History of England (Froude)/Table of Contents
CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.
| CHAPTER I. | ||
| SOCIAL CONDITION OF ENGLAND IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. | ||
| page | ||
| Stationary character of Mediæval Civilization | 2 | |
| Population of England in the Sixteenth Century | 3 | |
| Slowness of the Rate of Increase | 4 | |
| Encouragement of Manufactures | 5 | |
| The 'Great Sin' of Idleness | 6 | |
| Decay of Towns | 8 | |
| Laws of Landlord and Tenant | 10 | |
| The Feudal System | 11 | |
| Regiments of Labour | 13 | |
| Distribution of Property | 14 | |
| Sumptuary Laws | 15 | |
| Their Value as morally declaratory | 16 | |
| Wages and Prices | 20 | |
| State Interference | 26 | |
| General Prosperity of Labour | 28 | |
| Labour and Capital | 30 | |
| The Rights of Property | 31 | |
| The Commercial Spirit | 33 | |
| Interference with the Rights of Property in Defence of the Poor | 34 | |
| Prosperity of the People | 36 | |
| Incomes and Duties of the Higher Classes | 38 | |
| Cost of the Royal Establishment | 39 | |
| The Country Gentlemen and the Clergy | 40 | |
| Country Houses in England | 42 | |
| Habits of the People | 44 | |
| The 'Glory of Hospitality' | 45 | |
| Habits of Country Gentlemen | 46 | |
| The Clergy and the Laity | 47 | |
| Education | 48 | |
| Organization of Trade | 50 | |
| The London Companies | 51 | |
| Organization of Trade | 52 | |
| Education of the Poor | 54 | |
| Illustrative Statutes | 55 | |
| The Handloom Weavers | 57 | |
| Organization of Manufacturers | 58 | |
| The System decays | 59 | |
| The Change | 61 | |
| Military Training | 62 | |
| English Archery | 65 | |
| Military Training | 66 | |
| Games and Amusements | 67 | |
| Rise of the English Drama | 69 | |
| A Masque at Greenwich | 75 | |
| English Poor Laws | 78 | |
| Neglect of Duty by the Religious Houses | 77 | |
| English Poor Laws | 78 | |
| Organization of Charity | 79 | |
| Act of 1531 | 80 | |
| Concluding Summary | 89 | |
| | ||
| CHAPTER II. | ||
| THE LAST YEARS OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF WOLSEY. | ||
| Struggles between Clergy and Laity | 93 | |
| The Monasteries in the 15th Century | 95 | |
| The Warnings | 96 | |
| Intended Reformation by Wolsey | 100 | |
| The one Resident Bishop | 102 | |
| General Condition of the Church | 104 | |
| The Supplication of the Beggars | 105 | |
| Divorce of Catherine of Arragon | 108 | |
| The Succession | 109 | |
| Recollections of the Wars of the Roses | 111 | |
| Possible Claimants for the Crown | 113 | |
| Legitimacy of the Princess Mary questioned | 116 | |
| Marriage of Henry and Catherine | 116 | |
| Character of Catherine | 120 | |
| Henry's own Feelings | 123 | |
| Letter of Henry | 124 | |
| The Spanish Alliance | 126 | |
| Policy of Wolsey | 128 | |
| Wolsey's Scheme of Church Reform | 131 | |
| Wolsey will save Europe and the World | 132 | |
| The 'Divorce' submitted to the Pope | 135 | |
| The Papal Jurisdiction on its Trial | 137 | |
| Difficulties of the Pope's Position | 140 | |
| Death of De Lautrec | 144 | |
| Conduct of Charles | 146 | |
| Wolsey proposes to retire | 148 | |
| Proposals of Campeggio | 150 | |
| Attitude of Catherine | 152 | |
| Public Acknowledgment of Anne Boleyn | 154 | |
| Premature Intrigues | 156 | |
| The Great Council | 158 | |
| The Pope's Promise | 160 | |
| Failure of Wolsey's Policy | 162 | |
| Temper of England | 164 | |
| The Crisis | 165 | |
| The Fall of Wolsey | 166 | |
| The Third Estate | 169 | |
| Persecution | 171 | |
| Parties in England | 173 | |
| Early Character of Henry VIII. | 174 | |
| Early History of Anne Boleyn | 179 | |
| CHAPTER III. | ||
| THE PARLIAMENT OF 1529. | ||
| The Consistory Courts | 190 | |
| The Discipline of the Clergy | 195 | |
| Temper of London | 200 | |
| Meeting of Parliament | 204 | |
| Speech of Sir Thomas More | 204 | |
| Liberties of the House of Commons | 206 | |
| Petition to the Crown | 208 | |
| The Petition is referred to the Bishops | 220 | |
| Reply of the Bishops | 223 | |
| Character of the Defence | 241 | |
| Proceedings in Parliament | 243 | |
| Probate and Mortuary Act | 243 | |
| Clergy Discipline Act | 245 | |
| Residence and Pluralities Act | 246 | |
| Opposition in the House of Lords | 246 | |
| The Bills are passed | 248 | |
| Humiliation of the Bishops | 249 | |
| Prorogation of Parliament | 250 | |
| Inhibition issued by the Pope | 251 | |
| Appeal from the Pope to Christendom | 252 | |
| Charles V. at Bologna | 254 | |
| Clement the Seventh | 255 | |
| The European Powers and the Papacy | 256 | |
| Mission of the Earl of Wiltshire to the Emperor | 258 | |
| Attitude of Clement | 260 | |
| The Opinions of the Universities | 263 | |
| Bribery and Intimidation | 263 | |
| Conduct of the Lutherans | 265 | |
| The University of Paris | 267 | |
| Letter of Reginald Pole | 272 | |
| Oxford and Cambridge | 273 | |
| The King's Remedy | 276 | |
| Submission of Oxford | 278 | |
| Similar Proceedings at Cambridge | 278 | |
| A Sunday at Windsor | 279 | |
| Results of the Collection of Opinions | 283 | |
| The King's Book | 285 | |
| CHAPTER IV. | ||
| CHURCH AND STATE. | ||
| Change in the Position of the Clergy | 287 | |
| The Statutes of Provisors | 289 | |
| The Clergy in the Premunire | 294 | |
| They are Fined | 295 | |
| The King must be called Head of the Church | 296 | |
| Resistance of the Clergy | 298 | |
| They are compelled to submit | 299 | |
| Attempt to poison the Bishop of Rochester | 301 | |
| Poisoning declared High Treason | 303 | |
| Punishment of the Poisoner | 305 | |
| General Excitement in the Country | 308 | |
| Act against the Gipsies | 310 | |
| John Scott the Edinburgh Prophet | 311 | |
| Story of the Nun of Kent | 312 | |
| The Opinions of the Universities read in Parliament | 327 | |
| The Address of the Lords to the Pope | 328 | |
| The King and Queen Catherine separate | 335 | |
| The Party of Insurrection | 336 | |
| Perils of the Nation | 337 | |
| Levy of the Fine upon the Clergy | 338 | |
| Scene at St Paul's | 339 | |
| Convocation and the Body of Tracy | 342 | |
| Benefit of Clergy | 344 | |
| Reform of the Court of Arches | 347 | |
| Evasion of the Mortmain Act | 350 | |
| Payment of Annates | 351 | |
| Petition of the Clergy against the See of Rome | 354 | |
| The Annates Act passed conditionally | 355 | |
| The Convocation surrender their right of Independent Legislation | 357 | |
| Conclusion of the Legislative Revolution | 359 | |
| Effects of the Change | 360 | |
| Sir Thomas More resigns the Seals | 360 | |
| Protest and Death of Archbishop Warham | 363 | |
| CHAPTER V. | ||
| MARRIAGE OF HENRY AND ANNE BOLEYN. | ||
| Liberty of Opinion | 364 | |
| General Espionage | 365 | |
| Information forwarded to the Government | 366 | |
| The Greenwich Observants | 368 | |
| Father Peto's Sermon | 370 | |
| Religious Orders in England | 375 | |
| Position of Parties in Europe | 376 | |
| Meeting of the Kings | 382 | |
| The Interview at Calais | 387 | |
| Henry returns to England | 397 | |
| Vatican Diplomacy | 399 | |
| Interview between the Emperor and Pope | 402 | |
| The Bologna Conference | 406 | |
| The King marries | 411 | |
| Recapitulation | 411 | |
| Papal Brief and Menace of Excommunication | 414 | |
| Intrigues of Charles at Paris | 419 | |
| Francis inclines to the Pope | 420 | |
| Isolation of England | 422 | |
| Meeting of Parliament | 423 | |
| Economic Legislation | 423 | |
| Act of Apparel | 424 | |
| Act of Appeals | 426 | |
| Double Aspect of this Act | 434 | |
| The Divorce Question before Convocation | 439 | |
| Cranmer applies for License to proceed with the Cause | 441 | |
| Terms of the Application | 442 | |
| The King's Reply | 443 | |
| The Meaning of that Reply | 445 | |
| The Court at Dunstable | 446 | |
| Cranmer's Sentence | 447 | |
| Preparations for the Coronation of Anne | 451 | |
| Scene upon the Thames | 451 | |
| Pageant in the City | 452 | |
| The Procession | 453 | |
| The Appearance of the Queen | 454 | |
| Westminster Abbey | 458 | |
| The King's Letter to the Emperor | 461 | |
| The Emperor's Reply | 463 | |
| Prospects in England | 464 | |
| The Princess Dowager | 466 | |
| Royal Proclamation | 467 | |
| Symptoms of Disaffection in the Northern Counties | 468 | |
| Queen Catherine and the Deputation of the Council | 469 | |
| The Title of Princess Dowager | 470 | |
| Catherine's Protest | 474 | |
| Letter of Archbishop Cranmer to the English Ambassador in Germany | 477 | |
| Martyrdom of Frith and Hewett | 478 | |
| Retribution | 479 | |
| CHAPTER VI. | ||
| THE PROTESTANTS. | ||
