winzes at their heads. The walls of the lode were
supported by timber, and planks were laid on them
for the deads, or unprofitable rock. Captains super-intended the work. The machines employed were
the water-whim, the rag and chain pump, the bobs,
and the fire-engine. The whim was much the same
as the common horse -whim of the present day,
employed to draw up the water in kibbles or buckets.
The rag and chain pump consisted of an iron chain,
furnished at intervals with knobs of cloth, stiffened
with leather, which on being turned round a wheel
was made to pass through a wooden pump cylinder,
twelve or fifteen feet long, and to heave up the water
that rose in this cylinder between the knobs of rag.
These pumps were worked by hand. The water-wheels with bobs worked other pumps.
The machinery seems to us clumsy and imperfect in the extreme.
The atmospheric or steam-engine of Newcomen was costly, as it consumed an enormous amount of coal; but in 1778 it began to give place to Watt's engine.
Since then the machinery employed advanced with strides till reaching perfection, when the need for any ceased in Cornwall and Devon, where nearly all mines have been abandoned. Barca tin can be raised so much more cheaply, being surface tin, that lode tin cannot compete with it in the market.
Now the mining districts of Cornwall are desolate. Heaps of refuse, gaunt engine-houses, with their chimneys, stand against the sky, hideous objects, and as useless as they are ugly. The Cornish miner
