Manual of the New Zealand Flora/Solanaceæ
Order LIII. SOLANACEÆ.
Herbs or shrubs, rarely small trees. Leaves alternate, often in unequally placed pairs, but never truly opposite, entire or lobed or pinnate: stipules wanting. Flowers regular or occasionally slightly irregular, hermaphrodite, solitary or cymose; bracts wanting. Calyx inferior, persistent, 4–5-toothed or -lobed. Corolla gamopetalous, nypogynous, 4–5-toothed or -lobed. campanulate or funnel-shaped or rotate, often plicate. Stamens 4–5, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers free or conniving, dehiscing lengthwise or by apical pores. Ovary superior, 2-celled, rarely incompletely 4-celled; style terminal, simple; stigma entire or 2-lobed; ovules numerous, amphitropous, on prominent peltate placentas attached to the middle of the septum. Fruit a berry or capsule, usually 2-celled. many-seeded. Seeds small, compressed or reuiform; albumen copious; embryo terete, curved or almost spiral, radicle next the hilum.
A large and widely diffused family, most numerous in the tropics, but extending northwards and southwards into most temperate regions. Genera between 60 and 70; species variously estimated, probably considerably over 1000. The order must be considered a dangerous one, from the large number of species containing narcotic and poisonous principles, as the deadly nightshade, henbane, tobacco, stramonium, &c. A few species are simply tonic and bitter, while others are pungent and stimulant, as the various kinds of capsicums. But, notwithstanding the generally suspicious character of the order, it nevertheless furnishes one of the chief articles of vegetable food in the potato, and also includes the tomato, egg-plant, and cape gooseberry. Among garden plants the genera Petunia, Salpiglossis, Cestrum, and Datura are the most noteworthy. The sole New Zealand genus is almost cosmopolitan.
1. SOLANUM. Linn.
Herbs or shrubs or small trees, unarmed or spinous. Leaves alternate, often in pairs, a smaller one being developed in the axil of the larger one, entire or irregularly toothed or divided. Flowers solitary or more frequently in short racemes or cymes, lateral or terminal. Calyx 5–10-lobed or -partite. Corolla rotate or shortly campanulate; tube short; limb 5–10-lobed, plaited. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla, exserted; filaments short; anthers oblong or linear, erect and connivent into a cone around the style, opening by 2 terminal pores. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3–4-celled; style simple; stigma small; ovules numerous. Fruit a small or large 2-celled many-seeded berry. Seeds numerous, discoid or reniform.
An immense genus, abundant in all tropical countries and especially so in tropical America, rarer in temperate regions. Species probably over 800.
| Herbaceous, 1–3 ft. high. Leaves ovate. Flowers small, ¼–⅓ in. diam. | 1. S. nigrum. |
| Shrubby, 4–8 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate, often pinnatifid. Flowers large, ¾ in. diam. | 2. S. aviculare. |
S. sodomæum, Linn., a spinous species with stellate pubescence, pinnatifid leaves, and rather large globose yellow berries, has become naturalised in many localities between the North Cape and Tauranga. So also has S. auriculatum, Ait., an unarmed densely woolly species with large leaves furnished with a pair of roundish auricles near the base of the petioles. The common potato (S. tuberosum, Linn.) often lingers for a time in places where it has been cultivated.
1. S. nigrum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 186.—Erect, herbaceous from a somewhat woody base, glabrous or pubescent, 1–3 ft. high; branches spreading, angular, the angles sometimes minutely tuberculate. Leaves on slender petioles; blade 1½–3 in. long, ovate or ovate-rhomboid, acute or acuminate, narrowed into the petiole, entire or coarsely and irregularly toothed, membranous. Flowers small, white, drooping, ⅓ in. diam., in small umbellate 5–8-flowered cymes; peduncles slender, supra-axillary. Calyx 5-lobed to the middle. Corolla deeply 5-lobed. Berry ¼–⅓ in. diam., globose, black or red. Raoul, Choix, 43; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 182; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 200; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 446.
Kermadec Islands, North and South Islands, Chatham Islands: Not uncommon as far south as central Otago. Sea-level to 2000 ft. A common weed in almost all parts of the world.
2. S. aviculare, Forst. Prodr. n. 107.—A leafy unarmed softwooded bush or shrub 4–8 ft. high, perfectly glabrous in all its parts; branches spreading, smooth or marked with raised lines decurrent from the petioles. Leaves alternate, petiolate, very variable in size and shape, 4–12 in. long or even more, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate and entire, or irregularly pinnatifidly lobed with 1–3 spreading lanceolate acute lobes on each side, membranous, glabrous, main veins spreading at right angles. Cymes 1–3 in the axils of the upper leaves or lateral, shorter than the leaves, few- or many-flowered. Flowers ¾–1 in. diam., purplish or white. Calyx-lobes short, broad, obtuse. Corolla shortly and broadly 5-lobed. Filaments as long as or longer than the anthers; anthers oblong, spreading, opening at the tips by transverse slits which are usually continued down the sides. Berry broadly ovoid, ¾–1 in. long, drooping, yellowish.—A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. i. 193; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 182; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 200; Benth. Fl. Austral. iv. 447. S. laciniatum, Ait. Hort. Kew, ed. 1, 247; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 386; Raoul, Choix, 43.
Kermadec Islands, North and South Islands, Chatham Islands: Abundant in lowland districts as far south as Foveaux Strait. Poporo; Poroporo; Kohoho. Flowers most of the year.
Also common in many parts of Australia and Tasmania, and in Norfolk Island. The fruit is edible, and was made into jam by the early colonists.