as four hundred in breadth, and many can be traced
for several miles. The younger granite intruded into
the older granite is also called elvan.
But when the secondary fissures occurred, the intrusive matter was not only a bastard granite, but with it came also tin and copper. And these metallic lines, which run on Dartmoor from E. to W., and in Cornwall from E.N.E. to W.S.W., are called lodes.
The cross-cracks do not contain metal. They are called cross-courses.
In addition there are some capricious veins that do not run in the normal direction, and these are called counter-lodes. Their usual direction is N.E.
The cross-courses, although without metal, are of considerable value to the miner, because, as he knows well, the best lodes are those which are thus traversed.
There is, however, one description of cross-course that is called floocan, and which is packed with clay, and holds back water. These are accordingly not cut through if it can possibly be avoided.
A very curious feature in the lodes is, that after going down to a variable depth the tin is replaced by copper.
Percy was the first to establish this, towards the close of last century. He pointed out that many an old tin mine was in his time worked for copper. And it came to be supposed that this would be found to be an unchanging law: Go deep enough after tin, and you come to copper. But this opinion was shaken when it was found that