| Ecclesiastical Agitation in the Fourteenth Century | 480 | |
| Disputes with the Papacy | 481 | |
| Presentations to Benefices | 482 | |
| Statute of Carlisle | 483 | |
| First Statute of Provisors | 485 | |
| Limitation of the Papal Prerogative | 486 | |
| Boniface IX. | 487 | |
| Excommunication of the Bishops | 487 | |
| Conduct of the Two Houses of Parliament | 489 | |
| Concessions of the Pope | 490 | |
| The Lollards | 491 | |
| Life of Wycliffe | 492 | |
| Translation of the Bible | 493 | |
| Lollard Theory of Property | 494 | |
| Insurrection of Wat Tyler | 495 | |
| Decline of the Influence of Wycliffe | 496 | |
| Act de Heretico comburendo | 498 | |
| Sir John Oldcastle | 501 | |
| Termination of the Lollard Movement | 502 | |
| New Birth of Protestantism | 504 | |
| The Christian Brothers | 504 | |
| Luther and Tyndal | 508 | |
| The Antwerp Printing Press | 510 | |
| Composition of the Protestant Body | 510 | |
| Their Doctrines and Character | 513 | |
| Feeling towards them of Henry VIII. | 516 | |
| Wolsey's Persecution | 517 | |
| Barnes and Latimer prosecuted | 518 | |
| Barnes does Penance at St Paul's | 521 | |
| Story of Anthony Dalaber | 522 | |
| Heresy at Oxford | 524 | |
| Books introduced from Germany | 525 | |
| Order for the Arrest of Thomas Garret | 525 | |
| Garret's Capture and Escape | 528 | |
| Vespers at Frideswide's | 531 | |
| Dalaber seized and imprisoned | 535 | |
| Search for Books | 539 | |
| The Heads of Houses consult an Astrologer | 540 | |
| Second Capture of Garret at Bristol | 543 | |
| The Bishop of Lincoln | 545 | |
| Extinction of the Movement at Oxford | 547 | |
| The History of Protestantism the History of its Martyrs | 547 | |
| Chancellorship of Sir Thomas More | 550 | |
| Laws for the Prosecution of Heretics | 551 | |
| Case of Thomas Philips | 552 | |
| Case of John Field | 556 | |
| Contrast between Wolsey and More | 559 | |
| Martyrdom of Bilney | 560 | |
| Martyrdom of James Bainhain | 561 | |
| Feelings of the People | 564 | |
| Pavier the Townclerk | 565 | |
| Roods and Relics | 567 | |
| The Rood of Dovercourt | 568 | |
| Early Life of Latimer | 571 | |
| Latimer's training at Cambridge | 573 | |
| His Fame as a Preacher | 574 | |
| Practical Character of his Mind | 575 | |
| He is cited before the Bishops | 579 | |
| The King interposes to save him | 582 | |
| History of Thomas Cromwell | 583 | |
| His wandering Youth | 584 | |
| His Services to Wolsey | 588 | |
| He becomes Henry's Secretary | 588 | |
| Will of Thomas Cromwell—1529 | 590 | |
CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.
| Page | |
| CHAPTER VII. | |
| THE LAST EFFORTS OF DIPLOMACY. | |
| Effect of the King's Marriage at Brussels | 2 |
| The King is cited to appear at Rome | 3 |
| Secret History of the Conduct of Clement | 4 |
| France and the Papacy | 5 |
| English Embassy at Paris | 6 |
| Henry appeals to a Council | 9 |
| Terms of the Appeal | 11 |
| Cranmer's Sentence is known at Rome | 14 |
| Indignation of the Cardinals | 14 |
| The Pope declares the Divorce illegal | 16 |
| Henry calls on the King of France to fulfil his Engagements | 18 |
| He urges him not to meet the Pope | 21 |
| The English Embassy is recalled | 22 |
| Intended Catholic Triumvirate | 23 |
| Mission of Sir Stephen Vaughan into Germany | 25 |
| Cold Reception by the Elector of Saxe | 25 |
| Birth of Elizabeth | 27 |
| The Pope arrives at Marseilles | 29 |
| Dr Bonner at the French Court | 31 |
| He presents the King of England's Appeal | 33 |
| The Appeal is rejected | 36 |
| The Pope's Promises | 37 |
| Proposal for a Legate's Court to sit at Cambray | 38 |
| Suspicions of Henry | 39 |
| He refuses the Pope's Overtures | 40 |
| State of England | 42 |
| The Princess Mary | 44 |
| Queen Catherine and the Friars | 50 |
| The Nun of Kent | 51 |
| The Countess of Salisbury and the Marchioness of Exeter | 56 |
| Danger of a White Rose Confederacy | 56 |
| Conspiracy to dethrone the King | 58 |
| D'Inteville to Cardinal Tournon | 59 |
| The Nun and Five Monks brought to Trial | 65 |
| Disgrace of Mary | 66 |
| The Countess of Salisbury | 66 |
| The Nevilles | 69 |
| General Superstition | 74 |
| Suggestion of a Protestant League | 76 |
| Mission of the Bishop of Paris to England and Rome | 78 |
| The Court of Brussels | 79 |
| Meeting of Parliament | 80 |
| Peculiarity of Cromwell's Genius | 82 |
| Opening Measures of the Session | 84 |
| The Congé d'Elire | 85 |
| Conditional Abolition of the Papal Authority in England | 89 |
| Attainder of the Nun and her Accomplices | 90 |
| Apology of Sir Thomas More | 91 |
| Obstinate Attitude of Fisher | 92 |
| The Bill of Attainder is passed | 94 |
| Execution of the Nun | 95 |
| The Act of Succession | 97 |
| The First Oath of Allegiance | 101 |
| Final Judgment pronounced by the Pope | 105 |
| The Imperialists undertake to execute the Sentence | 105 |
| Obscurity of the Papal Diplomacy | 107 |
| The Duke of Guise sent to warn Henry | 108 |
| The French Fleet watch the Channel | 109 |
| Commission at Lambeth to receive the Oath | 111 |
| More and Fisher refuse to swear | 113 |
| Debate in the Council | 115 |
| They are sent to the Tower | 118 |
| Proclamation on the Abolition of the Pope's Authority | 119 |
| Circular to the Sheriffs | 120 |
| Death and Character of Clement VII. | 123 |
| CHAPTER VIII. | |
| THE IRISH REBELLION. | |
| The Vision of the Holy Brigitta | 124 |
| State of Ireland | 125 |
| The Norman Conquest | 125 |
| The Irish Reaction and its Causes | 127 |
| Assimilation of the Normans to the Native Population | 129 |
| Perplexity of English Statesmen | 131 |
| Irregular Character of the English Administration | 133 |
| Peculiarities of the Irish Disposition | 134 |
| Division of the Country | 137 |
| Independence of the Chiefs | 141 |
| Wretchedness of the People | 142 |
| English and Irish Estimates of Anarchy | 143 |
| Ireland for the Irish | 145 |
| Coyne and Livery | 145 |
| The Geraldines of Kildare | 146 |
| Deputation of the Earl of Surrey | 151 |
| Exhortation of Henry to the Irish Chiefs | 151 |
| Surrey's Successes and Recall | 154 |
| Deputation of Lord Ormond | 155 |
| Intrigues of the Geraldines with the French | 156 |
| Deputation and Disgrace of the Earl of Kildare | 161 |
| Allen, Archbishop of Dublin | 163 |
| Restoration of Kildare | 164 |
| Ireland in its ideal Condition | 165 |
| The Irish declare for the Pope | 167 |
| Kildare is committed to the Tower | 168 |
| Desmond and the Emperor | 169 |
| Corney O'Brien | 170 |
| The Holy War of the Geraldines | 172 |
| Speech of Lord Thomas Fitzgerald | 172 |
| Pillage and Massacre | 173 |
| Siege of Dublin | 174 |
| Murder of the Archbishop of Dublin | 176 |
| Fitzgerald's Address to the Pope | 177 |
| Dublin saved by the Earl of Ormond | 178 |
| Second Siege of that City | 180 |
| Delay of the English Army | 181 |
| Ormond again saves Dublin | 181 |
| Arrival of the Fleet | 183 |
| Sir William Skeffington Deputy | 184 |
| Mistake and Incapacity | 185 |
| Burning of Trim and Dunboyne | 185 |
| Illness of Skeffington | 187 |
| Despondency and Disorganization of the English Army | 188 |
| The Campaign opens in the Spring | 191 |
| Siege of Maynooth | 192 |
| Storm of the Castle | 193 |
| The Pardon of Maynooth | 194 |
| The Rebellion collapses | 195 |
| Arrival of Lord Leonard Grey | 196 |
| Surrender of Lord Thomas Fitzgerald | 197 |
| Dilemma of the Government | 198 |
| Fitzgerald is executed | 200 |
| |
| CHAPTER IX. | |
| THE CATHOLIC MARTYRS. | |
| England in the Summer of 1534 | 201 |
| Disposition of the Clergy | 202 |
| The Order for Preaching | 204 |
| Secret Disaffection | 207 |
| The Confessional | 208 |
| Confession of John Staunton | 210 |
| A Priest's Opinion of the Obligation of an Oath | 211 |
| Catholic Treasons | 212 |
| Persecuting Laws | 214 |
| Effect of Circumstances on Policy | 215 |
| The Act of Supremacy | 217 |
| The new Act of Treason | 221 |
| Consent to the Royal Supremacy required of all Subjects | 223 |
| Election of Cardinal Farnese to the Papal Chair | 225 |
| Anxiety of the Emperor | 226 |
| Proposals for a Catholic Coalition | 227 |
| Counter-overtures of Francis to Henry | 229 |
| Change in Henry's Character | 230 |
| Distrust of France | 231 |
| England and the Papacy | 233 |
| The Charterhouse Monks | 236 |
| Story of Maurice Channey | 237 |
| John Haughton, Prior of the Charterhouse | 239 |
| The Monks take the Oath of Allegiance | 241 |
| They hear that they will be required to acknowledge the Supremacy | 242 |
| The Prior's Resolution | 243 |
| The Brethren prepare for Death | 244 |
