History of Oregon Newspapers/Coos County
COOS
Marshfield.—The Coos Bay Times is the result of a combination of two of its predecessors, the weekly and daily Coast Mail and the Marshfield Advertiser. The Times was launched in 1906, a morning daily, directed by a group of business men who wanted a stronger paper in the community. The Coos Bay Times Publishing Company was formed by J. M. Blake, Marshfield lawyer; C. D. Temple, George W. Kaufman, Gus W. Kramer, Alva Doll, and Andrew McClelland of Pueblo, Colo. All of these attended the first meeting of the corporation except McClelland. At the meeting, held in Blake's law office, Mr. Temple was chairman and Mr. Kaufman secretary. Board members in addition to these were Messrs. Kramer, Doll, and Blake (121).
Kramer, probably the most picturesque member of the group, had been editor of the Advertiser, and his brother Ernest, its owner. The Kramers received $2500 for their newspaper and plant, and a like sum was paid to P. C. Levar for the Mail. The salary paid Kramer as editor and manager was $100 a month, and it was, he recalled recently, a night-and-day job. Revenues were limited in the small and in those days isolated community of about 700 population, far from railroad transportation and with nothing that would now be classed as a real highway. In less than a year Kramer gave up the struggle and left the paper to other hands.
This early editor, a native of Hanover, Germany (1876), had come to this country as a boy of 5, worked his way through high school and the National law school at Washington, D. C. Before his law school days he had been a southern cotton mill worker at 50 cents a week, cub printer, tramp journeyman typo, publisher of several papers in Arkansas and Utah. After his law graduation, he practiced for several years before getting into Oregon journalism. At various times in his life he has been professional cornetist, ham actor, minstrel in blackface, railroad builder, Linotype operator, and commercial printer. He is now (1936) and has been for 15 years a member of the Walter T. Lyon Printing Company at San Francisco.
Like a good many other Oregon dailies, the daily Times started small—a four-column folio, confined to local events.
After the Kramer regime, the Times was purchased by Michael C. Maloney and his brother, Dan E. Maloney, who conducted the paper, the former as active editor-publisher, Dan as manager, for a full twenty years. M. C. Maloney, who had been an editorial writer on the New York World and the Chicago Tribune, took hold as publisher in December, 1907, and at once changed it over to the evening side. It has continued ever since as an evening paper. In his valedictory, issued Saturday, December 31, 1927, Mr. Maloney briefly reviewed the progress of the paper.
Mr. Maloney recalled that the daily started under the Kramer regime was not the first daily paper on Coos bay. The Spanish-American war, great stimulant to journalistic enterprise, prodded the Times editor, T. H. Barry, to get out a daily paper. Telegraphic dispatches were arranged for, to meet the demand of avid readers of war news in those early-summer days of 1898, and a one-page daily paper was issued. For this paper, printed on only one side, the publisher was able to get $1 a month from enough subscribers to keep the paper going until the end of the war. The Maloney regime was one of keen journalistic battle, and it was the desperately competitive situation between the Times and the competing Southwestern Oregon Daily News that resulted in the Maloneys' selling out. They moved to California, where for several years they published the Register, a daily paper, at Santa Ana. M. C. Maloney died in San Francisco as a result of an accident, May 15, 1931.
Like other editors, Maloney had his libel suits resulting from extreme statements of matters for which more subtle, less dynamic and combative persons might have found a smoother expression. But Maloney always thought he was right. He sought to be a crusader for "ideals, principles, and policies," as he expressed it in his farewell message to the people of Coos Bay. "A square deal for everyone" was his T. Rooseveltian announcement at the opening of his editorship. All people were to be treated alike. The truth was to be printed "without fear or favor."
So in his valedictory he said:
"The question always applied to every problem of editorial policy on the Coos Bay Times was not 'Does it pay?' but 'Is it right or is it wrong?' And to arrive at this decision the editor had to make his own investigation and be guided by his own judgment."
The Maloneys had developed the paper from its small beginnings up to a modern newspaper of six to 16 pages daily with an annual edition of 70 to 80 pages.
A committee of merchants consisting of George C. Huggins, George A. Martin, and J. O. Fisher took up the matter of solving the difficult situation reflected in the over-keen competition. At a meeting of 60 to 70 Marshfield business men it was decided to bring in E. J. Murray, veteran publisher of Klamath Falls, to work out the solution. With their backing and the cordial endorsement of the Coos Bay Times publishers, he took over the paper. The war was over. The Southwestern Oregon Daily News went back to the weekly field; and soon Mr. Murray, his task accomplished, was ready to retire from Coos Bay.
