In the High Heavens/Index
INDEX.
INDEX.
A
Algol, the problem of, 179-184
dimensions and constitution of, 187-188, 190
Alpha Centauri, nearest star to the sun, 208
earth viewed from, 330
America, tropical, effects of eclipse in, 80-81
astronomy in, 105-106
Animals, extinct, eyes of, 17
duration of life on earth, 253-256, 272-275
Area of the sky in degrees, 238
Asteroids, airless, 132
waterless, 134
Astronomy in America, 105-106
now and thirty years ago, 148-150
and photography, 158
the doctrine of probability, 230, 241, 245
Aurora Borealis, conjectures as to cause, 163
Prof. Johnston and the "green line," 163
B
discovery of the fifth satellite of Jupiter, 105
C
Carboniferous epoch, aspect of the heavens in, 16
Castor, 201
Centauri Alpha, star nearest the sun, 208
earth viewed from, 330
Chandler, Mr., and the movements of the terrestrial pole, 67-68, 73
Colours and vibrations, 175
Coal, 257
Comets in the epoch of the coal measures, 19
connection with meteors, 167
their electric character, 168
and the law of gravitation, 199
and the Nebular Hypothesis, 222-224
nature of, 302-303
amount of refractive matter in, 304-305
weight of, 306
Holmes' comet, Swift's, 53
Lexell's comet in collision with Jupiter, 306
Comte's view of astronomy falsified, 149
Coon Butte "irons," proof of terrestrial origin of meteorites, 351-352
Critical velocities, 133
Critical velocities on the sun and planets, 314
Cygnus, new star in, 215-216
61 Cygni, distance of, 13
D
Dunér's measurement of the rotation of the sun, 166
E
its past history, 34, 36
its ancient heat-stages, 36
gaseous and nebular stage, 37
and man, 39
an average specimen of a world, 39
its movement on its axis, 64
is the earth rigid? 75, 76
distances from the sun, 116
""Mars, 117
absence of free hydrogen, why, 128-131
the fate of oxygen, 137
and the Nebular Hypothesis, 228
the destiny of species, 253-256
coal supply, 257
stores of energy, 258
sources of heat, 261-263
viewed from Alpha Centauri, 330
equilibrium of our atmosphere, 372
(See also Volcanoes.)
Eclipse, the, of 1893—
conditions essential to observation, 77
duration of totality, 78
the journey of the moon's shadow, 79-83
speed of the journey, effect of curvature of the globe, 82, 83
the best sites for observation, 83-84
present-day problems for solution, 85-88
Eclipse, preliminary inquiries, 88-91
Epsilon Lyræ, 201
Euclid and the problem of space, 249-251
Eyes of extinct animals, 17
F
G
character of molecules, 356-360
dimensions of molecules, 361
velocity of molecular movements, 360, 361
pressure of gases, 362-364
effect of heat, 365, 369
vibration of molecules, 366, 367
experiments with hydrogen, 368
heat and light due to vibration, 369
iron-gas spectrum, 368
the molecular theory and solar physics, 369
Helmholtz's solar researches, 369-370
free hydrogen absent from our atmosphere, 128-131
hydrogen in Sinus and Vega, 131
knowledge of spectrum of hydrogen due to Sirius, 165
hydrogen in Mars, 133
Dr. Stoney's gaseous theory, 128
oxygen on Mars, 133
velocity of aqueous vapour molecules, 133
Dr. Huggins' discoveries, 157
Geology, the uniformitarian hypothesis controverted, 336
Gill, Sir David, and the photographic chart of the heavens, 167
Gravitation, the law of, 196
is it universal? 188, 197
planets and the law, 198
the law in our system, 199
Gravitation, comets and the law, 199
the law outside our system, 200-204
gravitation and the binary stars, 203
what is known about gravitation, 204-206
gravitation on the moon, 47
""Jupiter, 50
""the sun, 371
Helmholtz's solar theory, 371-372
Great Bear, the, in remote antiquity, 20
now and 36,000 years hence, 173, 175
100,000 years hence, 177
the system of Mizar, 192
detection of Mizar's spectroscopic double, 193
distance and mass of its components, 194-195
period of Xi Ursæ Majoris, 202
Groombridge No. 1830, velocity of, 12, 209
its distance and proper motion, 208
its relation to our sidereal system, 211
H
and sun-spot photographs, 292
Hall, Prof. Asaph, and the satellites of Mars, S9
