Mongolian romanization table

by The Library of Congress

Mongolian
(Classical Mongolian in Vertical Script)

Initial	Medial		Final		Romanization
ᠠ‍	‍ᠠ‍	(see Note 1)	‍ᠠ᠋‍ᠠ	(see Note 1)	a
ᠡ‍	‍ᠡ‍	(see Note 1)	‍ᠡ᠋‍ᠡ	(see Note 1)	e
ᠢ‍	‍ᠢ‍		‍ᠢ		i
ᠣ‍	‍ᠣ‍	(see Note 1)	‍ᠣ	(see Note 1)	o or u
ᠥ‍	‍ᠥ‍‍ᠥ᠋‍	(see Note 1)	‍ᠥ	(see Note 1)	ȯ or u̇
ᠨ‍	‍ᠨ᠋‍‍ᠨ‍		‍ᠨ		n
	‍ᠩ‍		‍ᠩ		ng
ᠬ‍	‍ᠬ‍		‍ᠬ		q
ᠭ‍	‍ᠭ᠋‍‍ᠭ‍		‍ᠭ᠍‍ᠭ		ġ
ᠪ‍	‍ᠪ‍		‍ᠪ		b
ᠫ‍	‍ᠫ‍		‍ᠫ		p
ᠹ‍	‍ᠹ‍		‍ᠹ		f
ᠰ‍	‍ᠰ‍		‍ᠰ‍ᠰ᠋		s
ᠱ‍	‍ᠱ‍				ś
ᠳ‍ (see Note 2)	‍ᠳ᠋‍‍ᠳ‍	(see Note 2)	‍ᠳ	(see Note 2)	t or d
ᠯ‍	‍ᠯ‍		‍ᠯ		l
ᠮ‍	‍ᠮ‍		‍ᠮ		m
ᠴ‍	‍ᠴ‍				c
ᠵ‍	‍ᠵ‍				j
ᠶ‍	‍ᠶ‍		‍ᠶ		y
ᠻ‍ (see Note 2)	‍ᠻ‍	(see Note 2)	‍ᠻ	(see Note 2)	k or g
ᠺ‍	‍ᠺ‍				k
ᠷ‍	‍ᠷ‍		‍ᠷ		r
ᠸ‍	‍ᠸ‍				v
ᠾ‍	‍ᠾ‍		‍ᠾ		h

Notes

1. Romanize medial and final vowels according to the rules of vocalic harmony.
2. Romanize the dental and velar stops according to the pronunciation given in standard dictionaries.

TRANSCRIPTION OF GALIG LETTERS

Vowels and Diphthongs

• ᠠ᠋  a
• ᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ  ā
• ᠢ  i
• ᠢᠢ  ī
• ᠦ  u
• ᠤᠦ  ū
• ᠷᠢ  r̥
• ᠷᠢᠢ  r̥̄
• ᠯᠢ  l̥
• ᠯᠢᠢ  l̥̄
• ᠧ  e
• ᠧᠧ  ai
• ᠣᠸᠠ  o
• ᠣᠸᠸᠠ  au

Consonants

Gutturals

• ᢉᠠ  ka
• ᢉᠠ  kha
• ᠺᠠ  ga
• ᠺᠾᠠ᠋  gha
• ᢊᢇ  ṅa

Labials

• ᢒᠠ  pa
• ᠪᠠ  pha
• ᠪᠠ  ba
• ᠪᠾᠠ᠋  bha
• ᠮᠠ᠋  ma

Palatals

• ᢋᠠ᠋  ca
• ᠼᠠ᠋  cha
• ᢋᠠ᠋  ja
• ᢋᠾᠠ᠋  jha
• ᡛᠠ᠋  ña

Semivowels

• ᠶ᠋ᠠ᠋  ya
• ᠷᠠ᠋  ra
• ᠯᠠ᠋  la
• ᠸᠠ᠋  va

Cerebrals

• ᢌᠠ᠋  ṭa
• ᢍᠠ᠋  ṭha
• ᢎᠠ᠋  ḍa
• ᢎᠾᠠ᠋  ḍha
• ᢏᠠ᠋  ṇa

Sibilants

• ᠱᠠ᠋  śa
• ᢔᠠ᠋  ṣa
• ᠰᠠ᠋  sa

Dentals

• ᢐᠠ᠋  ta
• ᠲᠠ᠋  tha
• ᢑᠠ᠋  da
• ᢑᠾᠠ᠋  dha
• ᠨᠠ᠋  na

Aspirate

• ᠾᠠ᠋  ha

Anusvara

• ᢀ᠋  ṃ

Visarga

• ᢁ  ḥ

CHARACTER MODIFIERS IN ROMANIZATION

Character modifiers	Name	USMARC hexadecimal code
◌́	acute	E2
◌̃	tilde	E4
◌̄	macron	E5
◌̇	dot above	E7
◌̣	dot below	F2
◌̥	circle below	F4