One of the distinctive features of the Times, carried daily, year in and year out, under the Maloneys, was the "sky-line" quotation in 30-point Gothic capitals, boxed across the eight columns, above the title on page 1. Maloney's last, in the issue of December 31, 1927, read: "The best book, next to the Bible, is not listed among the best sellers. It is the pocketbook. The cook book is also good." Mr. Maloney was always conscious of religion. He had the business man's legitimate interest in profits. And good cooking was not lost on him.
Newspaper men will long remember Albert E. (Jack) Guyton, city editor of the Times, when the paper was owned by M. C. Maloney and D. E. Maloney, as a newshound who lived for his work. Born in Chicago October 20, 1873, he had had years of experience as reporter and editor on Illinois and Missouri papers before coming to Oregon. He was a big-story man, and occasional shipwrecks on the Coos Bay bar gave him his place in the sun. At the time of his death, November 19, 1924, he was southwestern Oregon correspondent for the Portland Telegram, Seattle and San Francisco papers, the Timberman, and the Four-L Bulletin.
Now let us trace the earlier journalistic history of Coos county. "The locality (in western Oregon) longest without a newspaper," says Bancroft [[[Author:Frances Fuller Victor|Frances Fuller Victor]]][1] was Coos Bay, which, although settled early, isolated by a lack of roads from the interior, and having considerable business, had no printing press until October 1870, when the Monthly Guide was started at Empire City, a sheet of four pages about 6×4 inches in size. It ran until changed into the Coos Bay News in March 1873, when it was enlarged to 12×18 inches. In September of the same year it was removed to Marshfield and again enlarged.
Orvil Dodge, historian of southwestern Oregon, however, contends[2] that "a six by nine sheet called the Bumblebee" appeared in 1869 and was, therefore, the first paper to appear on the bay. It is, indeed, questionable whether a publication issued as in frequently as once a month, like the Guide, could really be called a newspaper, and even more questionable whether a publication like the Bumblebee, appearing apparently only once, can claim such classification.
But still we're not out of the woods on this question. Under the heading Empire City Ayer's Directory in the seventies lists the Coos County Record (1871), edited and published by Watson & Webster, (4 pages 23×32, $2.50, circulation 328) and in 1877 lists the paper under Marshfield, failing to list it in 1878. The only newspaper listed for Marshfield in Pettengill's Newspaper Directory for 1878 is the Coos Bay News, published every Wednesday, official organ of Coos county, $3 a year.
Dodge notes the Coos County Record,[3] published by M. L. Hanscam, but says it was a venture made in 1873, "after the News came to light."
With the claim of the Monthly Guide and the Bumblebee thrown out, the palm for priority of publication goes, it seems, to the News, started in March 1873. Ayer's date for the Record is 1874. The paper was listed in the 1875 Ayer's Directory as a Thursday weekly, 4 pages, 21×38, $2.50, C. W. Tower and M. L. Hanscam editors and publishers, and is characterized as the "only Republican paper in the county." In 1876 the paper was credited to Empire City, the next year moved back to Marshfield under Watson & Webster, and in 1878 is not listed at all.
The News, built on the Monthly Guide, was established at Marshfield in 1875. The publisher was T. G. Owen, and the editor J. M. Siglin. Two years later the paper was bought from Owen by George A. Bennett, H. R. Gale, and J. M. Siglin. T. B. Merry, who was to have been editor, was forced to withdraw because of ill-health, and the editorship went to Siglin. The paper was enlarged to eight 12×18.
Another early paper, the Argus, published by "one Marquard" in 1873, soon died.
The Coast Mail was launched at Marshfield in 1878. By 1897 the News, then under G. A. Bennett, was reporting a circulation of 750 for a Wednesday four-page 18×24 Democratic paper at $2.50, while the younger Mail at the same subscription price was selling or, at least circulating, 775 copies of a Thursday Republican organ.
The Marshfield Sun, established in 1891 by J. A. Luse, a native son of Coos, as a Thursday weekly in the interest of the Populists, is still being published by the same owner on the same day of the week, after 48 years, a high record of continuous ownership and direction. The paper has no Linotype and is one of the last surviving handset papers in Oregon.