| Hesitation of the Government | 245 |
| Resistance of the Clergy to the Royal Injunctions | 245 |
| Necessity of enforcing the Treason Act | 246 |
| The Prior of the Charterhouse before the Council | 249 |
| He is tried with Three other Monks and condemned | 251 |
| They are executed in their Habits | 251 |
| Further Executions | 253 |
| The House remains refractory | 254 |
| They are crushed | 255 |
| The Court is ordered into Mourning | 255 |
| The Anabaptist Martyrs | 257 |
| Fisher and More | 258 |
| The Council call on them for their Submission | 261 |
| They refuse | 262 |
| Fisher nominated a Cardinal | 264 |
| He is brought to trial and sentenced | 266 |
| Execution of Fisher | 267 |
| Conduct of More in the Tower | 267 |
| True Bill found against him by the Grand Jury | 268 |
| His Trial at Westminster | 269 |
| Substance of the Indictment | 270 |
| He declines finally to submit | 271 |
| The Chancellor passes Sentence | 271 |
| He returns to the Tower | 272 |
| Margaret Roper | 272 |
| The Last Days | 274 |
| The First of July | 275 |
| The Scaffold | 275 |
| Effect of the Executions in Europe | 277 |
| General Displeasure | 278 |
| Remonstrances of Francis | 280 |
| Answer of the English Government | 281 |
| Letter of Cromwell to Sir Gregory Cassalis | 283 |
| The Pope's Reply to that Letter | 287 |
| Bull of Deposition | 288 |
| Intrigues of Francis in Germany | 290 |
| Mission of the Bishop of Hereford | 293 |
| England and the Lutherans | 297 |
| CHAPTER X. | |
| THE VISITATION OF THE MONASTERIES. | |
| Exemptions of the Religious Houses | 298 |
| Original Character of Monasticism | 299 |
| Abuses of Administration | 301 |
| Neglect of Duties | 302 |
| Dishonest Administration of the Lands | 303 |
| Precedents of Suppression | 304 |
| The Abbey of St Alban's | 304 |
| The Visitation of Archbishop Warham | 309 |
| Issue of a Royal Commission | 310 |
| Objects of the New Visitation | 311 |
| Inhibition against the Bishops | 311 |
| The Visitors at Oxford | 312 |
| Condition of the University | 312 |
| Revolution of Studies | 314 |
| Fate of Duns Scotus | 314 |
| The Animus Improbus | 316 |
| Abuses of the Confessional | 317 |
| Visitors' Reports | 318 |
| Langden Abbey | 318 |
| Nunnery at Lichfield | 319 |
| The Abbot of Fountains | 320 |
| Fraudulent Concealment of Property | 321 |
| Scene at Norton | 322 |
| Desire of Monks to be released from their Vows | 324 |
| Father Beerley, of Pershore | 324 |
| Nature of the Argument against the Monasteries | 326 |
| General Directions of the Visitors | 327 |
| Presentation of the Report in Parliament | 331 |
| Substance of its Contents | 332 |
| Debate in the House | 333 |
| Different Opinions of the Reformers | 335 |
| Theory of the Duties of Property | 336 |
| Acts of Dissolution | 338 |
| Conduct of the Bishops | 341 |
| Letter of Thomas Dorset | 343 |
| State of London | 343 |
| The Firstfruits of the Suppression | 344 |
| Favour shown to the Universities | 346 |
| Dissolution of Parliament | 347 |
| Summary of its Labours | 348 |
| CHAPTER XI. | |
| TRIAL AND DEATH OF ANNE BOLEYN. | |
| Last Days of Queen Catherine | 351 |
| Effects of her Death upon the King | 352 |
| Guilt or Innocence of Anne Boleyn | 354 |
| Nature of the Question | 355 |
| Conduct of Anne since her Marriage | 356 |
| Secret Investigation by a Committee of the Privy Council | 359 |
| Writs issued for a new Parliament | 360 |
| Arrest of the Queen | 361 |
| Examination of Norris, Weston, and Smeton | 362 |
| The Queen committed to the Tower | 363 |
| Reported Conversations | 364 |
| Cranmer writes to the King | 367 |
| Cranmer sent for to the Star Chamber | 370 |
| Postscript to his Letter | 370 |
| The Queen asserts her Innocence | 373 |
| Preparations for the Trial | 377 |
| The Special Commission | 377 |
| True Bills found by the Grand Juries | 379 |
| The Indictment | 380 |
| Opposing Improbabilities | 382 |
| The Court opens for the Trial of the Four Commoners | 386 |
| Norris, Western, Smeton, and Brereton found guilty | 386 |
| List of the Peers summoned to try the Queen | 388 |
| Account of the Proceedings in the Baga de Secretis | 388 |
| Weight of the Peers' Verdict as an Evidence | 388 |
| The Facts in favour of the Queen | 391 |
| The Facts against her | 391 |
| Mysterious Acknowledgment made by her to Cramner | 395 |
| She is pronounced Divorced | 396 |
| The Execution | 399 |
| New Danger to the Succession | 400 |
| Lord Thomas Howard and Lady Margaret Douglas | 401 |
| The King's Third Marriage | 402 |
| Meeting of Parliament | 404 |
| Speech of the Lord Chancellor | 405 |
| The Speech digested into a Statute | 407 |
| Second Act of Succession | 408 |
| The Parliament endorse all the Proceedings in the late Trials | 409 |
| Opinion of Parliament upon the King's Third Marriage | 410 |
| Power is granted to the King to bequeath the Crown by Will | 412 |
| CHAPTER XII. | |
| FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC ASPECTS OF THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND. | |
| Attitude of the Catholic Powers | 416 |
| Animosity against England in Spain | 417 |
| Schemes for a Holy War | 419 |
| Persecution of Protestants in France | 420 |
| Effects of the Death of Queen Catherine | 424 |
| War between France and the Empire | 425 |
| The Emperor and the Pope make advances to England | 426 |
| The French occupy Piedmont | 429 |
| Scene in the Consistory at Rome | 430 |
| The Emperor invades France | 432 |
| Message of Paul the Third to Henry the Eighth | 436 |
| Prospects of a Reconciliation | 437 |
| History of Reginald Pole | 438 |
| His Opinion is required on the Supremacy of the Crown | 440 |
| The 'Liber de Unitate' written in Italy | 444 |
| Pole's Advice to the Pope | 446 |
| He sends his Book to England | 447 |
| The Contents of that Book | 448 |
| He is required to return to England | 465 |
| He sends Explanations, and is allowed to remain abroad | 467 |
| England seen from within | 469 |
| Convocation of 1536 | 470 |
| Sermon preached by Latimer | 471 |
| Spirit of the Clergy | 475 |
| Complaints of the Growth of Heresy | 476 |
| Protestant Excesses | 477 |
| First Articles of Religion | 481 |
| The Sacraments | 482 |
| Customs and Rituals | 485 |
| Purgatory | 486 |
| Judgments on General Councils | 488 |
| Injunctions of the Vicar-General | 489 |
| Translation of the Bible | 491 |
| Dedicatory Epistle of Coverdale | 494 |
| Description of the Frontispiece | 496 |
| Martyrdom of Tyndal | 498 |
| |
| CHAPTER XIII. | |
| THE PILGRIMAGE OF GRACE. | |
| Causes of Popular Disaffection | 499 |
| Changes in the Practices of the House of Lords | 500 |
| Suppression of the Religious Houses | 501 |
| The Statute of Uses | 502 |
| Absorption of small Tenures | 503 |
| Enclosures of Commons | 505 |
| Encroachments upon Local Jurisdictions | 507 |
| Conduct of the Monastic Commissioners | 510 |
| Extravagant Reports of the Intentions of the Government | 512 |
| Procession of the Commons at Louth | 514 |
| Outbreak of the Insurrection in Lincolnshire | 515 |
| Articles of the Rebellion | 518 |
| Murder of the Chancellor of the Bishop of Lincoln | 519 |
| Lord Hussey of Sleford | 520 |
| Lord Shrewsbury raises his Powers | 522 |
| Disposition of the Country | 524 |
| The Duke of Suffolk advances to Stamford | 525 |
| The King's Answer to the Rebel Petition | 527 |
| Scene in the Chapter-House at Lincoln | 529 |
| Dissensions among the Insurgents | 530 |
| Suffolk occupies Lincoln | 531 |
| A Hunting Party in Yorkyswold | 533 |
| Robert Aske in Lincolnshire | 534 |
| The Rising of the North | 535 |
| Scene in Beverley | 537 |
| Character and Conduct of Lord Darcy | 539 |
| The Rendezvous at Weighton | 543 |
| York taken by the Rebels | 545 |
| Aske advances upon Pomfret | 548 |
| Surrender of Hull | 552 |
| Defence of Skipton Castle | 553 |
| The Duke of Norfolk goes to Doncaster | 556 |
| Lancaster Herald at Pomfret | 559 |
| The Gathering of the Northern Nobles | 562 |
| Loyalty of the Earl of Northumberland | 563 |
| The two Armies at Doncaster | 565 |
| Conference on Doncaster Bridge | 570 |
| Messengers are despatched to the King | 571 |
| Debates in Council | 575 |
| Efforts of the King to dissolve the Combination | 576 |
| Aske's Measures of Organization | 580 |
| Projects to seize or Murder him | 581 |
| Rebel Council at York | 584 |
| The Parliament of Pomfret | 587 |
| Concessions granted by the King | 589 |
| Agreement of Doncaster | 590 |
| Policy for the future Government of the North | 592 |
| Aske goes to London | 595 |
| He writes a Letter of Warning to the King | 596 |
CONTENTS OF VOLUME III.
