into the Kabadak, a few miles above the place where that river in its turn empties itself into the Pángásí. The Kholpetuá is a river of very little note, except for the great breadth it assumes after it is joined by the Galghasiá, the width of the channel increasing from a hundred and fifty to six hundred yards in a length of sixteen miles.
The Kabadak forms the eastern boundary of the 24 Parganás, separating it from Jessor, and following a very tortuous course southwards. Five miles east of Asásuní, it is joined by the Marichcháp Gáng, which communicates with the series of passages and canals from Calcutta, and two miles below this junction it sends off the Chaádkhálí Khál eastwards into Jessor District, continuing the boat passage towards Khulná, Dacca, etc. Farther to the south the Kabadak unites with the Kholpetuá, and the combined stream then takes the name of the Pángásí, Bara Pángá, Namgad Samudra, and, near the sea, Málanchá, under which name it falls into the Bay of Bengal.
The Galghasia is formed by the junction of the Bánstalá Khál and Guntiákhálí, and flows in a south-easterly direction, till, as above stated, it falls into the Kholpetuá opposite the village of Kalyánpur. The Bánstalá Khál forms part of the track for the heavily-laden boats from Calcutta to the Eastern Districts, and the Galghasiá forms one of the passages for the large Sundarban wood-boats. Both are deep rivers, and have an average breadth of about two hundred yards. The Guntiákhálí is a continuation of the Sobnálí or Kundriá River at Asásuní, and runs a south-westerly course until it falls into the Bánstalá Khál, and continues its course as the Galghasiá.
The Sobnali River is so called from its passing under the large village of that name. The stream is also called Kundriá or Bengdaha. It takes its rise from a number of small watercourses in the Bayrá bil or marsh, near the village of Báltiá, and flows a southeasterly course till it turns abruptly off and is continued as the Guntiákhálí.
The Betna, called also the Budhátá Gáng, enters the 24 Parganás from Nadiyá near the village of Pánkaurí, and flows generally in a southerly direction till it falls into the Kholpetuá.
The Sonai enters the 24 Parganás from the north, near the village of Chánduriá, and is an offshoot from the Ichhámatí branch of the Jamuná. When it enters the District it follows a south-easterly, and afterwards a south-westerly course, till it falls into the Ballí bil. The mouth of this river, at its point of exit from the Ichhámatí, has
