Life among the Apaches
LIFE
AMONG THE APACHES:
BY
JOHN C. CREMONY,
INTERPRETER TO THE U. S. BOUNDARY COMMISSION, UNDER THE HON. JOHN R.
BARTLETT, IN 1849, '50 AND '51, AND LATE MAJOR OF CALIFORNIA
VOLUNTEER CAVALRY, OPERATING IN ARIZONA, NEW
MEXICO, TEXAS AND WESTERN ARKANSAS.
SAN FRANCISCO:
A. ROMAN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.
NEW YORK: 27 HOWARD STEEET.
1868.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, by
JOHN H. CARMANY & CO.,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the District of California.
Printed at the
Commercial Herald Office,
San Francisco, Cal.
TO THE PIONEER AND LIBERAL PUBLISHER,
Anton Roman
THE ZEALOUS AND ENTERPRISING FRIEND OF LITERATURE ON
THE PACIFIC COAST, THIS UNPRETENDING VOLUME IS
RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED AS A TRIBUTE
OF THE AUTHOR'S ESTEEM.
CONTENTS OF THE VOLUME.
Comanche Raid.—Detailed to send them away.—Interview with Janamata.—Description of the Chief. |
pp. 13-16 |
March from Texas to El Paso.—The Lipans.—Their Personal Appearance.—Sait-jah and the Picture. |
17-22 |
To the Copper Mines.—Encounter with Cuchillo Negro.—Fearful Massacre of Apaches.—Their Terrible Revenge.—Apache Method of Hunting Ducks and Geese.—Apaches Hunting Antelopes.—Mangas Colorado.—My Camp. |
23-34 |
Journey to Sonora.—Adventure with Apaches.—Fronteras.—Mexican Dread of Indians.—Gen. Carasco.—Janos.—Mexican Policy toward the Apaches.—Carasco's Raid.—Gandara, Monteverde and Urea.—Death of Carasco.—Arispe.—Apache Prisoners.—Mexican Guard.—Apaches Attacking a Mexican Train.—Curious Style of Pursuit.—Return to the Copper Mines.—Americans Attacked by Apaches.—Traits of Apache Character.—Craftiness. |
35-46 |
Mangas Colorado.—His Personal Appearance, Power, and Influence.—Indian Forces at the Copper Mines.—The Navajoes.—Their Appearance and Subsequent Acts.—Their Schemes Foiled.—Mangas in Full Uniform.—Strange Mode of Attire.—Inez Gonzales.—Her Rescue.—New Mexican Traders.—Summary Proceedings.—Story of Inez.—March into Sonora.—Santa Cruz.—Restoration of Inez.—Her subsequent History.—Tanori. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
pp. 47-58 |
Rescue of Two Mexican Boys.—War Talk.—Exciting Scene.—Peaceful Termination.—Large Indian Forces.—An Apache killed by a Mexican.—Intense Excitement.—Fearless Conduct of Col. Craig.—The Apaches Pacified.—Another War Talk.—Amicable Result.—Necessity of Firmness and Precaution. |
59-72 |
Jornada del Muerto.—Socorro.—Lieut. Campbell.—Terrific Ride for Life.—Splendid Horse.—Narrow Escape.—Caring for a Horse.—Apache Visits.—Treacherous Nature. |
73–79 |
Gold Mines.—Apache Raid.—Our Mules Stolen.—Unsuccessful Scout.—Another Apache Raid.—Fight with Delgadito's Band.—Recovery of Stolen Cattle.—Delgadito Wounded.—His Death.—Traits of Apache Character.—Their Spartan Views.—Apache Idea of American Wisdom.—Adventure of Mr. Diaz with Cuchillo Negro.—Abandon the Copper Mines.—Sonora.—Santa Cruz.—Bacuachi.—Arispe.—Ures.—Hermosillo.—Guaymas.—Return.—Santa Rita.—The Pimos and Maricopas.—Their Tradition.—Their Personal Appearance.—Strange Relations Between the Two Tribes.—Lucubrations on Indian Character.—Our Indian Policy Criticised. |
80–97 |
Pimo Superstition.—Eclipse of the Moon.—Terrible Excitement.—Dangerous Predicament.—Lieut. Whipple's Coolness.—Satisfactory Result.—Pimos and Maricopas.—Their Traditions.—Religions and Modes of Interment.—Dr. David Wooster.—Arrival of Gen. Conde.—Death of Antonio.—Horrible and Revolting Ceremonies.—The Gila Bend.—Down the Gila.—The Maricopa Refugees.—Important News.—The Colorado River.—John Gallantin and his Party. |
98–117 |
Fort Yuma.—The Yuma Indians.—Desperate Situation.—Dr. Webb's Bluntness.—Caballo en Pelo.—Method of Camping.—Yuma Chiefs our Prisoners.—The Launch.—Crossing the Colorado.—March into the Desert.—Release of the Yumas.—Sandstorm in the Desert.—Final Escape from the Yumas.—Sufferings on the Desert.—Carisso Creek.—Vallecito.—Hospitality of Army Officers.—Col. Heintzleman.—Yumas Reduced to Subjection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