| CHAPTER XIV. | ||
| THE COMMISSION OF CARDINAL POLE. | ||
| Midnight Mass on Christmas Eve in St Peter's | 1 | |
| Reginald Pole is commissioned to France and Flanders | 3 | |
| The Pope's Letters | 5 | |
| Fresh Disturbances in Yorkshire | 8 | |
| Insurrection of Bigod and Hallam | 9 | |
| Divided Counsels | 13 | |
| The Duke of Norfolk at Pomfret | 15 | |
| Attack on Carlisle | 16 | |
| Martial Law and Executions | 19 | |
| The King of France refuses an Interview to Pole | 20 | |
| Pole retires to Cambray, and thence to Liège | 21 | |
| Treasons and Arrests in England | 23 | |
| Aske, Darcy, and Constable | 25 | |
| Trials of the Lincolnshire Prisoners | 27 | |
| Trials in Yorkshire and London | 29 | |
| Last Petitions of Aske and Darcy | 33 | |
| Executions on Tower Hill and at Tyburn | 34 | |
| Death of Aske | 38 | |
| The noble Catholics and the ignoble | 40 | |
| Reginald Pole at Liège | 40 | |
| Cromwell and Michael Throgmorton | 43 | |
| Illustrative Sketches of the Condition of England | 49 | |
| The Parish Church at Woodstock | 51 | |
| The Minstrel of Winandermere | 52 | |
| The Abbots of Stratford and Woburn | 57 | |
| Discussions on the Sacraments | 59 | |
| The Bishop's Book | 60 | |
| State of the Navy | 63 | |
| Piracy in the Channel | 63 | |
| Interruption of Commerce | 66 | |
| Action in Mounts Bay | 67 | |
| Action in the Downs | 68 | |
| Survey of the Coasts | 70 | |
| Erection of Castles and Fortresses | 70 | |
| Ill-health of the King | 72 | |
| Birth of the Prince of Wales | 73 | |
| Death of Jane Seymour | 75 | |
| Extravagant Rumours | 77 | |
| Directions for the Management of the Prince | 78 | |
| Projection of a fresh Marriage | 80 | |
| CHAPTER XV. | ||
| THE EXETER CONSPIRACY. | ||
| England, France, the Empire, and the Lutherans | 82 | |
| Renewed Advances of Charles to Henry | 84 | |
| Commission of Sir Thomas Wyatt | 84 | |
| Negotiation for a Marriage between Henry and the Duchess of Milan | 88 | |
| Doubts of Charles's Sincerity | 91 | |
| The Pacification of Nice | 94 | |
| English Society at Villa Franca | 95 | |
| State of the Abbeys which had escaped Suppression | 97 | |
| Voluntary Surrenders | 98 | |
| Images and Relics | 99 | |
| The Rood of Boxley | 102 | |
| Friar Forest | 105 | |
| Anglican Definition of Heresy | 107 | |
| Dderfel Gadern | 108 | |
| Execution of Forest | 110 | |
| Destruction of Shrines | 112 | |
| St Thomas of Canterbury | 113 | |
| Returning Coldness of the Emperor | 117 | |
| The Pope issues the Censures against the King | 119 | |
| Second Mission of Reginald Pole | 120 | |
| Recall of the Spanish Ambassador from London | 122 | |
| Pole's Apology to Charles V. | 122 | |
| Project for a Spanish Force to be landed in Ireland | 126 | |
| Political Condition of England | 129 | |
| The Marquis of Exeter and the Nevilles | 131 | |
| Quarrel between Exeter and Cromwell | 132 | |
| The Banner of St Kevern | 134 | |
| Conspiracy in Cornwall | 135 | |
| Arrest of Holland | 137 | |
| Treachery of Sir Geoffrey Pole | 138 | |
| Lady Salisbury examined by Lord Southampton | 141 | |
| Trial of Exeter and Lord Montague | 143 | |
| And of Sir Andrew Neville and Sir Nicholas Carew | 146 | |
| The Scaffold on Tower Hill | 147 | |
| Henry makes advances to the Lutherans | 150 | |
| Persecution of the Ultra-Protestants—Advice of the Landgrave of Hesse | 151 | |
| Lambert accused of Heresy by Barnes | 152 | |
| Trial of Lambert | 153 | |
| Reginald Pole in Spain | 156 | |
| Rumour of an intended Invasion of England | 157 | |
| Preparations at Antwerp | 160 | |
| The Country arms, and the King goes down to Dover | 162 | |
| The Emperor's Fleet is dispersed | 165 | |
| Despair of Pole | 167 | |
| Review of the London Train-bands | 171 | |
| | ||
| CHAPTER XVI. | ||
| THE SIX ARTICLES. | ||
| Spirit of Persecution | 175 | |
| State of Parties | 176 | |
| The Creed of the King | 178 | |
| Prospects of Cromwell | 179 | |
| Appeal of Henry to the Nation | 180 | |
| General Pardon | 183 | |
| Difficulties of Protestantism | 185 | |
| Marriage of the Clergy | 186 | |
| An Execution at Ipswich | 188 | |
| Details of the Election of 1539 | 189 | |
| Despotic Interference at Canterbury | 191 | |
| Meeting of Parliament | 194 | |
| Appointment of a Committee of Opinion | 194 | |
| Attainder of the Poles | 196 | |
| The Duke of Norfolk opens the Discussion of the Six Articles | 198 | |
| Act of Proclamations | 201 | |
| Address of the King to the People | 203 | |
| Final Dissolution of the Monasteries | 205 | |
| Extension of the Episcopate | 207 | |
| The Bill of the Six Articles | 208 | |
| General Approbation of the Country | 212 | |
| Protest of Melancthon | 213 | |
| Development of the Statute | 216 | |
| The King interferes | 218 | |
| Second Pardon | 218 | |
| Condition of English Criminal Law | 220 | |
| The Severity of the Letter and the Laxity of the Execution | 223 | |
| Specimens in Illustration | 226 | |
| Description of a Sanctuary | 228 | |
| State of the Welsh Marches | 229 | |
| Letters of Rowland Lee to Cromwell | 231 | |
| Want of Energy among the Magistrates | 234 | |
| Issue of a Special Commission | 237 | |
| The Abbots of Reading and Colchester | 239 | |
| The Abbot of Glastonbury | 240 | |
| Secretion of Plate and Jewels | 241 | |
| Evidence of Treason discovered against the Abbot | 244 | |
| The Abbot is tried at Wells | 246 | |
| And dies on Glastonbury Torre | 247 | |
| CHAPTER XVII. | ||
| ANNE OF CLEVES AND THE FALL OF CROMWELL. | ||
| Impatience of the Country for the King's Marriage | 248 | |
| Eagerness of Cromwell for an Alliance with the Lutherans | 249 | |
| Recommendations of Anne of Cleves | 251 | |
| Cromwell and the Peers | 253 | |
| Critical Position of Cromwell | 255 | |
| He prepares for his Fall | 257 | |
| Dissensions in the Privy Council | 259 | |
| Intemperance of the Protestants | 260 | |
| Prosecution of Dr Watts | 262 | |
| Charles V. at Paris | 264 | |
| Alarm in England and Exultation at Rome | 265 | |
| Charles brings with him an English Refugee | 266 | |
| Angry Interview between Charles and Sir Thomas Wyatt | 269 | |
| Anne of Cleves lands in England | 271 | |
| First Impressions on the King | 273 | |
| Anne arrives at Greenwich | 275 | |
| Efforts of the King to avoid the Marriage | 276 | |
| The Marriage is completed | 278 | |
| Controversy between Barnes and Gardiner | 281 | |
| Menacing Relations with the Emperor | 283 | |
| Unsuccessful Overtures of Henry to Francis | 286 | |
| The German Princes fall away | 288 | |
| Meeting of Parliament | 290 | |
| Cromwell's Opening Speech | 291 | |
| Progress of Legislation | 293 | |
| A Subsidy Bill | 295 | |
| Attainders of Romanists | 297 | |
| Ill Success of the Marriage | 298 | |
| Hints of a Divorce | 300 | |
| Conspiracy against Cromwell | 302 | |