Heavens, the aspect of the, a million years ago, 12, 15-18, 20
changes in the, due to the "fixed" stars, 21
Heat, the "heat-wave" of 1892, 276
complexity of the causes. 280
illustration from the tides, 281
elements of the tide problem, 282
tide prediction, 285
Lord Kelvin's predicting machine, 285, 286
Heat, illustration from star showers, 283
a temperature-predicting machine, 286-290
the true thermal measure of the "heat-wave," 291
climate and sun-spots, 292
(See also Sun)
Helmholtz and the problem of solar heat, 269-270, 369
Herschel, Sir W., and the voyage of the solar system, 24
and the Great Nebula in Andromeda, 158
and the movements of binary stars, 202
his Nebular Hypothesis examined, 212-217
Hipparchus and the movements of the pole, 57
Huggins, Sir William, and the spectroscope, 148, 151
the colour problem of double stars, 153
spectrum of a nebula, 155
movement in the line of sight, 159
the spectrum of the sun compared with that of the earth at sun-heat, 169
the elements of the universe. 206
I
more numerous than the bright, 241, 245
J
his clouds, 41
the "great red spot," 42
conditions of life on, 49-50
orbit of, 106
period of revolution, 108
rotation of, 111
physical character of, 113
collision with Loxell's comet, 306
size and weight of his satellites, 43, 115
the four satellites known to the Chinese, 95
why the satellites are not distinguishable, 96-99
their distances and periods of revolution, 110
discovery of the fifth satellite, 99, 105
lustre, size, distance, period of the fifth satellite, 107-108
orbit of the fifth satellite, 112
the problem of the satellites, 101
the work of Laplace, 102
interest of the discovery, 100, 103
value of the discovery, 104, 109
Kepler' s law, 109-110
K
Kepler's law and Jupiter's fifth satellite, 109
L
on the extinction of the sun, 274-275
Laplace and the satellite system of Jupiter, 102
the Nebular Hypothesis, 212, 217-219
Latitude, how to find, 69
value of, in observatories, 171, 73-76
Lexell's comet in collision with Jupiter, 306
Lick telescope and recent discoveries, 104, 105
its practical power, 138
Lockyer's theory as to comets and meteorites, 308
Lyræ Delta, the point to which the solar system is moving, 25
Epsilon, 201
M
the destiny of species, 253-256
heat essential to life, 259
sources of heat, 261-263
limit to the sun's duration, 272
extinction of the race, 274-275
Mars in the carboniferous era, 19
conditions of life on, 50-51
discovery of the satellites, 99
orbits of the satellites, 117
orbit of Mars, 116
its distance from the earth, 117
favourable oppositions, 117
their recurrence, 120
Mars compared with the moon, 121
compared with Venus, 121
the most world-like of the planets, 124
dimensions and weight of Mars, 124
atmosphere, 125-137
its atmosphere compared with earth's, 135-136
composition of its atmosphere, 136-137
the gases on Mars, 133
Mars the smallest planet containing air and water, 134
clouds on Mars, 135
water on Mars, 137
Mars through the telescope, 138, 140
its polar snows, 140-141
its "canals," 141-142, 144
the stage of physical evolution on Mars, 145
life and intelligence, 145-147
Schiaparelli's observations, 141
observations of Terby and Perrotin, 142
Meteors, connection with comets, 167, 297-298
difference between meteors and meteorites, 167, 296-297
the Leonids, 168, 295, 297
the "radiant," 298
Meteorites, character of, 295, 296
difference from meteors, 296-297
constituent elements of, 299
composition of meteorites, 348-352
Ovifak and Coon Butte "irons," 349-352
not cometary, 307
Tschermak's volcanic doctrine, 307, 310
Lockyer and Prof. Newton's theory, 308
origin of meteorites, 308-309
meteorites volcanic ejects, 310
whence, 311-355
objections considered, the atmosphere, 341, 345
career of a meteorite, 345, 347
recapitulation of argument, 353-355
Milky Way, the, in remote antiquity, 20
Million years ago, the star-groups of a, 12, 15-18, 20
Mizar, the system of (see Great Bear).
Molecules (see Gases).
