Library Construction, Architecture, Fittings, and Furniture

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Library Construction, Architecture, Fittings, and Furniture (1897)
by Francis James Burgoyne

Part 2 of the Library Series.

2891187Library Construction, Architecture, Fittings, and Furniture1897Francis James Burgoyne


EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION

The development of libraries during the latter part of the nineteenth century may be compared with that of cathedrals and abbeys in Norman times, or that of colleges and grammar-schools under the Tudors. In all these cases the age, instinctively discerning its needs, partly by public effort, partly by private munificence, covered the land with edifices for their satisfaction. In so doing it necessarily gave rise to a number of architectural problems. That the libraries of the present day, however smaller in scale, may not be architecturally less honourable to their epoch than the corresponding constructions of the past, must be the earnest aspira- tion of all who regard them as among the charac- teristic monuments of the nineteenth century, and a most important manifestation of its intellectual activity. This ideal is the more difficult of attain- ment, inasmuch as obstacles now exist which were comparatively unfelt in the Middle Ages. The mediaeval pious founder was frequently his own architect; at all events, paying the piper, he called the tune. In any case, there was a thorough com- munity of feeling between him and the builders he employed. The builder was thoroughly broken in to his task, and entirely absorbed in it; since, from the inevitable slowness of mediaeval operations, arising from the deficiency of capital and labour, the erection of an abbey or a college might be the sole occupation of a lifetime. Far different is it now, when the most extensive architectural undertakings seldom require more than three or four years, and the same architect is equally ready to turn out a church, a library, a theatre, or a bank. It is inevitable that in the absence of special knowledge of and special devotion to a particular style of edifice, the sentiment of architectural display should gain the upper hand. Hence a continual conflict between the architect who desires a handsome elevation, and the librarian who aims at practical convenience; frequently determined by a committee endowed with no great feeling for either.

Parodying a famous saying, it may be safely affirmed that this state of things will continue more or less until architects are librarians, or librarians architects. It is, meanwhile, a very useful service to bring the parties together as near as may be, by the simple exhibition of what has been done; showing how difficulties have been met, and objects attained, occasionally even how they have been missed. Mr. Burgoyne has performed this service for both professions in this little volume, destined, in the Editor's judgment, to rank among the most valuable contributions hitherto made to library literature. By copious illustration, indicative of extensive research, he has shown how the problems incident to the accommodation of books, and the adaptation of all parts of a library to the public service, have been actually dealt with in the most civilised parts of the world. Librarians and architects are thus supplied with a number of models to choose from, and abundant hints for further deve10pment from the combination of the best points of existing edifices. With this will be found much valuable counsel respecting the organisation of a library in. so far as the material fabric is concerned, including in this definition furniture and fittings, mechanical aids to efficiency, and protection from fire and other perils.

One important feature of a work like this is that it enables us in a manner to codify the maxims already deduced from experience. It will be found that there are many points upon which librarians are practically unanimous; arrangements common to most of the leading libraries here described, other arrangements which they practically concur in rejecting. Such observations may be developed into a code of rules, extending gradually by experience, until, allowing for the inevitable differences in the special needs of the various libraries, all important points have the sanction of general consent. It is impossible to enumerate such details within the limits of a preface. One cardinal rule may be laid down, always to design with reference to the probable future of the library. If it is destined to perpetual insignificance, no particular provision is necessary; but if to a great expansion, this should be foreseen and provided for from the first. A generous view should be taken of such a library, ample space for additions should be secured, and the plan should be so framed that any future accretion should be a legitimate and harmonious development of the original model. So liberal a procedure, however, is only practi- cable when and where the public library has established itself in the public consciousness as an institution of paramount importance. American libraries are planned on a larger scale than the British, and with more complete appliances, be- cause the library and the librarian are more regarded in America than here. It rests with librarians themselves, and with national instructors generally, to raise the British conception to the American standard, and with the public itself to demonstrate the inadequacy of the existing libraries by copious resort to them. Should this come to pass, the subject of library architecture will gain greatly in importance, and as the nineteenth century has been an age of construction, the twentieth may prove one of reconstruction.

R. Garnett.

PREFACE

This book has been written in the hope that it will be of service to those librarians, architects, and members of library committees, who have in hand the planning of new libraries, or the adaptation of existing buildings to library purposes.

As this is the first treatise written upon the subject, it cannot fail to have imperfections; but the numerous plans with which it is illustrated must prove of great value to all interested in the subject. Some of them have been specially drawn for this work, and others, more especially those of continental buildings, have been copied from works not often to be found in British reference libraries. The aim of the book has been the strictly practical and useful, and accordingly technicalities have been avoided as far as possible.

