Latin for beginners (1911)/Part III/Lesson LXIV

by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge

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LESSON LXIV

THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES OF PURPOSE.

361. The perfect and the pluperfect subjunctive active are inflected as follows:

Conj. I	Conj. II	Conj. III		Conj. IV
Perfect Subjunctive Active
SINGULAR
amā´verim	monu´erim	rē´xerim	cē´perim	audī´verim
2. amā´veris	monu´eris	rē´xeris	cē´peris	audī´veris
3. amā´verit	monu´erit	rē´xerit	cē´perit	audī´verit
PLURAL
amāve´rimus	monue´rimus	rēxe´rimus	cēpe´rimus	audīve´rimus
2. amāve´ritis	monue´ritis	rēxe´ritis	cēpe´ritis	audīve´ritis
3. amā´verint	monu´erint	rē´xerint	cē´perint	audī´verint
Pluperfect Subjunctive Active
SINGULAR
amāvis´sem	monuis´sem	rēxis´sem	cēpis´sem	audīvis´sem
2. amāvis´sēs	monuis´sēs	rēxis´sēs	cēpis´sēs	audīvis´sēm
3. amāvis´set	monuis´set	rēxis´set	cēpis´set	audīvis´set
PLURAL
amāvissē´mus	monuissē´mus	rēxissē´mus	cēpissē´mus	audīvissē´mus
2. amāvissē´tis	monuissē´tis	rēxissē´tis	cēpissē´tis	audīvissē´tis
3. amāvis´sent	monuis´sent	rēxis´sent	cēpis´sent	audīvis´sent

a. Observe that these two tenses, like the corresponding ones in the indicative, are formed from the perfect stem.

b. Observe that the perfect subjunctive active is like the future perfect indicative active, excepting that the first person singular ends 'I.'-m and not in -ō.

c. Observe that the pluperfect subjunctive active may be formed by adding -issem, -issēs, etc. to the perfect stem.

d. In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive active of cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō. 362. The passive of the perfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with sim, the present subjunctive of sum.

Conj. I	Conj. II	Conj. III		Conj. IV
Perfect Subjunctive Passive
SINGULAR
1. amā´tus sim	mo´nitus sim	rēc´tus sim	cap´tus sim	audī´tus sim
2. amā´tus sīs	mo´nitus sīs	rēc´tus sīs	cap´tus sīs	audī´tus sīs
3. amā´tus sit	mo´nitus sit	rēc´tus sit	cap´tus sit	audī´tus sit
PLURAL
1. amā´tī sīmus	mo´nitī sīmus	rēc´tī sīmus	cap´tī sīmus	audī´tī sīmus
2. amā´tī sītis	mo´nitī sītis	rēc´tī sītis	cap´tī sītis	audī´tī sītis
3. amā´tī sint	mo´nitī sint	rēc´tī sint	cap´tī sint	audī´tī sint

363. The passive of the pluperfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with essem, the imperfect subjunctive of sum.

Conj. I	Conj. II	Conj. III		Conj. IV
Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive
SINGULAR
1. amātus essem	monitus essem	rēctus essem	captus essem	audītus essem
2. amātus essēs	monitus essēs	rēctus essēs	captus essēs	audītus essēs
3. amātus esset	monitus esset	rēctus esset	captus esset	audītus esset
PLURAL
1. amātī essēmus	monitī essēmus	rēctī essēmus	captī essēmus	audītī essēmus
2. amātī essētis	monitī essētis	rēctī essētis	captī essētis	audītī essētis
3. amātī essent	monitī essent	rēctī essent	captī essent	audītī essent

a. In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive passive of cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō.

364. The perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb sum are inflected as follows:

Perfect		Pluperfect
fu´erim	fue´rimus	fuis´sem	fuissē´mus
fu´eris	fue´ritis	fuis´sēs	fuissē´tis
fu´erit	fu´erint	fuis´set	fuis´sent

365.

A substantive clause is a clause used like a noun, as,

That the men are afraid is clear enough (clause as subject)

He ordered them to call on him (clause as object)

We have already had many instances of infinitive clauses used in this way (cf. § 213), and have noted the similarity between Latin and English usage in this respect. But the Latin often uses the subjunctive in substantive clauses, and this marks an important difference between the two languages.

366. Rule. Substantive Clauses of Purpose. A substantive clause of purpose with the subjunctive is used as the object of verbs of commanding, urging, asking, persuading, or advising, where in English we should usually have the infinitive.

EXAMPLES

1.	The general ordered the soldiers to run	Imperātor mīlitibus imperāvit ut currerent
2.	He urged them to resist bravely	Hortātus est ut fortiter resisterent
3.	He asked them to give the children food	Petīvit ut līberīs cibum darent
4.	He will persuade us not to set out	Nōbīs persuādēbit nē proficīscāmur
5.	He advises us to remain at home	Monet ut domī maneāmus

a. The object clauses following these verbs all express the purpose or will of the principal subject that something be done or not done. (Cf. § 348.)

367. The following verbs are used with object clauses of purpose. Learn the list and the principal parts of the new ones.

hortor, urge imperō, order (with the dative of the person ordered and a subjunctive clause of the thing ordered done) moneō, advise

petō, quaerō, rogō, ask, seek persuādeō, persuade (with the same construction as imperō) postulō, demand, require suādeō, advise (cf. persuādeō)

N.B. Remember that iubeō, order, takes the infinitive as in English. (Cf. § 213.1.) Compare the sentences

Iubeō eum venīre, I order him to come

Imperō eī ut veniat, I give orders to him that he is to come

We ordinarily translate both of these sentences like the first, but the difference in meaning between iubeō and imperō in the Latin requires the infinitive in the one case and the subjunctive in the other.

I.

1. Petit atque hortātur ut ipse dicat.
2. Caesar Helvētiīs imperāvit nē per prōvinciam iter facerent.
3. Caesar nōn iussit Helvētiōs per prōvinciam iter facere.
4. Ille civibus persuāsit ut dē finibus suis discēderent.
5. Caesar principēs monēbit nē proelium committant.
6. Postulāvit nē cum Helvētiīs aut cum eōrum sociīs bellum gererent.
7. Ab iīs quaesīvī nē proficīscerentur.
8. Iīs persuādēre nōn potuī ut domī manērent.

II.

1. Who ordered Cæsar to make the march? (Write this sentence both with imperō and with iubeō.)
2. The faithless scouts persuaded him to set out at daybreak.
3. They will ask him not to inflict punishment.
4. He demanded that they come to the camp.
5. He advised them to tell everything (omnia).

Note. Do not forget that the English infinitive expressing purpose must be rendered by a Latin subjunctive. Review § 352.}}

LEGIO ITER FACIT

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References