Moon, the, of the coal measures, 18
conditions of life on the, 45-48
compared with Mars, 121
absence of atmosphere, 126, 131
Mott, Mr. A., his theory of lunar atmosphere, 128
N
the Crab, 38
spectrum of a nebula, 155
old theory of nebulæ, 155
the new theory, 157
the problem of the Great Nebula in Andromeda, 158-159
the Great Nebula in Orion, 162, 214
the story of the Nebula in Taurus, 214-215
process of nebular condensation, 38
Nebula, permanent appearance of nebulæ, 217
Nebular Hypothesis, Laplace, 212,217-219
Herschel, 212-217
argument from the planets, 220-222, 225
argument from the comets, 222-224
argument from the sun, 226-229
argument from the earth, 228
Neptune, conditions of life on, 48-49
discovery of, 148
Newcomb, Prof., our sidereal system, 210-212, 217, 219
on comets and meteorites, 308
Newton and the movements of the Pole, 67
O
the Great Nebula in, 162, 214, 236
Theta Orionis and its relation to the nebula, 236-239
Ovifak "meteoric iron" of terrestrial origin, 349-352
P
Photography, proof of earth's rotation, 55
application to astronomy, 168
chart of the heavens, 167
photo-measurements of annual parallax, 167
Pickering, Prof., his study of Mizar, 192-193
Planets, the, in the carboniferous era, 19
through the telescope, 40
clouds and oceans of, 41
comparative sizes of, 41
conditions of life on, 44-45
favourable times for observation, 106-107
the law of gravitation, 198
Planets, the Nebular Hypothesis, 220-222
search for an intra-Mercurial planet, 108-109
Pleiades, the theory of a central sun, 231-235
Pole Star, the, in remote antiquity, 20
of the future, 56
Pole, the celestial, photographed, 53
shifting of the, 55-56, 62
its period of rotation, 56
Pole, the terrestrial, the position of, 57-60
its position in antiquity, 59
its movements, 61-63, 65-67
how detected, 68-73
extent of its shift and period of revolution, 74
Probability, the doctrine of, in astronomy, 220, 241, 245, 328-331
R
Rowland, Prof., solar researches, 168
S
through the telescope, 124
formation of his rings, 219
Schiaparelli's work on Mars, 141, 144
Schuster, Prof., and the coronal spectrum, 94
the Aurora Borealis, 163
electric connection between the sun and planets, 164
Sirius, in remote antiquity, 20
and the spectrum of hydrogen, 165
Sidereal system, our, mass, shape and size of, 210
Prof. Newcomb's calculation, 210
critical velocity of the luminous portion, 210
Sidereal system, the dark bodies in, 211-212
the dark more numerous than the bright, 240-241, 245-246
is it isolated? 208
stars outside it, 209
Sky, area of in degrees, 238
Smith, Prof., Lawrence, on the origin of meteorites, 308
Space, is it infinite? 247-252
systems in space, 208
Spectroscopy, the reading of the spectrum, 149, 150
application of spectrum analysis to the heavenly bodies, 151-154, 157, 165-166
spectrum of a nebula, 155
movement in the line of sight, 159, 166, 172-174
explanation of the method, 175-179
Keeler's measurements, 160-162
the spectrum and terrestrial elements, 168
the spectrum of the sun compared with that of the earth at sun-heat, 169
the voyage of the solar system, 28-30
observation of the solar prominences, 86-87
observation of the solar corona, 92-94
the problem of Algol, 179-184
measurement of stars, 185-187
spectroscopic solution of double stars, 191
(See also Huggins)
Stars, velocity of, 12
lustre and distance, 15
apparent contiguity, 235-236
proper motion of, 17
old method of measuring movement, 161
spectrum analysis, 151
"fixed stars" a misnomer, 171
white stars, temperature of, 165
Polaris in antiquity, 20
Arcturus, distance of, 161
Algol, problem of, 179-184
Northern Crown, new star in, 154-155
Cygnus, new star in, 215, 216
61 Cygni, distance of, 13
Alpha Centauri, 208, 330
Groombridge No. 1830, 12, 208, 209, 211
binary, 15
colour problem, 152
Huggins' explanation, 153
the spectroscope, 191
in proof of universal gravitation, 201
actual and apparent propinquity, 201
movements discovered by Herschel, 202
Xi Ursæ Majoris, 202
Star-groups of a million years ago, 12, 15-18, 20
transformation of, 172
Stumpe, Prof., and the movement of the solar system, 24-25
Sun, the, of the coal measures, 17-18
voyage through space, 21-31
the direction of voyage, 21-25
velocity, 21, 26, 28, 30, 31
new method of studying the prominences, 86-87
study of the corona, 87, 92-93
nature of the corona, 164
Schuster's researches, 94
rotation of the photosphere, 93
solar atmosphere, 126
electric connection between the
sun and planets, 164
velocity of sun's rotation determined by spectroscope, 166
researches of Professor Rowland, 168
solar spectrum compared with that of earth at sun-heat, 169
the Nebular Hypothesis, 226-229
theory of a central sun, 231-235
history of the sun, 242
future extinction of the sun, 243, 275
waste of solar heat, 263
the heat problem, 266-272
Helmholtz's theory, 269, 369
terrestrial elements in the sun, 300
Sun, solar explosions, 339, 344
the molecular theory and solar physics, 369
T
Terby, Dr., observations on Mars, 142
Todd, Professor David, and the Eclipse of 1893, 89
U
V
Velocities, critical, 132
on the sun and planets, 314
Venus in remote antiquity, 19
through the telescope, 40, 122-123
compared with Mars, 121
topography of, 123
Vogel and the voyage of the solar system, 30
his spectrum researches, 160
Volcanoes and meteorites, 333
projective energy, 334
force of primeval volcanoes, 335-337, 341
the uniformitarian hypothesis denied, 336
W
the smallest world containing air and water, 134
X
Printed by Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., Bath.
(2191)