My most cordial thanks are due to many librarians and architects for information freely given, and the loan of plans and blocks for the illustrations.

FRANK J. BURGOYNE.

The Tate Library,
Brixton Oval, S.W.

CONTENTS

  1. CHAPTER I
  2. PAGE
  3. THE EARLY LIBRARIES—SITES—ALCOVE AND STACK METHODS OF STORING BOOKS—ARRANGEMENT OF THE ROOMS—PLAN, ELEVATION, AND FACADE—DECORATION DANGER OF FIRE, AND THE NECESSARY PRECAUTIONS FLOORING
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    1–25
  4. CHAPTER II
  5. NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING—HEATING AND VENTILATION
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    26–38
  6. CHAPTER III
  7. METHODS OF SHELVING BOOKS—DR. POOLE'S PLAN FOR A LARGE LIBRARY—STORAGE CAPACITY OF A ROOM—CONSTRUCTION OF BOOKCASES IN WOOD AND METAL— BRITISH MUSEUM SLIDING BOOKCASE SHELVING FOR FOLIOS—VIRGO'S BOOKCASE
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    39–72
  8. CHAPTER IV
  9. THE ELLIOT, COTGREAVE, DUPLEX, MORGAN, SIMPLEX, CHIVERS, AND BONNER INDICATORS CARD—CATALOGUES—BULLETIN BOARDS—THE TELEPHONE AND TELAUTOGRAPH PHOTOGRAPHY
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    73–94
  10. CHAPTER V
  11. FURNITURE AND APPLIANCES : TRUCKS, LADDERS, STEPS, BOOK-LIFTS, TABLES, EASELS, BOOK SUPPORTS, NEWSPAPER AND MAGAZINE RACKS, CHAIRS, NEWSPAPER STANDS, DUSTING MACHINES, ETC.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    95–127
  12. CHAPTER VI
  13. THE BRITISH MUSEUM
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    128–140
  14. CHAPTER VII
  15. BRITISH PUBLIC LIBRARIES : ABERDEEN, BELFAST, BIRMINGHAM, BLACKBURN, BOOTLE, BRISTOL, CHELTENHAM, DARLINGTON, DERBY, DUBLIN, EDINBURGH, GLASGOW
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    141–166
  16. CHAPTER VIII
  17. BRITISH PUBLIC LIBRARIES (continued) : LIVERPOOL, MANCHESTER, NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, PRESTON, ST. HELENS, WIDNES, WIGAN, WORCESTER
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    167–189
    1. CHAPTER IX
    2. LONDON PUBLIC LIBRARIES: THE GUILDHALL, BATTERSEA, BERMONDSEY, BISHOPSGATE INSTITUTE, CAMBERWELL, CHELSEA, CLAPHAM, CROYDON, EDMONTON, HAMMERSMITH, HAMPSTEAD
      ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
      190–217
    3. CHAPTER X
    4. LONDON PUBLIC LIBRARIES (continued): LAMBETH,POPLAR, ST. OEOROE’S (HANOVER SQUARE), ST. MARTIN-IN-THE-FIELDS, STREATHAM, WEST HAM, WESTMINSTER
      ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
      218–238
    5. CHAPTER XI
    6. AMERICAN LIBRARIES: BOSTON, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS (WASHINGTON), THE MERCANTIKE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK
      ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
      239–266
    7. CHAPTER XII
    8. AMERICAN LIBRARIES (continued): THE NEWBERRY LIBRARY (CHICAGO), BUFFALO, MINNEAPOLIS, CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, MILWAUKEE, THE PRATT INSTITUTE (BROOKLYN), THE PEABODV INSTITUTE (BALTIMORE)
      ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
      267–292
  18. CHAPTER XIII
  19. EUROPEAN LIBRARIES: BIBLIOTHÉQUE NATIONALS, PARIS; BIBLIOTHÉQUE ST. GENEVIÉVE, PARIS; STADT-BIBLIOTHEK ZU FRANKFURT; UNIVERSITÄTSBIBLIOTHEK ZU HALLE; UNIVERSITÄTS-BIBLIOTHEK ZU LEIPZIG; KAISERLICHE UNIVERSITÄTS UND LANDES-BIBLIOTHEK IN STRASSBURG; HER-ZOGL-BIBLIOTHEK ZU WOLFENBÜTTEL; THE VALLIANO LIBRARY AT ATHENS
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    293–313
  20. APPENDIX
  21. LISTS OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF LIBRARIES, WHICH HAVE APPEARED IN THE "AMERICAN ARCHITECT," "ARCHITECT," "BRITISH ARCHITECT," "BUILDER," AND "BUILDING NEWS"
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    314–326
  22. INDEX
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    327–336

