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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction PARAGRAPHS II. Numeral Symbols and Combination of Symbols................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1–99 - ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1–15 - ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
16–26 - ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
27–28 - ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
29–31 - ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
32–44 - ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
45 - ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
46–61 - ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
62–65 - ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
66–67 - ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
68 - ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
69–73 - Hindu-Arabic Numerals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
74–99 - Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
74–77 - Principle of Local Value................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
78–80 - Forms of Numerals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
81–88 - Freak Forms................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
89 - Negative Numerals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
90 - Grouping of Digits in Numeration................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
91 - The Spanish Calderón................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
92–93 - The Portuguese Cifrão................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
94 - Relative Size of Numerals in Tables................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
95 - Fanciful Hypotheses on the Origin of Numeral Forms................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
96 - A Sporadic Artificial System................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
97 - General Remarks................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
98 - Opinion of Laplace................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
99 III. Symbols in Arithmetic and Algebra (Elementary Part)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................100 A. Groups of Symbols Used by Individual Writers 101 - Greeks—Diophantus, Third Century A.D.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
101–5 - Hindu—Brahmagupta, Seventh Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
106–8 - Hindu—The Bakhshālī Manuscript................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
109 - Hindu—Bhāskara, Twelfth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
110–14 - Arabic—al-Khowârizmî, Ninth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
115 - Arabic—al-Karkhf, Eleventh Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
116 - Byzantine—Michael Psellus, Eleventh Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
117 - Arabic—Ibn Albanna, Thirteenth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
118 - Chinese—Chu Shih-Chieh, Fourteenth Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
119, 120
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