Insects, Their Ways and Means of Living/Index

INDEX

A

• Acrididae, 28
• Aëdes, adult, 338

  larva, 339

  pupa, 339

• Aëdes aegypti, 331, 339, 340

  carrier of yellow lever, 339

• Aesop and the cicada, 183
• Agile meadow grasshopper, 53
• Alimentary canal, 109
• Amblycorypha oblongifolia, 39

  habits, 40

  song, 41

• Âme collective, 143
• American cockroach, 79
• Anabrus simplex, 54
• Ancient insects, 77
• Angular-winged katydids, 41-43
• Annual cicadas, 184

  song, 184

• Anopheles, 331, 340

  punctipennis, see Malaria mosquitoes

• Antennae, 12
• Aphids, 152

  apple, 157, 162

  birth, 164

  cornicles, 174

  eggs, 157

  feeding, 153

  garden, 171, 172

  hatching, 159-161

  mouth parts, 153

  parasites, 178

  predators, 175

  stem mothers, 162

  wing production, 164-166

  young, 162

• Aphis, 153

  apple-grain, 170

  green apple, 162

  rosy apple, 168

• Aphis-lion, 176
• Arthropoda, 26
• Asilidae, 324
• Australian cockroach, 79

B

• Beetles, blister, 22-25

  lady, 175, 230

  May, 230

  young, 237

• Behavior, 126
• Black cricket, 60

  in New England, 60

  rivalry of males, 62

  song, 60-63

• Black-horned tree cricket, 67

  antennal marks, 67

  attraction of female by male, 68, 69

  song, 68

• Blatella germanica, see German roach
• Blood of insects, 112
• Blowflies, 352
• Botflies, 352
• Brain, 117, 118
• Broad-winged tree cricket, 65

  antennal marks, 67

  song, 64

• Bush crickets, 69

  song, 70

• Bush katydids, 38

  song, 39

C

• Camel crickets, 55
• Cantharidin, 23
• Carboniferous dragonflies, 95

  insects, 86, 89, 90

  plants, 87, 88

• Caterpillar, 262

  alimentary canal, 289, 290

  celery, 229

  jaws, 286

  life, 262

  nature, 228

  silk glands, 287

  press, 288

  spinneret, 286

  spinning of cocoon, 282, 283

  structure, 237

  tent, 262-293

  transformation to moth, 293-305

• Caterpillar and moth, 262
• Cecropia moth, 228, 229
• Cellulose, digestion of, by termites, 137
• Chitin 256

Chloealtis conspersa, 30

• musical apparatus, 30

  song, 30, 31

• Chrysalides, 251
• Cicadas, 182

  annual, 184

  periodical, 184-225

• Cicadidae, 182
• Circotettix carlingianus, 32

  verruculatus, 32

• Cockroaches, 79
• Collembola, 247
• Common meadow grasshopper, 52

  song, 53

• Coneheads, 50
• Conocephalus fasciatus, 54

  song, 54

• Corn-root aphis, 172
• Coulee cricket, 54
• Cricket family, 55
• Crickets, 55

  bush, 69

  camel, 55

  European, 55

  field, 58

  foot, 55

  mole, 58

  musical organs, 56, 57

  tree, 63

• Croton bug, see German roach
• Culex, 331

  eggs, 331

  food, 337, 338

  larva, 331

  male and female, 335

  mouth parts, 335-337

D

• Deer flies, 320
• Diapheromera femorata, 71
• Digestion, 110
• Diptera, 315
• Double soma, 304
• Dragonflies, 95

  adult, 233

  Carboniferous, 95

  young, 233

E

• Ears of grasshoppers, 30

  of katydids, 36

• Egg laying of cicada, 212
• Eggs of aphids, 157, 158

  of cicada, 212

  Culex mosquito, 331

  grasshopper, 5, 6, 7

  house fly, 343

  roaches, 80, 81

  tent caterpillar, 262

• Enzymes, 111
• Epicauta vittata, 22
• European house cricket, 55

F

• Fat-body, 260, 292
• Field crickets, 58
• Flies, 314

  horn fly, 348

  horsefly, 320-324

• house fly, 342-347

  in general, 315

  larva, 325

  pupa, 327

  stable fly, 348, 350

  tsetse fly, 348

  young, 231

• Food exchange by termites, 144
• Foot of cricket, 55

  of grasshopper, 32

  katydid, 32

• Fork-tailed bush katydid, 39

  song, 39

• Four-spotted tree cricket, 67

G

• Gadflies, 320
• Ganglia, 118
• Garden aphids, I71, 172
• Genus, defined, 27
• German roach, 79

