some fifty per cent., some twenty-five per cent. Nine Philadelphia banks which had not failed agreed to resume March 18th. The exchange turned in favor of Philadelphia and $500,000 in specie was taken thither from New York.
The opinion was expressed that the real object of the law for the immediate resumption of specie payments was to compel the banks which had kept out of the relief system to come into it.[1]
All notes under five dollars, except relief notes, were made unlawful, June 24th. An appraisement law, with no sale unless two-thirds of the appraisement was obtained, was passed July 16th. This was the stage of abasement to which the great State of Pennsylvania had been brought by five years of the Biddle policy; a flood of State paper money and a stay law. The one motive of Pennsylvania for all the bad public action of this period was the faith in her "internal improvements," and the desire to complete them. This motive entered into the rivalry with New York. The worst consequence of the conviction that there was a public policy which would lead ultimately to some results so grand that any steps which would further it must be adopted, no matter how bad they were, was the ever ramifying and extending political and financial corruption. "Our internal improvement system," said Gouge, "seems to be almost as corrupt and corrupting as our banking system. The jobbing and the favoritism it gives rise to, and the manner in which it increases executive influence, makes some Pennsylvanians almost regret that railroads and canals ever were invented."[2]
From 1826 to 1857 Pennsylvania spent on the main line of her canal $18.6 millions. In 1857 she sold the whole for $7.5 millions. On branch canals and unfinished public works, she spent before 1844, $14 millions. Additional expenditures on the same before 1858 were $2.4 millions. These were all sold in the last-named year for $12.9 millions. The loss on the whole was $24 millions. The reason given for selling was, however, that the works caused political corruption.[3]
The statement is made that, in 1843, Pennsylvania sold out the bank stock owned by the State, the par value of which was $2,533,676, for $389,056.[4]
In answer to a call of the Senate the Secretary of the Treasury attempted, in a report of February 12, 1841, to estimate the loss which the government and the people had incurred from banks. The Treasury had lost on bank notes, received before 1837, $5.5 millions, and by depositories, before the same date, $900,000. On bank notes taken since 1837, the loss was $40,000. This was a justification of the policy pursued in 1837, and which was so bitterly denounced at the time, by which the federal government cut loose from the banks and created its own currency of treasury drafts. The num-