pp. 118–128 |
Letter from Senator Clemens.—Resign from the Boundary Commission.—Departure of the Commission.—New Expedition.—Ride up the Gila.—Terrible Conflict with Apaches.—Desperate Personal Encounter.—Defeat of the Savages.—Return of the Expedition.—Long for a Quiet Life.—San Francisco.—Cogitations on Indian Character.—Advice Given and Disdained.—The Fatal Results.—Necessity for Constant Caution.—Extent of Apache Country.—Numerical Strength of the Apaches.—Female Warriors.—False Impressions of Indian Character. |
129–143 |
Enter the Volunteer Service.—The Column from California.—Antelope Peak.—Visited by Yumas.—Making Metates.—Get Rid of them by a Ruse.—The Maricopas Again.—Carrying the Mails.—Small Force in Camp.—Visit of Col. Rigg.—The Maricopas Recognize me.—Their Gratitude.—Captain Killmoon.—Another Remarkable Lunar Performance.—Loring's Assistance.—Bargaining for Chickens.—Magic Virtues of the Compass.—Effect of the Burning Glass. |
144–154 |
Sent to the Front.—Dreadful Storm at the San Pedro River.—Night Alarm.—Apaches Gathering.—Dragoon Springs.—Capt. Thomas Roberts.—Apache Pass.—Bloody and Desperate Fight with Apaches.—The Savages Whipped.—Remarkable Infantry March.—Heroism of John Teal.—He wounds Mangas Colorado, and whips off Fifteen Apaches.—Gallantry of Sergeant Mitchell and his Cavalry.—Effect of Shelling the Apaches.—Number of Indians Killed.—Our Losses.—Re-enter the Pass.—Refused Permission to Charge.—San Simon. |
155–167 |
Return from the San Simon.—Avoid Apache Pass.—Reasons for so Doing.—Night Marching.—Apaches show Themselves.—Rattlesnakes. Ojo de los Hermanos. —San Pedro Again.— Return through Apache Pass.—Meet thirteen Dead Americans.—Mangas Colorado's Deceit.—How the Americans were Killed.—Apache Cunning and Calculation.—Bury the Dead.—How Mangas was Cured of his Wound.—Death of Mangas Colorado.—The Genius and Abilities of Mangas.—Apache Democracy.—Extent of the Ravages of Mangas Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
168-178 |
Apache Signals.—Mode of Marching through Arizona and New Mexico.—Apache Watchfulness and Caution.—The Gila Country.—Grama Grass.—The Information Indispensable for a Successful Campaign against Apaches.—The Smoke Columns.—Pressed Grass.—Bent and Broken Twigs.—Blazed Trees.—Mounted Parties.—The Stone Signals.—Kit Carson.—Comparison between White Men's and Apache Philosophy.—The Present Condition of Apache Armament.—Their Knowledge of Colors, and the Use they make of It.—Their Hatred of all Other Races.—Proofs of their Good Breeding.—Our Indian Policy Discussed.—Apache Want of Sympathy.—How they Obtain their Guns and Ammunition.—Extent of their Ravages in Northern Mexico.—Monuments of Apache Massacres in Arizona.—Mines of Arizona. |
179-196 |
Condition of New Mexico and Arizona.—Active Campaign.—Californian Soldiers.—Bosque Redondo.—More Intimate Relations with Apaches.—Site of Fort Sumner.—Scarcity of Wood.—Climate.—Arrival of Apache Prisoners of War.—Dog Cañon.—Apache Embassy.—Mr. Labadie.—Placed in Charge of the Apaches.—Form a Council.—Hunting Excursion with Apaches.—Their Mode of Killing Antelopes.—Learn more of Indian Character.—Obtain a Greater Share of their Confidence. |
197-205 |
Satisfaction of the Apaches.—Policy.—Beneficial Results to my Men.—Individual Responsibility.—Short Allowance.—The Apache Rations Continued.—Gen. Carleton's Visit.—Bishop Lamy.—Supplies Received.—Apaches Elect a Governor.—Juan Cojo.—Commence Learning the Apache Language.—Compile a Vocabulary.—Gradually gain Apache Confidence.—Renew Acquaintance with Old Enemies.—Altered Relations.—Former Events Recalled.—Instruction thrown Away.—Apache Ideas of Warfare.—Their Horror of Work.—Influence of their Women.—Mescal.—Its Intoxicating Qualities. |
206-217 |
