History of Philosophy

by William Turner (1871-1936)

• Preface
• Introduction
• Part I: Ancient Philosophy
  • Section A—Oriental Philosophy
    • Babylonia and Assyria
    • Egypt
    • China
    • India
    • Persia
  • Section B—Greek and Greco-Roman Philosophy

First Period—Pre-Socratic Philosophy

• I. Earlier Ionian School: Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes
• II. The Pythagorean School
• III. The Eleatic School: Xenophanes, Parmenides, Zeno, Melissus
• IV. Later Ionian Philosophers: Heraclitus, Empedocles, Anaxagoras
• V. The Atomists: Leucippus, Democritus
• VI. The Sophists: Protagoras, Gorgias, Hippias, Prodicus

Second Period—Socrates and the Socratic Schools

• VII. Socrates
• VIII. The Imperfectly Socratic Schools: The Megarian School, The Elean School, The Cynics, The Hedonists
• IX. Plato
• X. The Platonic Schools: Old, Middle, and New Academies
• XI. Aristotle
• XII. The Peripatetic School

Third Period—Post-Aristotelian Philosophy

• XIII. The Stoics
• XIV. The Epicureans
• XV. The Sceptics: Pyrrho, The Middle Academy, The Later Sceptics
• XVI. The Eclectics
• XVII. The Scientific Movement
• XVIII. Philosophy of the Romans: Cicero

Character of Greek Philosophy

• Section C—Greco-Oriental Philosophy

• XIX. Greco-Jewish Philosophy: Aristobulus, Philo
• XX. Neo-Pythagoreanism and Neo-Platonism

• Part II: Philosophy of the Christian Era

• Introduction
• Section A—Patristic Philosophy

• XXI. Heretical Systems: Gnosticism, Manicheism
• XXII. Ante-Nicene Fathers: Clement, Origen
• XXIII. Post-Nicene Fathers: Pseudo-Dionysius, St. John of Damascus, St. Augustine

• Section B—Scholastic Philosophy

First Period of Scholasticism: Erigena to Roscelin

• XXIV. First Masters of the Schools: Alcuin, Fredegis, Rhabanus Maurus
• XXV. John Scotus Erigena
• XXVI. Gerbert
• XXVII. The School of Auxerre: Eric, Remi, Author of Glosses

Second Period of Scholasticism: Roscelin to Alexander of Hales

• XXVIII. Predecessors of Roscelin
• XXIX. Roscelin
• XXX. St. Anselm
• XXXI. William of Champeaux, The Indifferentists: Otto of Tournai, Adelard of Bath, Walter of Mortagne
• XXXII. Abelard
• XXXIII. The School of Chartres: Bernard and Theodoric of Chartres, William of Conches, Gilbert de la Porrée
• XXXIV. Eclectics: John of Salisbury, Peter the Lombard, Alanus of Lille, Gerard of Cremona
• XXXV. The Mystic School: St. Bernard; Hugh, Richard, and Walter, of St. Victor
• XXXVI. The Pantheistic School: Bernard of Tours, Amaury of Bène, David of Dinant

Byzantine, Arabian, and Jewish Philosophy

• Third Period of Scholasticism: Alexander of Hales to Ockam
• XXXVII. Predecessors of St. Thomas: Simon of Tournai, Alexander Neckam, Alfred Sereshel, William of Auvergne, Alexander of Hales, John de la Rochelle, St. Bonaventure, Roger Bacon, Albert the Great
• XXXVIII. St. Thomas of Aquin
• XXXIX. Thomists and Anti-Thomists
• XL. Henry of Ghent
• XLI. John Duns Scotus
• XLII. Averroism in the Schools: Siger of Brabant, Boetius the Dacian, Bernier of Nivelles, Raymond Lully

Fourth Period of Scholasticism: Birth of Ockam to taking of Constantinople

• XLIII. Predecessors of Ockam: Durandus, Aureolus
• XLIV. William of Ockam
• XLV. Followers and Opponents of Ockam: John Buridan, Peter d'Ailly, Raymond of Sabunde, etc.
• XLVI. The Mystic School: Orthodox Mystics, Heterodox Mystics
• XLVII. Nicholas of Autrecourt

Character of Scholastic Philosophy

• Section C—Modern Philosophy

First Period—Transition from Scholastic to Modern Philosophy

• XLVIII. Scholastics of the Transition Period: Cajetan, Suarez, etc.
• XLIX. The Humanists: Pletho, Bessarion, Valla, etc.
• L. Italian Philosophy of Nature: Cardano, Telesio, Bruno, Campanella
• LI. The Scientific Movement: Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, etc.
• LII. Protestant Mysticism: Luther, Zwingli, Böhme, etc.
• LIII. Systems of Political Philosophy: Machiavelli, More, Bodin, Hobbes

Second Period—From Descartes to Kant

• LIV. Descartes
• LV. Cartesianism: Pascal, Geulinex, Malebranche
• LVI. Spinoza
• LVII. English Empiricism: Locke, Newton, The Deistic Controversy
• LVIII. British Moralists
• LIX. French Empiricism
• LX. The Idealistic Movement: Leibniz, Berkeley
• LXI. Pan-Phenomenalism—Hume
• LXII. German Illumination—Transition to Kant

Third Period—From Kant to our Own Time

• LXIII. German Philosophy: Kant
• LXIV. German Philosophy (continued): The Kantians, The Romantic Movement, Fichte, Schelling
• LXV. German Philosophy (continued): Hegel, The Hegelians
• LXVI. German Philosophy (continued): The Reaction against Hegel; Herbart, Schopenhauer
• LXVII. The Scottish School: Reid, Brown, Stewart, etc.
• LXVIII. French Philosophy: The Traditionalists, The Eclectics, The Positivists, The Sociologists
• LXIX. English Philosophy: The Association School, Utilitarianism, Evolution, Idealism
• LXX. Italian Philosophy: Vico, Galuppi, Rosmini, Gioberti, etc.
• LXXI. American Philosophy: Edwards, McCosh, Brownson, etc.
• LXXII. Catholic Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century: The Neo-Scholastic Movement
• LXXIII. Contemporary Philosophy in Germany, France, England, Italy, America
• LXXIV. Conclusion

• Index