| Cromwell arrested at the Council Table | 304 | |
| Articles of Accusation | 308 | |
| Intercession of Cramner | 311 | |
| The Bill of Attainder | 314 | |
| Instant Revival of Persecution | 316 | |
| The King's Marriage submitted to Convocation | 318 | |
| Depositions of Witnesses | 319 | |
| The Marriage is declared to be dissolved | 322 | |
| Settlements on Anne of Cleves | 324 | |
| Displeasure of the Duke of Cleves | 326 | |
| Satisfaction of the Emperor | 329 | |
| Committee of Religion | 331 | |
| Conspiracy at Calais | 332 | |
| Barnes, Garret, and Jerome attainted of Heresy | 333 | |
| Close of the Cromwell Tragedy | 335 | |
| His Last Words on the Scaffold | 337 | |
| Character of Cromwell | 339 | |
| | ||
| CHAPTER XVIII. | ||
| SCOTLAND AND IRELAND. | ||
| Outlines of Scottish Character | 343 | |
| English Conquests and Failures | 345 | |
| Policy of Conciliation | 347 | |
| Regency of the Duke of Albany | 349 | |
| Feuds of the Nobles | 350 | |
| The Queen-Mother | 351 | |
| English and French Factions | 353 | |
| War with England | 355 | |
| Deposition of Albany | 357 | |
| Intrigues of the Queen-Mother | 359 | |
| The Earl of Angus | 359 | |
| Conspiracies among the Lords | 363 | |
| Angus in Edinburgh | 365 | |
| Compromise of Parties—the Council of Eight | 369 | |
| Treaty with England | 369 | |
| Anarchy | 372 | |
| Overthrow and Exile of Angus | 375 | |
| Character of James the Fifth | 375 | |
| James inclines to the Papacy | 376 | |
| Proposed Interview between James and Henry | 379 | |
| Weakness of James | 381 | |
| Marriage with Magdalen de Valois | 384 | |
| Misfortunes of Queen Margaret | 386 | |
| James returns from France | 387 | |
| Persecution of the Douglases | 390 | |
| The Catholic Coalition | 392 | |
| Mission of Sir Ralph Sadler to Edinburgh | 392 | |
| Protestants in Scotland | 397 | |
| Birth of John Knox | 398 | |
| Patrick Hamilton | 399 | |
| Alexander Ferrier | 401 | |
| Persecution | 404 | |
| State of Ireland | 407 | |
| Lord Leonard Grey is made Deputy | 408 | |
| Expedition into Munster | 410 | |
| O'Brien's Bridge | 411 | |
| Carrigogonnell | 411 | |
| The Irish Convocation | 414 | |
| Admonitions of the King | 416 | |
| Quarrels between the Deputy and the Council | 418 | |
| An Irish Outrage | 420 | |
| Despatch for a Commission from England | 422 | |
| Irish Leanings of the Deputy | 423 | |
| League of the Irish Chiefs | 428 | |
| The Deputy goes to Connaught | 429 | |
| Displeasure of the King | 431 | |
| Rising of the Clans | 434 | |
| Defeat of O'Neil | 435 | |
| Misconduct of Grey | 437 | |
| He returns to England, and is accused of Treason | 439 | |
| Trial and Execution of Grey | 442 | |
| Dissolution of the Irish Abbeys | 443 | |
| CHAPTER XIX. | ||
| SOLWAY MOSS. | ||
| Effects of the Fall of Cromwell | 445 | |
| The King marries Catherine Howard | 446 | |
| Differences between England and France | 448 | |
| The Treaty of Moor Park | 451 | |
| The Milan Difficulty | 452 | |
| Charge of Treason against Sir John Wallop and Sir Thomas Wyatt | 455 | |
| Insurrection of Sir John Neville | 457 | |
| The Countess of Salisbury | 457 | |
| Lord Dacres of the South | 460 | |
| Royal Progress into Yorkshire | 463 | |
| Misconduct of Catherine Howard | 466 | |
| Debate at the Council | 468 | |
| Partial Confession of the Queen | 468 | |
| Night Incident at Pomfret | 469 | |
| The King's Misadventures in Marriage | 470 | |
| Trial and Execution of the Queen's Accomplices | 474 | |
| Meeting of Parliament | 474 | |
| Speech of the Chancellor | 475 | |
| Prosecution of the Queen | 477 | |
| The Queen attainted and executed | 480 | |
| Catherine Parr | 483 | |
| Sanctuary Laws | 485 | |
| Question of Privilege | 487 | |
| Case of Ferrars | 488 | |
| Condition of England | 491 | |
| Prospect of a War with France | 492 | |
| France, Turkey, and the Empire | 493 | |
| Misfortunes of the Emperor in Africa | 495 | |
| Surprise of Marano | 497 | |
| Parties in the French Court | 501 | |
| French Debts to England | 502 | |
| Piracy in the Channel | 503 | |
| Probability of an Anglo-Imperial Alliance | 507 | |
| French Repudiation | 509 | |
| War between France and the Empire | 510 | |
| The Emperor and the Papacy | 512 | |
| Failures of the French | 515 | |
| Defeat of Ferdinand by the Turks | 516 | |
| Scottish Difficulties | 517 | |
| Halydon Rigg | 518 | |
| English Manifesto against Scotland | 520 | |
| The Duke of Norfolk passes the Tweed | 525 | |
| Intrigues of Cardinal Beton | 527 | |
| The Gathering of Lochmaben | 528 | |
| Solway Moss | 531 | |
| Murder of an English Herald | 532 | |
| Death of James V. | 534 | |
| CHAPTER XX. | ||
| THE FRENCH WAR. | ||
| Attitudes of the European Powers | 535 | |
| Consequences of the Defeat at Solway | 538 | |
| Imprisonment of Beton | 540 | |
| Prospect of a Union with England | 541 | |
| Return of the Solway Prisoners | 545 | |
| Agitation in France | 546 | |
| Regency of the Earl of Arran | 548 | |
| Discussion of the Terms offered by England | 549 | |
| Character of Beton | 550 | |
| Meeting of the Scottish Parliament | 552 | |
| Reviving Jealousy of England | 554 | |
| Toleration of the Protestants | 554 | |
| Temper of Parties | 556 | |
| Mary of Guise | 557 | |
| Release of Beton | 559 | |
| Intrigue and Treachery | 561 | |
| Doubtful Disposition of the Regent | 563 | |
| The Clergy declare for War with England | 566 | |
| Second Message from Henry | 569 | |
| Efforts of the Peace Party | 569 | |
| Menaces of the Clergy | 572 | |
| Defeat of French Ships by the English | 573 | |
| The Queen is carried off by Beton | 575 | |
| The Regent goes over to the War Party | 579 | |
| Coronation of the Queen | 579 | |
| Final Rupture with England | 580 | |
| A Legate arrives from Rome | 582 | |
| The Solway Prisoners break their Parole | 582 | |
| Message of Henry to the Scottish Parliament | 585 | |
| Rival Factions in London and Paris | 588 | |
| Attitude of the Howards | 589 | |
| The Earl of Surrey and the Riot in London | 590 | |
| Arrest of English Ships in France | 593 | |
| Treaty between England and the Empire | 595 | |
| Consternation of the Romanists | 600 | |
| Alarm of Francis | 602 | |
| Diet of Nuremburg | 604 | |
| Formal Demands of England upon France | 607 | |
| The French invade Flanders | 609 | |
| An English Contingent is despatched to assist the Regent | 609 | |
| The Lists of Terouenne | 610 | |
| The Turks in the Mediterranean | 612 | |
| Confusion of Parties in Europe | 614 | |
| The Emperor enters Germany | 616 | |
| Storming of Duren | 617 | |
| Submission of the Duke of Cleves | 619 | |
| The Emperor joins the Army in Flanders | 620 | |
| Siege of Landrecy | 622 | |
| Retreat of the French | 623 | |
| Plans for the ensuing Year | 624 | |
CONTENTS OF VOLUME IV.