In 1879 I. Hacker was associated with Mr. Webster as co-publisher of the Mail. John Church then carried on the paper until 1884. In 1883 an evening daily as well as a weekly edition was published, continued until 1911, when the paper, after many changes of owners, including P. C. Levar and Thomas Barry, went into a receiver's hands and was sold to the Evening News.
The Times, meanwhile, had been started as a morning daily, in 1906, as already told.
A new paper, the Record, evening except Sunday, was established (1909) by A. R. O'Brien, former Alaska publisher, who conducted it until 1921, when he sold to a stock company, known as the South western Oregon Publishing Co., with Lew A. Cates editor. The name of the paper was changed to the Southwestern Oregon Daily News. The next year the paper was in a receivership, with William L. Carver, receiver and editor-manager. The next change brought C. W. Parker to the editorship, in 1923. He continued through 1924, with Earl W. Murphy as editor for the last year. Then came a change which brought L. D. Gordon in as editor-publisher in 1925. The next two years were those of bitter strife between the papers, already referred to in the story of the Times. The sale of the Times and the recession of the News into the weekly field came, as related, at the beginning of 1928. For a time in 1923 Carver employed William H. Perkins, formerly of Portland and Klamath Falls, as editor of the News. The battle for circulation between the Times and the old Record was a spirited one. In 1914 O'Brien, with 1757, claimed 77 more subscribers than his competitor. The Record cut its rate and forged ahead in 1915, but by 1918 the lead of the Times was unquestioned. In 1921, on sworn circulation, the News had 1100 and the Times 2800. That year saw the departure of O'Brien. Under the Gordon regime the circulation once more became close.
In 1929 Edwin Rose succeeded Mr. Gordon as editor of the News, which became a weekly and still remains so. In 1930 C. T. Nunn took charge as editor and manager, in which position he continued to 1938, when W. K. and Bessie M. Brownlow took charge.
The Murray regime at Marshfield was ended in 1930, when Sheldon F. Sackett, who had become interested in the Salem Statesman, purchased the Times and installed C. J. Gillette, formerly of the Forest Grove News-Times, as editor-manager. In 1935, when Gillette took charge of the Examiner at Lakeview, Publisher Sackett went to Marshfield and took personal charge of his paper. His managing editor is William L. Baker, who carries on while Mr. Sackett is batting for Governor Sprague as publisher of the Oregon Statesman at Salem.
North Bend.—North Bend's newspaper history goes back only to 1903, when Chester R. Ingle founded the weekly Citizen, a Republican paper, 15×22, at $1.50 a year. He conducted it for three years, suspending in 190ó, the year after the Coos Bay Harbor began publication.
First publishers of the Harbor were C. M. Sain and C. H. Keith, who issued a Republican paper every Saturday. In 1908 the publishers were A. Whisnant, later of the Central Oregon Press at Bend, and Edgar McDaniel. Mr. Whisnant soon retired, but Mr. McDaniel has been at the helm ever since. The Harbor is usually an eight-page six-column paper. Indicative of the publisher's standing in his own office, as well as in his field at large, is the incident when his employees bought a page of space in the paper and without the knowledge of Mr. McDaniel filled it with a testimonial to their regard for him as a man, a publisher, and an employer.
An edgy little weekly called the Agitator changed its name to the Sunday Morning Bee, in 1915, and conducted by Frank B. Cameron, continued to keep things lively. Though the paper was praised by those who like their papers spicy, there was a good deal of criticism of the scandal dug up. One man distressed by something uncomplimentary tried to blow up the plant with a jugful of dynamite, but the fuse failed to light. Cameron died peacefully in 1927, and the plant was sold in the settlement of his estate.
Westernmost Missions, founded in 1925 and now published by Rev. L. A. LeMiller, is, as its name suggests, devoted to the promotion of church mission work.
North Bend had a daily paper for a time in 1904. This was the old Evening Post, which didn't live long enough to get into the current newspaper directories. Frank X. Hofer, publisher, was editing the four-page paper in September of that year, stretching about 200 words of telegraph to make a showing of world news. There was more or less going on, too, for the Japanese and the Russians were having their historic unpleasantness and Kuroki and Kuropatkin were in the Post headlines. North Bend and Marshfield business men were advertisers. The paper soon stopped. A copy of the issue of September 7, 1904, was found by Pinkey Anderson and noted in the North Bend Harbor, July 16, 1936.
