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Urban novel is characterized by a large number of trips with many variations in trip lengths and highly diversited origins and destinations.
Urban Pollution: Air, noise, and esthetic pollution from all current modes of urban transportation are far too high, degrading unnecessarily the quality of the urban environment. Urban Development Options: Transportation investments can be used creatively in the orderly development of urban areas. Present urban transportation is often not appropriate for the modern city: Service is generally inadequate or unavailable for low and medium density areas, for crosshaul trips and reverse commuting, and for circulation within activity centers and satellite cities. Urban transportation service should provide for choice in living styles and in locations as well as choice among modes of transportation. New town settlements, as well as other concentrations of urban growth, could be feasible options for land development patterns with improved intraurban transportation services.
Institutional Framework and Implementation: An improved institutional framework legal, financial, governmental and intergovernmental--is needed to climinate rigidities and anachronisms which prevent the adoption of new technologies and methods. A framework which would assist metropolitan planning agencies and would enhance the effective cooperation of local governments in solving joint transportation problems is necessary.
Since the new systems study considered urban transportation to be not an independent function but a basic component of the entire urban complex, the changing urban context of transportation was examined. As citics grow in population and geographic size, their internal structure also changes, creating new and shifting patterns of urban travel demand. To keep pace with these changes, a service such as urban transportation trust change also.
Major failings of the entire urban transportation system today are lack of both change and the capacity for change, resulting in a restricted choice of ways for people to get around the city and the metropolitan area. The common characterization of urban transportation modes as a blunt dichotomy between public rail transit and the private automobile is far too simple. Cities are the most pluralistic places in modern society; their citizens need a wide range of travel service, a mix of transportation services carefully designed to meet their varying travel needs.
The profiles of urban change, and some of the shortcomings of present urban transportation, are delineated in the following pages as an introduction to what must be done to develop new transportation components and systems for the future. While new "breakthroughs" in transportation systems and services are the ultimate aim, a sound research and development program must begin with present problems, available resources, and current behavior. Hence, a part of this report examines the promise of existing technologies to improve present transportation systems. Some exciting short-run improvements are7