| CHAPTER XXI. | ||
| THE PEACE OF CREPY. | ||
| Efforts of Gardiner in England | 1 | |
| The English Bible | 2 | |
| Intrigue against Cranmer | 5 | |
| Persecution at Windsor | 6 | |
| Revision of the Persecuting Acts | 9 | |
| Money voted for the War by Parliament | 12 | |
| Remission of a Loan | 13 | |
| Act of Succession | 14 | |
| Persecution in Scotland | 16 | |
| The Protestants of Perth | 16 | |
| The Earl of Lennox joins the English Party | 19 | |
| Henry prepares to invade Scotland | 23 | |
| League with the Lords inclined to the English Alliance | 24 | |
| Conspiracy to kill Beton | 27 | |
| The English Fleet at Leith | 32 | |
| Lord Hertford burns Edinburgh | 35 | |
| War on the Borders | 37 | |
| Intrigues of France to separate Charles and Henry | 39 | |
| Meeting of the Diet of Speyer | 41 | |
| Quarrels between Catholics and Protestants | 43 | |
| The Edicts of Speyer | 45 | |
| Plans for the Campaign in France | 46 | |
| Henry cannot accede to the Proposals of Charles | 48 | |
| Treachery of German Mercenaries | 51 | |
| The Emperor lays Siege to St Dizier | 52 | |
| Separate Terms of Peace offered to England and refused | 54 | |
| Ambiguous Attitude of Charles and Granvelle | 55 | |
| Surrender of St Dizier | 58 | |
| Secret Overtures to the Emperor | 59 | |
| The Emperor marches into France | 60 | |
| His Army is embarrassed, and he desires Peace | 60 | |
| Mission of the Bishop of Arras to Henry | 62 | |
| Siege and Capture of Boulogne by the English | 63 | |
| Return of Arras with Henry's conditional Consent | 65 | |
| The Emperor makes Peace without securing those Conditions | 66 | |
| Remarks on the Emperor's Conduct | 67 | |
| Letter of Remonstrance from the Pope to the Emperor | 71 | |
| English Indignation at the Peace | 75 | |
| The French attempt to surprise Boulogne | 77 | |
| They fail and retreat | 78 | |
| Conference at Calais | 79 | |
| Secret Communication of Cardinal du Bellay | 81 | |
| The Conference dissolves ineffectually | 83 | |
| Embassy to Brussels | 85 | |
| Letter of Gardiner to the Bishop of Arras | 89 | |
| Remonstrances with the Emperor | 91 | |
| Unfavourable Prospects | 93 | |
| The German Princes offer their Services to England | 95 | |
| CHAPTER XXII. | ||
| THE INVASION. | ||
| Expenses of the War | 98 | |
| Demand for a Benevolence | 99 | |
| Alderman Reed | 101 | |
| The French besiege Boulogne | 103 | |
| Defeat of De Biez by Lord Hertford | 104 | |
| Battle of Ancram Muir | 107 | |
| Lord Hertford is sent to the Borders | 109 | |
| Menacing Relations with the Empire | 110 | |
| The Elector refuses to consent to an Anglo-Lutheran League | 113 | |
| Isolation of England | 114 | |
| Interview between Sir William Paget and the Emperor | 116 | |
| Lamentations of Paget over the Wickedness of the World | 120 | |
| The Council of Trent | 121 | |
| Popularity of Henry in Northern Italy | 123 | |
| The Diet of Worms | 124 | |
| Preparations in France for the Invasion of England | 126 | |
| English Force under Arms | 127 | |
| The Fleet at Portsmouth | 128 | |
| Arrival of the French at the Isle of Wight | 131 | |
| Indecisive Action | 132 | |
| Loss of the 'Mary Rose' and of 'La Maîtresse' | 133 | |
| Skirmishes in the Island | 135 | |
| Skirmish at Shanklin | 138 | |
| Projected Attack upon the French Fleet | 139 | |
| Slight Action off Shoreham | 142 | |
| The Plague in the French Ships | 143 | |
| Failure and Retreat | 143 | |
| Inroads into Scotland | 145 | |
| Siege of Boulogne | 147 | |
| Francis of Lorraine | 148 | |
| The French raise the Siege | 149 | |
| Injuries and Reprisals between England and the Empire | 151 | |
| Death of the Duke of Orleans | 155 | |
| Meditated Treachery of the Catholic Powers | 156 | |
| Conference at Brussels | 159 | |
| Second Conference at Calais | 160 | |
| Female Intrigues at Paris | 163 | |
| Terms offered by France | 164 | |
| Diplomacy of Sir William Paget | 166 | |
| Renewal of the War | 168 | |
| The Closing Conference | 171 | |
| Final Conditions of Peace | 172 | |
| English Financial Difficulties | 173 | |
| Triumph of Beton in Scotland | 175 | |
| George Wishart | 176 | |
| St Andrews on the 29th of May | 181 | |
| Murder of Beton | 182 | |
| CHAPTER XXIII. | ||
| THE DEATH OF HENRY THE EIGHTH. | ||
| Progress of Internal Reform | 185 | |
| The Influence of the Bible | 187 | |
| Publication of the Litany in English | 189 | |
| An English Prayer Book | 190 | |
| The Dissolution of Chantries | 193 | |
| Attempted Heresy Bill | 195 | |
| The King's Last Speech in Parliament | 197 | |
| Alarm of the Conservatives | 199 | |
| Measures of Persecution | 200 | |
| Examination of Latimer | 202 | |
| History of Anne Ascue | 204 | |
| Moderate Tendencies of the King | 210 | |
| Fresh Offers to the Germans | 211 | |
| Decay of the King's Health and Prospects of the Kingdom | 213 | |
| Schemes of the Conservatives | 214 | |
| Proceedings of the Earl of Surrey | 216 | |
| Depositions of Witnesses | 217 | |
| Objects of the Conspiracy | 221 | |
| General Conclusions from the Evidence | 225 | |
| Meeting of Parliament and Attainder of Surrey and Norfolk | 227 | |
| Death of the King | 228 | |
| His last Will | 229 | |
| His Character | 236 | |
| CHAPTER XXIV. | ||
| THE PROTECTORATE. | ||
| Constitution of the Body of Trustees | 244 | |
| Last Directions of Henry VIII. | 245 | |
| Lord Hertford is made Protector | 247 | |
| Proposed Enlargement of the Peerage | 249 | |
| The King's Will is imperfectly obeyed | 251 | |
| State of the Currency | 251 | |
| Reconstitution of the Episcopate | 253 | |
| Deposition of the Lord Chancellor | 254 | |
| The Protector takes out a new Commission | 255 | |
| The Council of Trent | 257 | |
| War in Germany | 261 | |
| Dissolution of the League of Smalcalde | 263 | |
| Proposed Invasion of England by the Emperor | 264 | |
| The Council of Trent | 266 | |
| Perils of England | 267 | |
| Danger of a new War with France | 268 | |
| England, Scotland, and France | 270 | |
| The Castle of St Andrew's | 271 | |
| The Protector proposes to invade Scotland | 274 | |
| Progress of the Reformation | 276 | |
| Remonstrances of Gardiner | 277 | |
| The Purification of the Churches | 279 | |
| The Homilies and the General Visit | 280 | |
| Battle of Muhlberg | 282 | |
| Fall of the Castle of St Andrew's | 284 | |
| Invasion of Scotland | 288 | |
| The Protector crosses the Border | 289 | |
| Battle of Pinkie Cleugh | 291 | |
| The Visitation | 297 | |
| Imprisonment of Bonner | 299 | |
| Remonstrances of Gardiner | 300 | |
| Gardiner is Imprisoned | 302 | |
| Return of the Protector | 304 | |
| Meeting of Parliament | 305 | |
| Repeal of the Penal Statutes | 305 | |
| The Proctors of the Clergy demand Seats in Parliament | 308 | |
| Vagrancy Acts | 310 | |
| Chantries and Colleges Acts | 312 | |
| CHAPTER XXV. | ||
| THE PROTECTORATE. | ||
| Alliance between France and Scotland | 316 | |
| The English fortify Haddington | 318 | |
| A French Army lands in Scotland | 319 | |
| Convention of Haddington | 320 | |
| Siege of Haddington | 322 | |
| Fray between the French and Scots in Edinburgh | 324 | |
| Night Attack of Haddington | 325 | |
| The English lose ground | 327 | |
| Differences with France | 329 | |
| Diet of Augsburg | 329 | |
| Differences between the Pope and the Emperor | 332 | |
| The Interim | 334 | |
| The Protestant Preachers in England | 340 | |
| Genevan Tendencies of the Reformers | 340 | |
| Advice of Calvin to the Protector | 341 | |
| Persecution of Gardiner | 342 | |
| The Materials of Somerset House | 348 | |
| The Social Revolution | 350 | |
| Continued Debasement of the Currency | 350 | |
| General Distress | 352 | |
| The Protestant Creed | 354 | |
| Moral Consequences of the Reformation | 355 | |
| Landlord and Tenant | 359 | |
| Luxury and Misery | 360 | |
| The Enclosures' Commission | 364 | |
