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amongst whom there must be no more than one junior judge, to constitute a panel having the power to try and adjudicate upon all civil or criminal cases.

Section27.In the trial and adjudication of cases before the Court of Appeal, a Regional Court of Appeal, or the Supreme Court of Justice, there must be at least three judges to constitute a panel with the power to try and adjudicate upon cases.

Judges of the Court of Appeal, judges of a Regional Court of Appeal, and judges of the Supreme Court of Justice who attend a general meeting of such court or of a division of the court have the power to, after inspecting the file of a case at the general meeting of the court or at a meeting of the division, participate in the adoption of a judgment or order for the case and, only for the Court of Appeal or Regional Court of Appeal, have the power to express dissenting opinions also.

Section28.In the course of the trial of any case, if there arises force majeure or other unavoidable necessity which causes any of the judges that constitute the panel for the trial of such case to be unable to sit at the trial any further, the following judge shall be able to sit in his stead:

(1)for the Supreme Court of Justice, the President of the Supreme Court of Justice or a judge of the Supreme Court of Justice who has been authorised by the President of the Supreme Court of Justice;

(2)for the Court of Appeal or a Regional Court of Appeal, the President of the Court of Appeal, the President of the Regional Court of Appeal, or a Vice President of the Court of Appeal, Vice President of the Regional Court of Appeal, or judge of the Court of Appeal or Regional Court of Appeal who has been authorised by the President of the Court of Appeal or President of the Regional Court of Appeal, as the case may be;

(3)for a court of first instance, the chief judge of the court of first instance, a regional chief judge, the presiding judge of the court, or a deputy chief judge of the court of first instance or a court of first instance judge of such court who has been authorised by the chief judge of the court of first instance, regional chief judge, or presiding judge of the court, as the case may be.

The persons acting in the positions under section 8, section 9, and section 13 shall have the power according to (1), (2), and (3) also.

Section29.In the course of the adoption of a judgment for any case, if there arises force majeure or other unavoidable necessity which causes any of the judges that constitute the panel for the trial of such case to be unable to participate in the adoption of the judgment for such case any further, the following judge shall have the power to give signature for the adoption of the judgment and, only for the Court of Appeal, Regional Courts of Appeal, and courts of first instance, shall also have the power to express dissenting opinions, after having inspected the file of that case:

(1)for the Supreme Court of Justice, the President of the Supreme Court of Justice or Vice President of the Supreme Court of Justice;