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

  1. National Library of Ireland, Elevation
  2. Frontspeice
  3. FIG.PAGE
  4. 1.
    Interior of the Bodleian Library, Oxford
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    2
  5. 2.
    Plan of the old library at Wolfenbüttel
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    3
  6. 3.
    Santa's plan for a library
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    4
  7. 4.
    Plan of a library arranged on the alcove system
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    10
  8. 5.
    Plan of the same area shelved on the stack system
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    11
  9. 6.
    Plan of the Königl.-Bibliothek, at Stuttgart
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    20
  10. 7.
    Dr. Poole's plan for a library
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    46
  11. 8.
    The Tonks' shelf fitting
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    51
  12. 9.
    Shelf fitting in use at the new Record Office
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    52
  13. 10.
    Library Bureau shelf-pin
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    52
  14. 11.
    Chivers' automatic shelf-bracket
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    54
  15. 12.
    Olivers' wedge shelf-bracket
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    54
  16. 13.
    Library Bureau steel book-stack
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    56
  17. 14.
    Halle University Library, section through stack-room
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    58
  18. 15.
    Halle University Library, section through bookcases
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    59
  19. 16.
    Greifswald University Library, section through stack-room
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    61
  20. 17.
    Göttingen University Library, construction of bookcase and gallery
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    62
  21. 18.
    Halle University Library, step and iron floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    63
  22. 19.
    Amsterdam University Library, iron floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    64
  23. 20.
    British Museum, sliding press
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    66
  24. 21.
    Strasslntrg University Library, shelving for folios
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    68
  25. 22.
    British Museum, folio supports
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    68
  26. 23.
    British Museum, portfolio case for maps
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    69
  27. 24.
    Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, table-shelf
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    70
  28. 25.
    The Elliot indicator
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    75
  29. 26.
    The Cotgreave indicator
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    77
  30. 27.
    The Cotgreave indicator book
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    79
  31. 28.
    The Simplex indicator
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    83
  32. 29.
    The Chivers indicator
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    84
  33. 30.
    The Chivers indicator, enlarged
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    85
  34. 31.
    Card-catalogue cabinet
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    88
  35. 32.
    Card-catalogue drawer
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    90
  36. 33.
    Lambert's magazine frame, with movable titles
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    91
  37. 34.
    Book-truck from the University Library at Gottingen
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    96
  38. 35–37.
    Cotgreave's automatic steps
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    97–99
  39. 38.
    Library Bureau step
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    100
  40. 39–41.
    Metal book supports
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    101–103
  41. 42.
    The Crocker book brace
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    103
  42. 43.
    The Barrett wire book support
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    104
  43. 44.
    Book-lift in use in the British Museum
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    105
  44. 45.
    Cable book-carrier in use at the Library of Congress
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    106
  45. 46.
    Reader's desk in use at the British Museum
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    108
  46. 47.
    Reader's desk in use at the British Museum, movable portion
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    109
  47. 48.
    Library Bureau magazine rack
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    111
  48. 49.
    Cotgreave's wall rack for magazines
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    112
  49. 50.
    Cotgreave's table-rack for small magazines
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    113
  50. 51.
    Library Bureau table-rack
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    114
  51. 52.
    Bowry's newspaper file, open
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    115
  52. 53.
    Bowry's newspaper file, closed
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    115
  53. 54.
    The Banbury newspaper file
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    116
  54. 55.
    Walker's book-rack and slip-sorter
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    117
  55. 56.
    Ladder from the Royal Library, Brussels
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    118
  56. 57.
    The Victor ladder
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    119
  57. 58.
    Table-easel from the Newcastle-upon-Tyne Public Library
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    120
  58. 59.
    Table-easel from the University Library, Göttingen
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    121
  59. 60.
    Table-easel for copying
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    122
  60. 61.
    Heathcote revolving newspaper-holder
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    123
  61. 62.
    Lambert's newspaper clip
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    124
  62. 63.
    Chivers newspaper-holder
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    125
  63. 64.
    Harvey dusting machine
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    126
  64. 65.
    British Museum, plan of Reading-room and Library
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    135
  65. 66.
    Aberdeen Public Library, plan of lending department
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    143
  66. 67.
    Blackburn Public Library
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    147
  67. 68.
    Bootle Public Library and Museum, plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    149
  68. 69.
    Edward Pease Library, Darlington, plan
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    152
  69. 71.
    National Library of Ireland, Dublin, plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    154
  70. 72.
    National Library of Ireland, Dublin, plan of first floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    155
  71. 73.
    National Library of Ireland, Dublin, section through building
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    157
  72. 74.
    National Library of Ireland, Dublin, section through bookcase
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    158
  73. 75.