  egg case, 81

  hatching, 81, 82

• Germ cells, 100, 103, 124, 304
• Glossina, see Tsetse fly

  palpalis, 350

  morsitans, 350

• Grasshopper, 1

  adults, 17

  cousins, 26

  definition, 2

  destruction of eggs by blister beetles, 23, 24

  devastation by, 18

  ears, 30

  egg laying, 4, 5

  egg-pod, 5

  eggs, 6, 7

• Grasshopper, growth, 13, 14

  hatching, 8, 9

  head, 12

  males and females, 3

  migration, 18

  molting, 14-16

  ovipositor, 4

  parasite, 19, 20

  songs, 30, 31

  spiracles, 13

  wings, 29

  young, 1, 8, 11

• Grasshopper family, 28
• Grasshopper's cousins, 26
• Green apple aphis, 162-168
• Green bugs, 152
• Gryllus, 58, 60

  assimilis, see Black cricket

  domesticus, 55, 60

H

• Handsome meadow grasshopper, 54

  song, 54

• Halteres, 319
• Heart, 112
• Hexapoda, see Insecta
• Histoblast, 259
• Histogenesis, 260
• Histolysis, 259
• Honey dew, 155
• Hormones, 119
• Horsefly, 320

  larva, 325

  mouth parts, 321-323

  pupa, 325

  sucking pump, 322

• House centipede, 82, 83
• House fly, 342

  breeding places, 343

  eggs, 343

  larva, 343

  mode of feeding, 346

  mouth parts, 345, 346

• House fly, pupa, 345

  puparium, 344

  unsanitary habits, 347

• Hypermetamorphosis, 250
• Hyperparasite, 181
• Hypopharynx, 108

I

• Imaginal discs, 259
• Imago, defined, 259
• Insecta, 28
• Intestine, 110

J

• Jumping bush cricket, 69

  song, 70

• June bugs, 230

K

• Katydid, 43

  habits, 46

  musical instruments, 47, 48

  song, 44, 48, 49

  true, 43

• Katydid family, 32
• Katydids, 32

  angular-winged, 41

  bush, 38

  ears, 36

  musical instruments, 34-36

  round-headed, 37

  song, 33, 34

  young, 11

• King termite, 134

L

• Labium, 108
• Labrum, 108
• Lady-beetles, 175, 230
• Ladybird beetles, 175, 230
• Larva, characters, 246

  definition, 245

  nature, 249

  of Aëdes, 339

  Anopheles, 340, 341

• Larva of Culex, 331, 332, 333

  of files, 325

  house fly, 343

  mosquitoes, 329

  wasps and bees, 252

• Leaf insect, 71, 72, 73
• Legs of insects, 107
• Lepisma, 93
• Life of a caterpillar, 262
• Locustidae, 32
• Locusts, 2

  seventeen-year, 182

• Luna moth, 228, 230

M

• Machilis, 93
• Maggots, 252
• Malacosoma americana, see Tent caterpillar
• Malaria mosquitoes, 340

  adult, 340

  eggs, 340

  larva, 340, 341

  pupa, 341

• Malaria parasite, 342
• Malpighian tubules, 116
• Mandibles, 107
• Mantids, 73
• Mantis, praying, 73-76

  eggs, 75, 76

• Maxillae, 108
• May beetles, 230
• Mayfly, 96
• Meadow grasshoppers, 52-54
• Mecostethus gracilis, 31
• Metabolism of pupa, 260
• Metamorphosis, 14, 226

