A GRAMMAR OF THE
P is sometimes mute, as in psalm, and between m and t, as tempt. Ph is used for f words derived from the Greek, as philosopher, philanthropy, Philip.
Q.
Q, as in other languages, is always followed by u, and has a sound which our Saxon ancestors well expressed by cy cw, as quadrant, queen, equestrian, quilt, enquiry, quire, quotidian. Qu is never followed by u.
Qu is sometimes sounded, in words derived from the French, like k, as conquer, liquor, risque, chequer.
R.
R has the same rough snarling sound as in other tongues.
The Saxons used often to put h before it, as before l at the beginning of words.
Rh is used in words derived from the Greek, as myrrh, myrrhine, catarrhous, rheum, rheumatick, rhyme.
Re, at the end of some words derived from the Latin or French, is pronounced like a weak er, as theatre, sepulchre.
S.
S has a hissing sound, as sibilation, sister.
A single s seldom ends any word, except the third person of verbs, as loves, grows; and the plurals of nouns, as trees, bushes, distresses; the pronouns this, his, ours, yours, us; the adverb thus; and words derived from Latin, as rebus, surplus; the close being always either in se, as house, horse, or in ss, as grass, dress, bliss, less, anciently grasse, dresse.
S single, at the end of words, has a grosser sound, like that of z, as trees, eyes, except this, thus, us, rebus, surplus.
It sounds like z before ion, is a vowel goes before, as intrusion; and like s if it follows a consonant, as conversation.
It sounds like z before e mute, as refuse, and before y final, as rosy; and in those words, bosom, desire, wisdom, prison, prisoner, présent, presènt, damsel, casement.
It is the peculiar quality of s, that it may be sounded before all consonants, except x and z, in which s is comprised, x being only ks, and z a hard or gross s. This s is therefore termed by grammarians sua potestatis litera; the reason of which the learned Dr. Clarke erroneously supposed to be, that in some words it might be doubled at pleasure. Thus we find in several languages:
Σβεννυμι, scatter, sdegno, sdrucciolo, ssavellare, σφιγξ, sgombrare, sgranare, shake, slumber, smell, strife, space, splendour, spring, squeeze, shrew, step, strength, stramen, sventura swell.
S is mute in isle, island, demesne, viscount.
T.
T has its customary sound, as take, temptation.
Ti before a vowel has the sound of si, as salvation, except an s goes before, as question, excepting likewise derivatives from y, as mighty, mightier.
Th has two sounds; the one soft, as thus, whether; the other hard, as thing, think. The sound is soft in these words, then, thence, and there, with their derivatives and compounds, that, these, thou, thee, thy, thine, their, they, this, these, them, though, thus, and in all words between two vowels, as father, whether; and between r and a vowel, as burthen.
In other words it is hard, as thick, thunder, saith, faithful. Where it is softened at the end of a word, an e silent must be added, as breath, breath; cloth, clothe.
V.
V has a sound of near affinity to that of f, vain, vanity.
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