If κ is negative, as in diamagnetic bodies, this force is, as Faraday first shewed, from stronger to weaker parts of the magnetic field. Most of the actions observed in the case of diamagnetic bodies depend on this property.
On Ship's Magnetism.
441.] Almost every part of magnetic science finds its use in navigation. The directive action of the earth s magnetism on the compass needle is the only method of ascertaining the ship's course when the sun and stars are hid. The declination of the needle from the true meridian seemed at first to be a hindrance to the application of the compass to navigation, but after this difficulty had been overcome by the construction of magnetic charts it appeared likely that the declination itself would assist the mariner in determining his ship s place.
The greatest difficulty in navigation had always been to ascertain the longitude; but since the declination is different at different points on the same parallel of latitude, an observation of the de clination together with a knowledge of the latitude would enable the mariner to find his position on the magnetic chart.
But in recent times iron is so largely used in the construction of ships that it has become impossible to use the compass at all without taking into account the action of the ship, as a magnetic body, on the needle.
To determine the distribution of magnetism in a mass of iron of any form under the influence of the earth s magnetic force, even though not subjected to mechanical strain or other disturbances, is, as we have seen, a very difficult problem.
In this case, however, the problem is simplified by the following considerations.
The compass is supposed to be placed with its centre at a fixed point of the ship, and so far from any iron that the magnetism of the needle does not induce any perceptible magnetism in the ship. The size of the compass needle is supposed so small that we may regard the magnetic force at any point of the needle as the same.
The iron of the ship is supposed to be of two kinds only.
(1) Hard iron, magnetized in a constant manner.
(2) Soft iron, the magnetization of which is induced by the earth or other magnets.
In strictness we must admit that the hardest iron is not only