  complete, 245

  defined, 227

  diagram, 243

  incomplete, 245

  of tent caterpillar, 297, 299-304

• Microcentrum retinerve, 41, 43

  song, 43 Microcentrum rhombifolium, 41, 42, 43

  song, 41, 42, 43

• Mole cricket, 58

  song, 58

• Molting of grasshopper, 14, 16
• Mormon cricket, 54
• Mosquitoes, 329

  adult, 330 335, 338

  Aëdes, 331

  Anopheles, 331, 340

  common, 331

  Culex, 331

  larvae, 329

  malaria, 331, 340

• Stegomyia, 338

  yellow lever, 338

  young, 239

• Moth of tent caterpillar, 305

  characters, 306, 307

  egg laying, 312

  emergence from pupa, 305, 306

  mouth parts, 306, 307

  proboscis, 307, 308

  reproductive organs, 311

• Moths, Cecropia, 228

  celery, 229

  Luna, 228, 230

  Promethea, 228

  tent caterpillar, 305

• Mouth parts, 12, 107
• Musca domestica, see House fly
• Muscidae, 342
• Musical instruments of cicada, 207-209

  of crickets, 56, 57

  grasshoppers, 30, 31

  insects, 33, 34

  katydids, 34, 35, 36

• Myiasis, 352

N

• Nagana, 349
• Narrow-winged tree cricket, 66, 67
• Narrow-winged tree cricket, antennal marks, 66, 67

  song, 67

• Nemobius vittatus, 58

  song, 58, 59

• Neoconocephalus ensiger, 50

  song, 51

  retusus, 50

  robustus, 51

  song, 51

• Neocurtilla hexadactyla, 57
• Neoxabia bipunctata, 69
• Nervous system, 117
• Nymph, defined, 245

O

• Oecanthus angustipennis, see Narrow-winged tree cricket

  latipennis, see Broad-winged tree cricket

  nigricornis, see Black-horned tree cricket

  nigricornis quadripunctatus, 68

  niveus, see Snowy tree cricket

• Oesophagus, 110
• Orchelimum agile, 53

  laticauda, 54

  vulgare, 52, 53

• Oriental roach, 79, 80
• Origin of insect wings, 91, 92
• Orocharis saltator, 70
• Ovaries, 122
• Ovipositor, 4, 123
• Ox warble, 352

P

• Paleodictyoptera, 90, 92
• Parasites, defined, 179

  of aphids, 177-179

  grasshopper, 19, 20

• Parthenogenesis, 162
• Periodical cicada, 182

  abdomen, 205

  adults, 119

• Periodical cicada, air chamber, 205

  broods, 215-217

  death of adults, 214

  digging methods, 190, 191

  egg laying, 212-214

  eggs, 212, 219

  food, 200

  front leg of nymph, 190

  hatching of eggs, 217-223

  head of adult, 201

  huts, turrets, 192

  mouth parts, 201-205

  musical instruments, 199, 207-212

  nymphal chambers, 187-189

  stages, 186, 187

  nymphs, 185-193, 223-225

  ovipositor, 199

  races, 215

  salivary pump, 204

  song of large variety, 210, 211

  of small variety, 211, 212

  sucking mechanism, 203

  transformation, 193-199

  two varieties, 199

  young nymphs, 223-225

• Phagocytes, 259, 301
• Phaneroptera, 38
• Pharynx, 110
• Phylloxera, 172
• Phylum, 26
• Physiology of tent caterpillar, 283
• Plant lice, 152
• Plasmodium, 342
• Proboscis of moth, 307, 308
• Promethea moth, 228, 229
• Propupa of tent caterpillar, 296-298
• Protoplasm, 100
• Pterophylla camellifolia, see Katydid
• Pupa, 250, 253, 254

  added stage in metamorphosis, 254

• Pupa, definition, 245

  of flies, 327

  house fly, 345

  mosquitoes, 334, 339, 341

  tent caterpillar, 298

  reason for, 257

• Puparium, 252

  of house fly, 344

Q

• Queen termite, 134, 149

R

• Rat-tailed maggot, 327
• Reproduction, 102
• Reproductive organs, 122
• Respiration, 114
• Reticulitermes, 136

  life history, 136-141

• Rhadophorinae, 55
• Roaches, 77, 80

  and other ancient insects, 77

  eggs, 80, 81

• Robber flies, 324
• Rocky Mountain locust, 17, 18, 19
• Rosy apple aphis, 158-17
• Round-headed katydids, 37

