macaque | Macacus sancti-johannis. |
| XXVII. | —White-crowned Mangabey | Cercocebus æthiops. |
| XXVIII. | —Green Guenon | Cercopithecus callitrichus. |
| XXIX. | —Boutourlini's Guenon | Cercopithecus boutourlinii. |
| XXX. | —Erxleben's Guenon | Cercopithecus grayi. |
| XXXI. | —De Brazza's Guenon | Cercopithecus brazzæ. |
| XXXII. | —Talapoin | Cercopithecus talapoin. |
| XXXIII. | —Bay Guereza | Colobus ferrugineus. |
| XXXIV. | —White-tailed Guereza | Colobus caudatus. |
| XXXV. | —Hose's Langur | Semnopithecus hosii. |
| XXXVI. | —Everett's Langur | Semnopithecus everetti. |
| XXXVII. | —Proboscis Monkey | Nasalis larvatus. |
| XXXVIII. | —Siamang Gibbon | Hylobates syndactylus. |
| XXXIX. | —Orang-utan | Simia satyrus. |
| XL. | —Gorilla | Gorilla gorilla. |
| XLI. | —Bald Chimpanzee | Anthropopithecus calvus. |
| XLII. | —Map I. Showing the distribution of Living and Fossil Lemuroidea. | |
| XLIII. | —Map II. Showing the distribution of the Family Tarsiidæ, and of the Sub-family Galaginæ of the Lemuridæ. | |
| XLIV. | —Map III. Showing the distribution of the Family Chiromyidæ, and of the Sub-families Lemurinæ and Indrisinæ, and of the Sub-family Lorisinæ of the Lemuridæ. | |
| XLV. | —Map IV. Showing the distribution of Living and Fossil Anthropoidea. | |
| XLVI. | —Map V. Showing the distribution of the Families Hapalidæ and Cebidæ. | |
| XLVII. | —Map VI. Showing the distribution of the Genera Papio, Theropithecus, Cynopithecus, Cercocebus, Cercopithecus, and Macasus. | |
| XLVIII. | —Map VII. Showing the distribution of the Genera Semnopithecus, Nasalis, and Colobus. | |
| XLIX. | —Map VIII. Showing the distribution of the Genera Hylobates, Simia, Gorilla, and Anthropopithecus. | |
PREFACE TO VOLUME I.
The great increase in our knowledge of animals which has taken place since the volume on Monkeys was published in "Jardine's Naturalist's Library" some sixty years ago, cannot be better illustrated than by the fact that our excellent contributor, Dr. H. O. Forbes, has found it impossible to compress that knowledge into a single volume of the present issue. There is, moreover, no Museum which contains such a complete series of skins of the Primates, as to render a perfect "monograph" of the Order possible. Dr. Forbes has endeavoured in these volumes to bring the subject up to date, and has devoted some years of study to the two which now appear under his name, and he has had the great advantage of having seen many of the species of which these volumes treat, in a state of nature. If diligent research and patient work, combined with a sound anatomical knowledge and an acquaintance with many species of Monkeys in their natural habitat, avail anything, then these volumes should present to the student a more concise epitome of the characteristics of the Primates than any other essay yet offered to the public. It has been found impossible to reproduce any of the plates in the old "Naturalist's Library" of Jardine. They would have formed, with appropriate inscriptions, a very good instalment of a series of "Comic Natural History" volumes, as they were, in fact, nothing but a set of extraordinary caricatures of Monkeys. I have, therefore, again to acknowledge the liberality of the publishers, in adopting my suggestion that a perfectly new set of illustrations should be prepared. These have been executed by Mr. J. G. Keulemans, with a result, I hope, that will satisfy the reader.
R. BOWDLER SHARPE.
INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME I.
In the first volume will be found an account of the Lemuroidea, and the Anthropoidea as far as the group of the Macaques of the family Cercopithecidæ. The second volume continues with the latter genus, and contains the rest of the Monkeys, and the Apes, as well as a summary of the geographical distribution of the species of the Order Primates.
I have not attempted to write a complete synonymy of the species of Monkeys. The literature is scattered over many, often obscure, periodicals, and without seeing the actual specimens described by some of the older writers, it would be easy to introduce a great deal of confusion into the synonymy. I have, therefore, only attempted to give the principal references.
I must express my obligation to Dr. Günther, F.R.S., the Keeper of the Zoological Department in the British Museum, for the facilities of study afforded to me in that institution. To Mr. Oldfield Thomas I am likewise greatly indebted for much assistance, and for many a kindly hint.
Dr. Forsyth Major, who is well-known as one of the foremost authorities on the Lemurs, not only gave me valuable information as to the species and literature of the Lemuroidea, but was even so good as to furnish me with the descriptions of several new species.
Lastly, to my friend the Editor, I have to return my sincere thanks for the patience with which he has revised my MSS., and for the verification of numbers of references, only to be found in the great libraries of London, and inaccessible to an author dwelling in the provinces.
HENRY O. FORBES.
PREFACE TO VOLUME II.
The prefatory remarks in the preceding volume explain the purport of the "Hand-book" of the Primates, which has been undertaken by Dr. Forbes. I hope that the portion of the work devoted to the geographical distribution of these animals will be found to be of some interest; but, as explained by the author, the meagreness of the material in Museums renders the definition of the exact habitats of Monkeys extremely difficult.
R. BOWDLER SHARPE.
INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME II.
I have little to add to the remarks given in the first volume of this "Hand-book." I may refer, however, to the interest which attaches to the study of the extinct forms of life, in relation to those which exist at the present day. Although I have endeavoured, to the best of my ability, to present to the student as complete a review of the species of Monkeys known to us at the present time, I am well aware that there is an enormous amount of work to be done before our knowledge of the Primates can be said to be complete. There is a natural repugnance to collecting specimens of Monkeys on the part of sportsmen. To shoot one feels like killing a sort of relation, and even our best collectors, who thoroughly understood the necessity of obtaining specimens in the interests of science, speak with a feeling of pain of the human-like distress which a wounded Monkey exhibits; and it is, therefore, difficult to induce travellers to shoot animals which offer so much of a "counterfeit presentment" to human beings.
The loose way in which the older naturalists expressed themselves in regard to geographical distribution, has also rendered a correct appreciation of the ranges of some of the Primates exceedingly difficult. Thus "Brazil" may mean any portion of the South American continent from the Argentine Republic to the Amazons, and "Mexique" has done duty in many Museums for any locality between Mexico and Panama. Much, therefore, remains to be done to define the exact areas which the different species of Primates inhabit.
HENRY O. FORBES.