Bandon.—The Recorder, Bandon's first newspaper, was founded, not at Bandon but at Denmark, where Chilstrom & Upton (J. M., son of J. H.) launched it in 1883. It was started as the Curry County Recorder, then (in 1884) the name was changed to the Southwest Oregon Recorder, and the publication day changed from Thursday to Tuesday. The next year it was changed to Saturday. Then the Portland Weekly World[4] announced that "The Recorder, published by P. O. Chilstrom and J. M. Upton, has appeared at Bandon, Coos county, where it has been recently removed from Denmark." As the Independent Recorder, it is listed in Ayer's Directory for 1887, with Chilstrom as editor and publisher.
David E. Stitt was at the helm from the late eighties, succeeding Mr. Chilstrom, until 1906, when George P. Laird became publisher and S. W. Scottin editor. Irving S. Bath was editor in 1907, G. T. Treadgold in 1908, and C. E. Kopf from 1909 on through 1916. Under Kopf's direction the circulation went up to 1,000. The paper ran as a twice-a-week for three years (1912, 1913, 1914). It was a weekly again in 1916.
Kopf had come from Iowa as a school-teacher and learned most of his printing in Oregon. Old-timers say he never cared much for the mechanical end, for which he had less capacity than for promotion and management. For a time, about 1914, Kopf had a partner named Stuart who handled the printing. When Stuart sold out and left, Kopf got in touch with R. B. Swenson, then in Riverside, Calif. An effort to sell Swenson an interest failed, but he came north in January, 191 5, to take charge of the printing end. Meanwhile Kopf's brother-in-law had purchased an interest. The paper was having financial trouble, and went bankrupt in March. Mr. Swenson was then made manager for the creditors, and he carried on for a year. Among those who helped him get out the paper was Harry Crain, now of the Salem Capital Journal, then a youngster just breaking in. In 1916 Mr. Swenson went to Monmouth and bought the Herald.
Meanwhile the Western World, which has come down to the present, had been established in 1912 and soon had the field to itself, the Recorder having given up the struggle, suspending June 27.
A. J. Weddle & Co. were the founders of the Western World, which they launched in 1912. The paper, independent in politics, proved popular, and in 1916, under the new direction of Felsheim & Howe (James H. Howe), gained ascendancy in circulation over the older Recorder, with 1160 as against 725, and the Recorder was suspended June 27. Five years later Louis D. Felsheim became the World's sole editor and publisher. He was elected president of the Oregon Press Conference in 1934.
A paper appropriately named the Surf was started by M. A. Simpson in 1913. There were already two papers in the field, and the Surf was silent within the year.
The great event in the life of the Western World was the disaster of September, 1936, when the town was wiped out by forest fire. The World, under the direction of Mr. Felsheim, did not miss an issue. A little extra was printed immediately after the flames had died down, and the next issue came out on time, through the cooperation of Sheldon F. Sackett's Coos Bay Times. Through a freak of the flames and the superior construction of the World's building, the plant survived with slight damage.
The paper devoted itself wholeheartedly to the promotion of the rebuilding of the town, leading in the fight for state and federal aid in the reconstruction of Bandon as a model city.
Myrtle Point.—Orvil Dodge, newspaper man and historian of Coos and Curry counties, was editor of the first newspaper published in Myrtle Point. The date of its appearance was December 3, 1889, and the name was the West Oregonian. W. L. Dixon, a merchant, was owner, and Dr. August Gussenhover business manager.
The plant was shipped out of San Francisco by Schooner to Coquille and from there to Myrtle Point by river boat.
The little town had not more than 300 inhabitants at the time, and the paper had to struggle. It did, however, enjoy the enthusiastic support of the people, who gave earlier expression to their feelings by swarming out en masse to welcome the arrival of the newspaper plant with the Washington hand-press as its most impressive unit.
The people turned to and helped unload the "heavy" press and move it upstairs into a small frame building which was to serve as the paper's quarters. E. C. Roberts, who was part owner of the paper for several years, recalls that G. M. (Watt) Short, later an attorney, was employed as foreman and J. H. Roberts (father of E. C.) compositor. Later the Myrtle Point Board of Trade purchased the paper and turned it over to Orvil Dodge as editor. J. H. Roberts bought the paper, moved it into upper story of his brick store building, then sold it to Dodge, who in turn sold to W. O. Phillips, who moved it to quarters over Mrs. Daniel Giles' millinery store. He failed to make the paper click, and Mr. Roberts had to take it back. In 1895 Roberts sold it to Lamb & Lawrence (B. F.), who moved the plant away to Coquille for the Bulletin, which Lawrence had just bought.