  Amblycorypha oblongifolia, 39

  angular-winged, 41

  fork-tailed bush, 39

  Microcentrum, 41, 43

  Phaneroptera, 38

  Scudderia, 38, 39

S

• Sarcophaga kellyi, 19-21
• Scudderia, 38

  furcata, see Fork-tailed bush katydid

• Segments of body, 12
• Sense organs, 121
• Seventeen-year locust, see Periodical cicada
• Shield-bearers, 54
• Sleeping sickness, 349
• Slender meadow grasshopper, 54
• Snowy tree cricket, 65

  antennal marks, 66

  musical instruments, 57

  song, 66

• Soldiers of termites, 131
• Soma, 104, 304
• Somatic cells, 104
• Song of insects, 33, 34

  of cicada, 210-212

  crickets, 58, 60, 62-70

  grasshoppers, 30, 31

  katydids, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 51, 53, 54

• Spiracles, 13, 114
• Spirochetes, 340
• Stagmomantis carolina, 73
• Stimulus, 106
• Stomach, 109
• Stridulation, 33
• Striped ground cricket, 58-60

  song, 58, 59

• Syrphid flies, 177

  larvae feeding on aphids, 176, 177

• Sword-bearing conehead, 50

  song, 51

T

• Tabanidac, 320
• Tent caterpillar, 262

  behavior on leafless tree, 278, 279

  cocoon, 282

  egg, 263

  egg mass, 263, 264

  epidermis, 295

  fat-body, 292

  feeding habits, 270 272 273, 276

• Tent caterpillar, general external form, 285, 286

  head, 284, 285

  internal organs, 289-291

  jaws, 286

  jumping from trees, 280, 281

  manner of feeding, 277

  metamorphosis, 293

  molts, 275

  moth, 305

  newly-hatched, 265

  prepupal stage, 295

  propupa, 296, 297

  pupa, 298

  silk glands, 286

  press, 288

  spinneret, 286

  spinning cocoon, 282, 283

  structure and physiology, 283

  tents, 270

  weaving tent, 272, 273

  young, 262

  in egg, 312, 313

• Termites, 125
• Âme collective, 143

  castes, 131, 141, 142

  community life, 134

  destruction by, 129

  digestion of cellulose, 137

  egg laying, 150, 151

  food exchange, 144

  fungus grown for food, 148

  king, 134

  life history, 136-141

  males and females, 133

  nests aboveground, 148

  in trees, 148

  underground, 147

  queen, 134, 149

  Reticulitermes, 136

  short-winged form, 133, 140

  soldiers, 131

  tropical termites, 146

  winged form, 133

• Termites, wingless males and females, 140

  workers, 131

  young, 136

• Testes, 122
• Tettigoniidae, 32
• Thorax, 12
• Thysanura, 247
• Tracheae, 114
• Tree crickets, 63

  antennal marks, 66, 67

  attraction of males for females, 68, 69

  black-horned, 67

  broad-winged, 65

  four-spotted, 67

  musical organs, 56, 57

  narrow-winged, 67

  Neoxabia, 69

  Oecanthus, 65-68

  snowy, 65

  song, 65, 66, 67

  two-spotted, 69

• Triungulins, 23
• Tropisms, 121
• True katydid, 43
• Trypanosoma, 349
• Tsetse fly, 348, 349, 350

  mouth parts, 350, 351

• Two-spotted tree cricket, 69

  song, 69

W

• Walking stick, 72
• Walking stick insects, 71
• Wasps and bees, larvae, 230, 238, 252
• Ways and means of living, 99
• White ants, 128
• White grubs, 230
• Wings, 83, 84

  evolution, 315

  of bees, 319

  beetles, 318

  butterflies and moths, 318

  dragonflies, 316

  flies, 319

  grasshoppers, 318

  roaches, 83, 84, 318

  termites, 146, 316

  wasps, 319

  origin, 91, 92

• Wigglers, 230, 329
• Woolly aphis, 172

X

• Xiphidium, 54

Y

• Yellow fever, 339
• Yellow fever mosquito, 331, 339, 340