| Lord Seymour of Sudleye | 362 | |
| Seymour's Marriage with Catherine Parr | 371 | |
| Seymour makes a Party against his Brother | 374 | |
| He connects himself with the Channel Pirates | 378 | |
| Catherine Parr dies | 379 | |
| Seymour desires to marry Elizabeth | 380 | |
| The English Prayer Book | 382 | |
| The Real Presence | 384 | |
| The First Act of Uniformity | 386 | |
| Seymour is arrested | 389 | |
| He refuses to answer the Questions of the Council | 391 | |
| He is attainted by Act of Parliament | 394 | |
| He is executed | 395 | |
| CHAPTER XXVI. | ||
| THE FALL OF THE PROTECTOR. | ||
| Social Disorders | 397 | |
| Boulogne is menaced by the French | 400 | |
| Perils of England | 402 | |
| Spread of wild Opinions | 405 | |
| The Protector's Mistakes | 404 | |
| Heresy Commission | 407 | |
| Popular Riots | 408 | |
| The Rising of the West | 409 | |
| The Barns of Crediton | 412 | |
| Disputes between the Protector and the Council | 415 | |
| Demands of the Western Rebels | 416 | |
| The Protector's Dilemma | 419 | |
| Advice of Sir William Paget | 420 | |
| The Council act for themselves | 423 | |
| Persecution of Bonner | 423 | |
| Lord Grey in Oxfordshire | 425 | |
| Siege of Exeter | 427 | |
| Lord Russell at Honiton | 429 | |
| Skirmish at Ferrington Bridge | 429 | |
| St Mary's Clyst | 430 | |
| Defeat of the Rebels | 431 | |
| Battle of Sampford Courtenay | 434 | |
| Martial Law | 437 | |
| The Mayor of Bodmin | 438 | |
| The Priest of St Thomas's | 439 | |
| Ket's Rebellion in Norfolk | 440 | |
| The Camp on Mousehold Hill | 441 | |
| Defeat of Lord Northampton by the Insurgents | 446 | |
| The Earl of Warwick is sent to put them down | 447 | |
| Warwick at Norwich | 450 | |
| Destruction of the Rebels in Duffindale | 452 | |
| Close of the Insurrection | 454 | |
| The Council of Trent | 455 | |
| Approaching War between France and the Empire | 457 | |
| The French attack Boulogne | 460 | |
| Losses of the English | 461 | |
| Results of the Administration of Somerset | 462 | |
| The Council resolve to interfere | 464 | |
| They explain their Intentions to the Emperor | 465 | |
| The Protector charges the Council with Treason | 469 | |
| He attempts to raise the Country | 470 | |
| He carries off the King to Windsor | 473 | |
| Correspondence and Negotiation | 474 | |
| Russell and Herbert declare against the Protector | 477 | |
| Character of the Duke of Somerset | 480 | |
| Message of Sir Philip Hoby | 482 | |
| The Protector is sent to the Tower | 485 | |
| Examination of the Public Accounts | 485 | |
| Expenses of the Rebellion | 487 | |
| The Currency | 488 | |
| CHAPTER XXVII. | ||
| THE REFORMED ADMINISTRATION. | ||
| Expectations of religious Reaction | 492 | |
| Prospects of the Earl of Warwick | 493 | |
| Rejection of an Appeal from Gardiner | 494 | |
| Ecclesiastical Discipline | 496 | |
| Treatment of Somerset | 497 | |
| Negotiation for Peace with France | 499 | |
| The French Exactions | 501 | |
| Restoration of Boulogne and Conclusion of Peace | 503 | |
| The Gospel in England | 505 | |
| Effects of the Reformation | 506 | |
| Public Corruption | 509 | |
| Popular Anarchy | 509 | |
| Latimer on the State of England | 511 | |
| Sermon of Lever at Paul's Cross | 514 | |
| Signs of better Times | 515 | |
| Financial Difficulties | 517 | |
| The Currency | 518 | |
| Artificial Prices | 525 | |
| Burning of Joan Bocher | 526 | |
| Protestant Persecution | 528 | |
| Death of Paul III. | 529 | |
| Cardinal Del Monte elected Pope | 532 | |
| Charles V. and Germany | 533 | |
| The Edict in the Low Countries | 534 | |
| The Princess Mary and the Mass | 537 | |
| Perils of the Nation | 538 | |
| Fresh Differences with France | 539 | |
| The Anti-English Faction at Paris | 543 | |
| Persecution of Gardiner | 546 | |
| Death and Funeral of Lady Seymour | 551 | |
| Persecution of Gardiner | 553 | |
| The Consecration of Bishops | 555 | |
| The Vestment Controversy | 556 | |
| The Princess Mary's Mass | 562 | |
| Menaces of the Emperor | 563 | |
| The Princess refuses to yield | 565 | |
| Edward and the Bishops | 567 | |
| State of Italy | 569 | |
| The French Court revives the Policy of Francis I. | 570 | |
| War in Italy | 573 | |
CONTENTS OF VOLUME V.
| CHAPTER XXVIII. | ||
| EXECUTION OF THE DUKE OF SOMERSET. | ||
| Alliance between England and France | 1 | |
| Edward is betrothed to a French Princess | 3 | |
| The Emperor and the Princess Mary | 5 | |
| Likelihood of War with the Empire | 7 | |
| The Rise of Prices | 9 | |
| The Silver Coin is called down | 10 | |
| Fresh Issue of Base Money | 11 | |
| Proclamation of Prices | 13 | |
| Partial Restoration of the Currency | 14 | |
| The Sweating Sickness | 15 | |
| Suppression of Bishoprics | 18 | |
| The Princess Mary | 19 | |
| Intrigues of Somerset | 31 | |
| Somerset's Conspiracy | 32 | |
| Evidence of Sir Thomas Palmer | 35 | |
| Elevations in the Peerage | 38 | |
| Arrest of Somerset | 38 | |
| The Trial | 41 | |
| Sentence of Death | 44 | |
| The Execution | 51 | |
| Conduct of Cranmer | 52 | |
| The Liturgy | 54 | |
| Second Act of Uniformity | 57 | |
| The London Hospitals | 58 | |
| Statute of Usury | 60 | |
| Reform of the Law of Treason | 61 | |
| The Lutheran Preachers are expelled from Augsburg | 63 | |
| The Emperor goes to Innspruck | 65 | |
| The Council of Trent | 65 | |
| Duke Maurice declares against the Emperor | 67 | |
| Peace of Passau | 69 | |
| State of Ireland | 71 | |
| First Administration of Sir Anthony St Leger | 71 | |
| Deputation of Sir Edward Bellingham | 74 | |
| Character of Bellingham | 79 | |
| Results of his Government | 82 | |
| Return of St Leger | 84 | |
| The Irish Mint | 85 | |
| St Leger and the Reformation | 87 | |
| St Leger and Bellingham's Captains | 87 | |
| Sir James Crofts is made Deputy | 91 | |
| The Irish Currency | 91 | |
| Irish Council of Trade | 93 | |
| Artificial Famine and General Misery | 96 | |
| CHAPTER XXIX. | ||
| NORTHHUMBERLAND'S CONSPIRACY. | ||
| Moral Results of the Reformation | 99 | |
| Character of Edward | 101 | |
| Edward's Opinions on the State of England | 103 | |
| Proposed Protestant Synod | 105 | |
| Church Discipline | 106 | |
| Continued Disorders in the Country | 108 | |
| The Antwerp Loans | 110 | |
| The Crown Debts | 112 | |
| Differences with France | 113 | |
| England and the Empire | 117 | |
| Commissions to raise Money | 119 | |
| The Churches are again spoiled | 120 | |
| The Public Accounts | 121 | |
| A new Parliament to be called | 123 | |
| A General Election | 124 | |
| Nomination of the Members | 124 | |
| The Council and the Estates of the Church | 126 | |
| The Merchant Adventurers and the Fellowship of London Merchants | 130 | |
| A Subsidy | 134 | |
| John Knox and the Duke of Northumberland | 136 | |
| John Knox preaches before the Court | 137 | |
| Dissolution of Parliament | 139 | |
| Prospects of Northumberland | 140 | |
| The King's Illness | 142 | |
| Siege of Metz | 143 | |
| England offers to mediate between France and the Empire | 144 | |
| Renard and Noailles | 148 | |
| Anticipations of the King's Death | 149 | |
| Popular Good Feeling towards Mary | 150 | |
| Possible Alteration of the Succession | 153 | |
| Views of France | 154 | |
| Northumberland determines to set Mary aside | 157 | |
| He persuades Edward | 159 | |
| The King's Device for the Succession | 160 | |
| Opposition of the Council and of the Judges | 163 | |
| The Letters Patent | 164 | |
| The Signatures | 167 | |
| Conduct of Cranmer | 169 | |
| Cranmer yields to Edward's Entreaties | 170 | |
| Features of the King's Disease | 172 | |
| General Discontent | 173 | |
| Edward dies | 175 | |
| CHAPTER XXX. | ||
| QUEEN JANE AND QUEEN MARY. | ||
| Flight of Mary | 177 | |
| Advice of the Flemish Ambassadors | 177 | |
| Position of Northumberland | 180 | |
| Lady Jane Grey | 181 | |