Myrtle Point was now without a newspaper, but not for long. E. P. Thorp and W. C. Conner, who had been running the little Enterprise at Riddle for two years, saw a better opportunity at Myrtle Point and moved the plant there, starting the Myrtle Point Enterprise November 16, 1895. Mr. Conner, in charge of the paper, published it for about four years, selling to G. M. Short and J. C. Roberts. (126) In October, 1901, E. C. Roberts acquired Mr. Short's interest, selling this in May, 1905, to L. J. Roberts. (The Roberts family looms large in Myrtle Point newspaper history.) In 1909 L. C. Bargelt purchased the interest of L. J. Roberts, selling later to C. M. Schultz. Harold Bargelt, son of L. C., spent many years on the Enterprise, beginning as a boy under his father's ownership of the plant and continuing through to March, 1931, under several regimes.
1917 Schultz sold to W. R. Smith, who, full of war spirit, changed the name of the paper to the Southern Coos County American. J. M. Bledsoe bought the paper from Smith in 1923 and sold it to George E. Hamilton, lately from Enumclaw, Wash., in August, 1925. Mr. Bledsoe, whose health had begun to fail, died February 13, 1926. Mr. Hamilton soon changed the name of the paper to the Myrtle Point Herald, explaining that he had never fancied the name Southern Coos County American, which gave subscribers writer's cramp tracing the name across a check. During his owner ship Mr. Hamilton put the paper into its own building for the first time. He sold in February, 1932, to R. L. and J. L. Tucker, lately from Woodland, Calif., who are still directing the paper.
Coquille.—Coquille's earliest newspaper, so far as records or memories indicate, was the old Herald, started as an independent weekly, in 1881. J. A. Dean was editor and publisher. Seven years later D. F. Dean was associated with him, and two years later (1890) J. S. McEwen had succeeded J. A. Dean. The year after its founding it was listed among the People's party (Populist) papers. It soon swung back into the independent column, but in 1896 the paper was back in the Populist ranks. Its circulation, which had been 880 six years before, had fallen slightly, to 768. Through most of its career it was a four-page paper, for which the publishers charged $2 a year.
Competition appeared for the Herald in 1894, when John M. Losswell launched the independent, non-partisan Bulletin, a Friday weekly. Losswell gave way in 1895 to B. F. Lawrence as editor-publisher. The paper, for the most part a four-page paper 18x24, for which $1 a year was charged, ran through to 1902 under Lawrence's direction, when E. C. Holland became editor. The paper was suspended in 1904.
Meanwhile the Herald (1901) came under the sole direction of D. F. Dean, who established a semi-weekly, Tuesday and Friday, in 1904. Four years later the paper was again made into a weekly. The high mark of circulation was reached in 1907 when the paper reported 1400. Dean remained in charge of the Herald until 1912, went to Halsey and founded the Enterprise. He was succeeded at Coquille by P. C. Levar, of the old Coast Mail of Marshfield. Changes were now frequent. Competition, furnished by a new paper, the Sentinel, was making the going difficult for the old Herald.
The Sentinel, founded in January, 1905, by Orvil Dodge, Coos county journalist and historian, as an independent Friday weekly, was sold to J. C. Savage in 1909. He conducted the paper until 1913.
On January 1, 1913, Lew Cates, who already had purchased the Herald and was leasing it to P. C. Levar, bought a half interest in the Sentinel and became its editor and publisher, thus having virtual control of the field—which was without actual competition for the first time in about 18 years. After a year, however, Mr. Cates, who, as H. W. Young said (127) "was of a roving disposition," disposed of his interest in both papers.
The purchaser was H. W. Young, who continued for a time to maintain the Herald in the field under lease, first to Mr. Levar, who already had the lease from Cates, and then after Levar's death in 1915 to J. C. Savage, former editor and publisher of the Sentinel. The Herald was finally consolidated with the Sentinel under the Sentinel's name, Sept. 1, 1917, and its equipment was either sold or installed in the purchaser's office. One of the first achievements of the Young administration was the construction of a modern concrete home for the paper.
