The Tomb under the Ancient Empire. 195 the pyramid permitted almost indefinite extension, while archi- tecture, properly speaking, was not yet sufficiently advanced to make use of those grandiose orders which distinguish the porticos and hypostyle temples of the Theban period. We have now to consider the pyramids from another point of view, from that of their probable origin, of their variety of form, and of the materials of which they are composed. Descriptions of these monuments, such as those contained in the great works of Vyse^ and Perring, works which gave to the world the accumulated results of long and costly explorations, must not be looked for in these volumes. We do not think it necessary that we should give even a succinct account of the more important pyramids, such as that given by Baedeker or Isambert. Such a proceeding would be a mere duplication of those excellent manuals, and would moreover, be foreign to the purpose which we have before us. We take the pyramids as known. The two books just mentioned are within the reach of all. Thanks to the precise information and the numerous figures which they contain, we may content ourselves with making a few greneral observations. Some of these observa- tions will refer to the pyramids as a whole, some to the peculiarities of construction which distinguish a few, peculiarities which do not affect that general type which seems to be as old as the Egyptian monarchy itself. As soon as a society had sprung up on the banks of the Nile which attempted to organize itself under the directing lead of chiefs or headmen, the latter seem to have been stung by the desire to make known their final resting-place by some conspicuous sign. The most simple way of arriving at the desired result was to heap up the earth over the corpse, so as to form an artificial hillock which should be visible from a distance over the level plain. This was the origin of that funerary mound which modern archaeologists call a tumulus. The tumulus is to be found in most districts of the ancient as well as of the modern world. But to confine our- selves to our own province, it is to be found in pre-Christian times ^ Vyse (Howard), Operations carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837, 7vit]i an Account of a Voyage i?ito Upper Egypt, and an Appendix. (London, 1840, 3 vols. Svo.) Perring (J. L.), The Pyramids of Gizeh, fvm Actual Survey and Admeasure- ment, illustrated by Notes and References to the Several Plans, toith Sketches taken on the Spot by J. Andrews. (3 parts, large oblong folio. London, 1S39-42.)