    Edinburgh Public Library, plan of lending department
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    160
  74. 76.
    Edinburgh Public Library, plan of reference department
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    161
  75. 77.
    Mitchell Library, Glasgow, plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    164
  76. 78.
    Mitchell Library, (ilasgow, plan of first floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    165
  77. 79.
    Manchester Central Library, plans
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    172
  78. 80.
    Manchester, Gorton Branch Library, plans
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    173
  79. 81.
    Manchester, Openshaw Branch Library, plans
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    176
  80. 82.
    Newcastle-upon-Tyne Public Library, plan of ground Moor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    178
  81. 83.
    Newcastle-upon-Tyne Public Library, plan of first floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    179
  82. 84.
    Gamble Institute, St. Helens, elevation
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    183
  83. 85.
    Wigan Public Library, plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    186
  84. 86.
    Victoria Institute, Worcester, plan of library
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    188
  85. 87.
    Guildhall Library, London, interior
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    193
  86. 88.
    Battersea Central Library, plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    194
  87. 89.
    Battersea Central Library, plan of first floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    195
  88. 90.
    Bishopsgate Institute, London, plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    199
  89. 91.
    Camberwell Central Library, plan
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    200
  90. 92.
    Chelsea Central Library, plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    202
  91. 93.
    Chelsea Central Library, plan of first floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    203
  92. 94.
    Croydon Central Library, plan of the lending department
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    209
  93. 95.
    Edmonton Library, plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    210
  94. 96.
    Edmonton Library, plan of first floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    211
  95. 97.
    Passmore Edwards Public Library, Hammersmith, elevation
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    213
  96. 98.
    Passmore Edwards Public Library, Hammersmith, plan
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    215
  97. 99.
    Hampstead Central Library, plan
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    216
  98. 100.
    Tate Central Library, Brixton, plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    220
  99. 101.
    Tate Central Library, Brixton, plan of first floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    221
  100. 102.
    Tate Branch Library, South Lambeth, plan
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    222
  101. 103.
    North Lambeth Library, plan
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    224
  102. 104.
    West Norwood Library, plan
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    225
  103. 105.
    Poplar Public Library, plan
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    226
  104. 106.
    St. George's, Hanover Square, Public Library, plan of ground
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    229
  105. 107.
    Tate Public Library, Streatham, plan
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    233
  106. 108.
    West Ham Technical Institute
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    234
  107. 109.
    West Ham Technical Institute, plan of library portion
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    236
  108. 110.
    Westminster Public Library, plan
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    237
  109. 111.
    Boston Public Library, Mass., elevation
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    241
  110. 112.
    Boston Public Library, Mass., plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    245
  111. 113.
    Boston Public Library, Mass., plan of first floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    247
  112. 114.
    Boston Public Library, Mass., interior of the Bates Hall
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    249
  113. 115.
    Boston Public Library, Mass., book-waggon
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    251
  114. 116.
    Boston Public Library, Mass., plan of second floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    253
  115. 117.
    Library of Congress, Washington, plan
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    259
  116. 118.
    Mercantile Library Association, New York, plan of lending library
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    262
  117. 119.
    Mercantile Library Association, New York, book-stack and delivery counter
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    263
  118. 120.
    Mercantile Library Association, New York, plan of reading-room
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    265
  119. 121.
    Buffalo Public Library, plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    270
  120. 122.
    Minneapolis Public Library, plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    272
  121. 123.
    Cornell University Library, plan of main floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    276
  122. 124.
    Cornell University Library, plan of third floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    278
  123. 125.
    Milwaukee Library and Museum, plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    281
  124. 126.
    Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    283
  125. 127.
    Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, plan of first floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    286
  126. 128.
    Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, plan of second floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    287
  127. 129.
    Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, delivery desk and stack-room
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    289
  128. 130.
    Peabody Institute, Baltimore, plan
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    291
  129. 131.
    National Library, Paris, plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    294
  130. 132.
    National Library, Paris, plan of reading-room
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    295
  131. 133.
    The State Library, Frankfurt, plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    300
  132. 134.
    The State Library, Frankfurt, plan of first floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    301
  133. 135.
    Halle University Library, plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    302
  134. 136.
    Leipzig University Library, plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    304
  135. 137.
    Strassburg Imperial Library, plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    306
  136. 138.
    Strassburg Imperial Library, plan of first floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    307
  137. 139.
    Strassburg Imperial Library, section
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    309
  138. 140.
    Wolfenbüttel new library, plan of ground floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    310
  139. 141.
    Valliano Library, Athens, plan of first floor
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    312