H. W. Young, the veteran publisher, who became the oldest newspaper man in service in Oregon, died in February, 1927, at the age of 79. The paper was then taken over by his son, H. A. Young, who had been acting as editor and publisher, and his daughter, Mrs. Marian Young Grimes, linotype operator.
The present publisher, born in Galva, Ill., May 8, 1879, spent three years at the U. S. military academy at West Point. He began his newspaper career as a printer on his father's paper at Independence, Kansas, receiving a "salary" of a dollar a week as printer's devil. Before going to Coquille, he worked for a time in the office of the Woodburn Independent with H. L. Gill. He can do everything that needs to be done in getting out a newspaper.
Another competing weekly newspaper was established in Coquille in August, 1928, by W. E. Hassler, who moved the nine-month-old Powers Patriot to Coquille and called it the Coos County Courier. He changed the name to the Oregon Coos District Courier to independent Democratic in and the politics from non-partisan 1932, Miss Anna Jerzyk, formerly news editor of the Rainier Re view, R. B. and R. V. Cummings, father and son, and B. M. and L. J. Kester, husband and wife, were later owners. The Kesters changed the name to the Tribune.
Still another Coquille publication, was the Coos County Farm Bureau News, a monthly agricultural journal of eight pages at $1 a year, which was established in 1920. It ran for two years.
The Herald and the Tribune have been jointly owned since September, 1938. The partners are H. A. Young, Marian Young (Mrs. Alton), Grimes, both of the Herald, and William McKnight of the Tribune, recent purchaser from the Kesters.
Notes
[edit]his father and with A. W. Nelson, former city editor of the Observer; from data in files furnished by Harold M. Finlay, former publisher, and from a review prepared by E. L. Eckley for the Union County Pioneer Society, Mr. Currey has gathered a detailed story of La Grande journalism—from which the account here given is, in considerable part, derived.
112. Sunday Oregonian, March 26, 1905, page 48.
113. Sunday Oregonian, loc. cit.
114. As McComas told the story.
115. Currey, loc cit.
116. Alfred Powers, op. cit. 663.
117. ibid.
118. Isaac Hiatt, Thirty-one Years in Baker County, 140 ff.
119. Hiatt, op. cit, 151.
120. Fred Lockley, Oregon Journal, October 29, 1936, ed. pg.
121. Sheldon F. Sackett, interview with Gus W. Kramer, of San Francisco, in Coos Bay Times, July 14, 1936.
122. Bancroft's History of Oregon, 692-3.
123. History of Coos and Curry Counties, ch. XI, 153 ff
124. op. cit., 154.
125. Copy of paper of September 7, 1904, found by Pinkey Anderson, son of C. J. Anderson, noted in North Bend Harbor, July 16, 1936.
126. Issue of December 9, 1886.
127. Article by E. C. Roberts, published in Myrtle Point Herald.
128. In Sentinel's 20th anniversary editorial, January, 1925.
129. Much of the data in this chapter is contained in an article by Mary E. Conn (now Mrs. Joe C. Brown), Redmond Spokesman, in Oregon Exchanges, November 1925 and January 1926.
130. ibid.
131. Page 1067.
132. History of Central Oregon, 1065.
133. Information given this writer by F. M. Chrisman, who after 30 years fails to recall name of fourth man.
134. Mrs. Turner is authority for most of the information herein contained, which she wrote for this history in a personal letter in 1935.
135. Copies of early numbers of paper in hands of F. F. Eddy, Port Orford Post editor.
136. Anna Jerzyk, in Rainier Review, December 12, 1926. Miss Jerzyk, then news editor of the Review, is the source of the greater part of the information used here regarding the Review.
137. Noted in Miss Jerzyk's article.
138. Review, Friday, November 6, 1896.
139. In masthead of Review, January 1, 1897.
140. Mr. Mitchell's memory is as hazy as Mr. Imus's.
141. Review, March 25, 1932.
142. Article by David Davis in St. Helens Sentinel-Mist, February 28, 1936.
143. ibid.
144. Personal interview in Portland, September 11, 1937.
145. February 28, 1936.
146. Founding of this organization was the subject of articles by Eric W. Allen in Oregon Exchanges for November-December 1930, and in O. H. Q., December, 1937.
147. Carey, History of Oregon, n. 708.
148. Who 44 years later told the story in the Leader's anniversary number from which these facts are taken.
149. Story by Jasper V. Crawford in Oregon Exchanges, Dec. 1926.
150. ibid.