it is entirely feasible to establish the mode of formation of almost any rock (aside from certain problematical rocks, which do not enter into our discussion) and to determine whether it was laid down in the sea, or on the land, or in some body of water not directly connected with the sea, such as a lake or river. With the aid of the microscope, it is easy to discriminate volcanic material from the ordinary water-borne and wind-borne sediments and, in the case of the rocks which have solidified from the molten state, to distinguish those masses which have cooled upon the surface from those which have solidified deep within the earth.
While the nature and mode of formation of the rocks may thus be postulated, it will be needful to explain at some length the character of the evidence from which the history of the earth may be deciphered. First of all, must be made clear the method by which the events of the earth's history may be arranged in chronological order, for a history without chronology is unintelligible. The events which are most significant for our purpose are recorded in the rocks which are called stratified, bedded or sedimentary, synonymous terms. Such rocks were made mostly from the débris of older rocks, in the form of gravel, sand or mud, and were laid down under water, or, less extensively, spread by the action of the wind upon a land-surface. Important members of this group of rocks are those formed, more or less completely, from the finer fragments given out in volcanic eruptions, carried and sorted by the wind and finally deposited, it may be at great distances from their point of origin, upon a land-surface, or on the bottom of some body of water. Stratified or bedded rocks, as their name implies, are divided into more or less parallel layers or beds, which may be many feet or only a minute fraction of an inch in thickness. Such a division means a pause in the process of deposition or a change in the character of the material deposited over a given area. Owing to the operation of gravity, the layers of sediment are spread out in a horizontal