Dangerous Hunting at the Bosque.—Dr. McNulty's Adventure.—Don Carlos and his Indians.—Mr. Descourtis' Adventure.—Nah-kah-yen and Nah-tanh.—Hunting a Lion.—The Indian and the Panther.—Combat Between a Bear and a Lion.—The Result.—Beavers.—Apache Love of Torturing.—Gallant Indian.—A Wounded Apache to be Dreaded |
pp. 218-228 |
Anecdote of Capt. Bristol.—Surprise and Admiration of the Indians.—They Vote Him a Great Medicine.—Wonders of the Microscope.—Their Modes of Hunting.—Departure of Ojo Blanco.—Apache Dread of Disease.—The Influenza.—Apache Prophet.—His Dream and Interpretation.—My Counter Dream and Interpretation.— Useful Services of Dr. Gwyther.—Faithfulness of Gian-nah-tah.— Necessity of Using Artifice |
229-236 |
The Apache Language.—Its Remarkable Regularity and Copiousness.—Examples Given.—Reflections.—How Apaches are Named.—Apache Beauties.—Disinclination to tell their Apache Names |
237-243 |
Chastity of Apache Women.—Wantonness of the Navajoes.—Comparison Instituted.—Curious Customs.—A Feast and Dance.—Ceremonies.—Duration of the Feast.—Depilorizing the Eyes.—Apache Marriages.—Style of Courtship.—Coquetry.—Horses as Money.—The Bower of Love.—Affected Bashfulness.—Apache System of Polygamy.—Customs Regulating Marriage.—Nah-tanh's Views.— Burials.—Funeral Ceremonies.—Apache Reserve.—Small-Pox.—Capt. Shirland.—Fort Davis.—Fight with Apaches.—Indians Whipped |
244-252 |
Apaches as Warriors.—Fight with the Maricopas.—Fight with the Comanches.—Cold Weather.—Apache Camp Attacked by Hostile Navajoes.—Navajoes Pursued and Destroyed.—Animals Recovered.—Carillo and the Navajo.—McGrew and Porter.—Their Gallantry.—Apache Ideas of Scalping.—Grand Apache Parade.—Strange Request.—Denied.—Purification of Arms.—The Prophet again Making Trouble.—Apache Cavalry Manœuvres.—Reflections |
253-261 |
Ojo Blanco Wounded.—Apache Doctoring.—Dr. Gwyther's Treatment.—Results.—Ojo Blanco Killed in Battle.—Religious Creed of the Apaches.—Policy in their Religion.—The Deluge.—Apaches Ignorant of their Origin.—Their Ideas in Reference to Women.—Mexican Women as Wives of Apaches.—Character of their Children.—Horrible Spectacle in Cooke's Canon.—A few Suggestions.—Their Respect for Traditions Upset. |
pp. 262-272 |
Apache Endurance.—Inroad.—Extensive Traveling.—Wild Horses.—El Cupido.—Passes in New Mexico.—Heavy Snow.—Cold Weather.—Change Base.—Indians Break Cover.—Continued Snow-storm.—Go in Pursuit.—Rough Ride.—Indians Overtaken by Mr. Labadie.—Navajoes Whipped and Plunder Recovered.—Overtake and Protect Labadie.—Hunt for Navajoes.—Labadie Arrives Safely at Fort Sumner.—Conchas Springs.—Intense Cold.—Indians' Indifference to Cold.—Apache Method of Running Sheep.—Great Distances Accomplished. |
273-284 |
Religious Ceremonies.—Lack of Veneration.—Evidences of Mineral Wealth.—An Apache "Rough."—Tats-ah-das-ay-go.—Remarkable Order.—Another Scout.—Apache "Hide and Seek."—Prairie Dogs and their Guests.—Apache Customs concerning Murder.—Sons-in-jah.—His Career.—His Recitals.—Former Condition of the New Mexicans.—How the Difficulties Commenced.—Reflections.—Articles of Apache Food.—Native Potatoes.—Apache Estimate of Dead Women.—Navajo Dread of Corpses. |
285-297 |
Apache Boldness and Address.—The Papagoes.—A Fine Herd Stolen by One Apache.—An Officer's Horse Stolen.—Soldier Robbed of his Horse.—Necessity for Prudence.—Apache Games.—Sons-in-jah's Version.—Apache Ideas of Gambling.—Races at Fort Sumner.—The Winners.—Manuelito, the Great Navajo Warrior. |
298-309 |
Ignorance of Indian Character Discussed.—Political Indian Agencies.—How the Indian Affairs should be Managed.—Necessity of Force.—Absurd System in Vogue.—Crushing Out Advised.—How the Apaches should be Fought.—Proper Method of Campaigning.—Suggestions.—Culpable Neglect of Congress.—General Deductions.—Californian Troops.—Conclusion. |
310-322 |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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