| Proclamation of Queen Jane | 186 | |
| Letter of Mary to the Lords | 187 | |
| Guilford Dudley and the Crown | 190 | |
| Mary's Party gains Strength | 193 | |
| Northumberland levies Troops | 194 | |
| Lord Pembroke | 197 | |
| The Council prepare to declare for Mary | 199 | |
| Revolt of the Fleet and Army | 200 | |
| Sunday during the Crisis | 200 | |
| Northumberland invites a French Invasion | 203 | |
| The Meeting at Baynard's Castle | 205 | |
| Proclamation of Mary in London | 207 | |
| Arrest of Northumberland | 210 | |
| The Emperor and the Queen's Marriage | 213 | |
| Funeral of Edward VI. | 216 | |
| The Emperor's Advice | 218 | |
| Gardiner returns to the Council | 220 | |
| The Ambassador Renard | 222 | |
| Mary enters London | 224 | |
| Advice of Renard | 226 | |
| Restoration of the deprived Bishops | 227 | |
| Reduction of Expenditure | 229 | |
| The Hot Gospeller | 229 | |
| Mass at the Tower | 233 | |
| Disputes in Council | 233 | |
| Sermon at Paul's Cross | 235 | |
| The Marriage Question | 236 | |
| Northumberland's Trial | 238 | |
| Northumberland under Sentence | 241 | |
| The Recantation | 243 | |
| The Executions | 245 | |
| The Reaction | 249 | |
| The Purging of Convocation | 252 | |
| Arrest of Latimer | 253 | |
| Arrest of Cranmer | 256 | |
| General Restoration of the Mass | 257 | |
| Reginald Pole | 258 | |
| England and the Papacy | 260 | |
| Visit of Commendone to the Queen | 261 | |
| Difficulties in restoring the Papal Authority | 263 | |
| The Prince of Spain proposed as the Queen's Husband | 265 | |
| Parties in England | 266 | |
| Elizabeth and the Mass | 270 | |
| Lord Courtenay and the Queen | 270 | |
| The Coronation Oath | 273 | |
| The Coronation | 275 | |
| The Spanish Marriage | 276 | |
| The Queen and Renard | 278 | |
| Philip's Virtues | 279 | |
| Reginald Pole | 280 | |
| Meeting of Parliament | 283 | |
| Preliminary Discussion | 285 | |
| The Queen's Legitimacy and the Authority of the Pope | 285 | |
| Convocation | 287 | |
| Debate on the Real Presence | 288 | |
| The Spanish Marriage | 290 | |
| Mary's Prayer | 292 | |
| Views of Gardiner and Paget | 293 | |
| Impending Fate of Cranmer | 295 | |
| Petition of the House of Commons | 296 | |
| The Queen and Council | 298 | |
| The Succession | 299 | |
| Menace of Rebellion | 301 | |
| The Queen and Elizabeth | 302 | |
| CHAPTER XXXI. | ||
| THE SPANISH MARRIAGE. | ||
| Conflicting Parties | 304 | |
| Advice of Pole | 307 | |
| The Marriage Articles | 309 | |
| Opposition of the People | 312 | |
| Arrival of Count Egmont | 314 | |
| The Marriage Treaty | 315 | |
| Alarm of France | 316 | |
| Conspiracies | 317 | |
| Plans for a General Insurrection | 318 | |
| Commencement of Disturbance | 319 | |
| Flight of Sir Peter Carew | 322 | |
| Conference at Allingham Castle | 323 | |
| Rising in Kent | 323 | |
| The Duke of Suffolk | 326 | |
| Sir Thomas Wyatt | 326 | |
| Intercepted Despatches of the French Ambassador | 329 | |
| The Queen's Troops join Wyatt | 331 | |
| Alarm at the Court | 333 | |
| The Queen at the Guildhall | 336 | |
| Success of Suffolk in the Midland Counties | 338 | |
| Storming of Cowling Castle | 339 | |
| State of Coventry | 340 | |
| Suffolk is taken | 342 | |
| Wyatt at Southwark | 343 | |
| Agitation of the Council | 344 | |
| Wyatt crosses the Thames | 347 | |
| The Night at Whitehall | 349 | |
| Advance of Wyatt | 351 | |
| The Insurrection fails | 354 | |
| The Queen's Revenge | 355 | |
| Lady Jane Grey the first Victim | 357 | |
| General Havoc among the Prisoners | 361 | |
| Arrest of Elizabeth | 363 | |
| Parties in the Council | 366 | |
| The Proxy Marriage | 367 | |
| Gardiner and the intended Persecution | 370 | |
| Creation of Catholic Peers | 371 | |
| The Refugees in France | 372 | |
| Perils of Elizabeth | 376 | |
| Sentence of Wyatt | 377 | |
| Elizabeth writes to the Queen | 379 | |
| The Tower | 382 | |
| Protest of the Lords | 384 | |
| Renard and the Queen | 384 | |
| Meeting of Parliament | 385 | |
| The Marriage Bill | 387 | |
| Execution of Wyatt | 389 | |
| Trial and Acquittal of Throgmorton | 391 | |
| The Succession | 392 | |
| The Persecution Bills | 393 | |
| Resistance of the Lay Lords | 393 | |
| The Bills are lost | 396 | |
| The Court and Lord Howard of Effingham | 398 | |
| Elizabeth is sent to Woodstock | 399 | |
| The Queen's Troubles | 401 | |
| Philip sails from Spain | 404 | |
| Philip at Southampton | 405 | |
| The Wet Ride to Winchester | 409 | |
| The Marriage | 410 | |
| War in Belgium | 412 | |
| Charles V. at Namur | 413 | |
| CHAPTER XXXII. | ||
| RECONCILIATION WITH ROME. | ||
| Pole and the Emperor | 416 | |
| The Church Lands | 419 | |
| The Papal Commission | 420 | |
| Objections to Pole's Return | 422 | |
| Pole appeals to Philip | 423 | |
| The Spaniards in London | 426 | |
| Philip is weary of England | 428 | |
| Bonner's Articles | 429 | |
| Agitation in the City | 430 | |
| A New Parliament | 432 | |
| The Elections | 433 | |
| The Roman Question | 434 | |
| An Embassy is sent to Pole | 437 | |
| Pole's Return | 441 | |
| The Journey | 441 | |
| Pole at Canterbury | 442 | |
| The Salutation | 444 | |
| The Queen enceinte | 446 | |
| Speech of Pole at Whitehall | 448 | |
| Parliament petitions for Absolution | 454 | |
| St Andrew's Day | 454 | |
| Absolution and Reconciliation of England | 458 | |
| Pole writes to the Pope | 460 | |
| Catholic Exultation | 462 | |
| Petition of the Clergy | 464 | |
| The Act of Reconciliation | 465 | |
| The Passing of the Heresy Acts | 466 | |
| Impenitence of Parliament, and Discontent of Pole | 468 | |
| The Act of Reconciliation | 470 | |
| Regency Bill | 478 | |
| Dissolution of Parliament | 480 | |
| The Limits of the Catholic Reaction | 481 | |
| The Legate's Injunctions | 484 | |
| Commencement of the Persecution | 486 | |
| Trials of Hooper and Rogers | 486 | |
| Rogers is burnt at Smithfield | 490 | |
| Hooper is sent to Gloucester | 491 | |
| Martyrdom of Hooper | 494 | |
| Effect upon the People | 497 | |
| Conspiracy and Failure | 499 | |
| Renard's Advice to Philip | 500 | |
| CHAPTER XXIII. | ||
| THE MARTYRS. | ||
| The Persecution continues | 504 | |
| Burning of William Hunter | 508 | |
| Ferrars, Bishop of St David's | 508 | |
| The Crimes of Ferrars | 509 | |
| Ferrars is burnt | 512 | |
| Prospects of European Peace | 514 | |
| Proposed Conference | 515 | |
| The Queen's expected Confinement | 516 | |
| Litanies and Processions | 516 | |
| The Child is not born | 518 | |
| Condition of the Queen | 520 | |
| Fresh Stimulus to the Persecution | 522 | |
| Burning of Cardmaker and Warne | 524 | |
| The Child is not born | 525 | |
| Change in the Queen's Prospects | 526 | |
| Release of Elizabeth | 528 | |
| Interview between the Sisters | 529 | |
| Intended Abdication of the Emperor | 532 | |
| Philip leaves England | 533 | |
| Views of the Spaniards | 536 | |
| Philip on the Continent | 539 | |
| The Persecution | 540 | |
| Trial of Cranmer at Oxford | 542 | |
| Trials of Ridley and Latimer | 550 | |
| Ridley and Latimer are burnt | 557 | |
| Effects of the Persecution | 560 | |
| Paul IV. and the Church Lands | 562 | |
| Death and Character of Gardiner | 564 | |
| Meeting of Parliament | 566 | |
| The Subsidy and the First-fruits | 567 | |
| First-fruits cannot be restored to the Pope | 569 | |
| Irritation of the Queen | 571 | |
| Further Failures and Dissolution | 571 | |
| Correspondence of Mary with Philip | 573 | |
| Fate of Cranmer referred to the Pope | 574 | |
| Sentence arrives from Rome | 576 | |
| The Archbishop is condemned | 578 | |
| Pole writes to him | 578 | |
| He wavers and recants | 583 | |
| The Court nevertheless will kill him | 587 | |
| Cranmer at St Mary's Church | 588 | |
| The Sermon | 589 | |
| The Archbishop's last Speech | 592 | |
| His Penitence | 598 | |
| His Death | 599 | |